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Material Effects of Industrialization
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The Factory System
Putting out System isinefficient
Machines are large andexpensive
Entrepreneurs are needed
More specialization oftasks
Production becomes moreefficient, scheduled anddisciplined
Example: JosiahWedgewood
Click here for Video
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Working Conditions Workers are reduced to wage earners
(free labor).
Skilled artisans become obsolete.
Seasons are replaced by hours Luddites protest early machines/factories.
Sabot = sabotage
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Early SPREAD of Industrialization
Great Britain Forbid the export of machinery,
techniques or workers
Samuel Slater smuggled himself to
America in 1789 and built textilemachinery from memory of hisapprenticeship.
Continental Europe & North America
Kidnapped, bribed and smuggled workersand information
Got drunks and other second ratespecialists
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Early SPREAD of Industrialization Belgium
Second to industrialize
Made glass and weapons
France Revolution slowed industrialization
Napoleon helped by abolishing internal trade barriers and guilds Specialized in textiles, metallurgy and railroads
Germany Bismarck favored heavy industry
Huge conglomerate businesses like Krupp form
United States Both capital and specialists come from Europe
Specialize in iron, textiles (cotton), steamships and railroads
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Industrial Capitalism
Mass Production Standardization causes falling prices
Interchangeable parts: Eli Whitney (guns)
Subdivision of Labor: Henry Fords conveyor
system (a car every 90 minutes)
Big Business
Joint Stock Companies
Corporation Many investors with limited liability
Banks grow to meet demand
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Monopolies: Unregulated Capitalism
Trusts:
Vertical Monopoly: controls all aspects ofproduction, like Standard Oil that owned the
oil from the well to the pump. Horizontal Monopoly: controls one aspect of
production so all companies that deal withthat aspect must pay their price, like DeBeers
Diamonds
Cartels:
Companies that work together to fix prices
Designed to limit or eliminate competition
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Industrial Society
Benefits: Inexpensive goods
(washing machines,cars, clothing-
underwear) Rising standard of
living (food prices
drop) Population growth
(1000% in N.America)
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Industrial Society Demographic Transition
Shifting patterns of fertility and mortality Fertility drops
Birth control
Cost of raising children is high
More children survive to adulthood
Population growth slows
Demographic stability is achieved (birth
nearly the same as deaths)
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Industrial Society
Urbanization
Industrial nations become predominantlyurban
Sewers improve sanitation
Less disease like TB, cholera and typhus in areaswith sewers
Parks Pollution
Police
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Industrial Society
Migration
Millions to North andSouth America
Different reasons formigration
Political (Germans)
Economic (Irish)
Social (Jews, CatholicBritish)
Italians returned toItaly in large numbers
Over 90% of Chinesereturn to China
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New Social Classes
Slavery ends Slaves could not afford goods being
produced, wage laborers spent money ongoods they made
Middle Class Became larger and more economically and
politically powerful than privileged class
Demands police forces
Working Class
Demands political influence, takes HolyMondays attends fights and baseball
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Industrial Society
Family Men
Gained status as wages increased Enjoyed reading books for leisure
Women Worked less at home Middle class women show class by not working Middle class demand servants Careers limited to semi-professionals, give up work when
married
Children Must work to survive Sensational abuse 1840s Parliamentary laws begin to address abuse