MASTER OF SCIENCE IN · PDF fileMASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY Curriculum and Syllabus ... Peptide bond - torsion angles - Ramachandran plot - conformational maps for ala and gly

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Curriculum and Syllabus

(For Students admitted from academic year 2015-2016 onwards)

UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

SRM UNIVERSITY

SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR -603 203

1 M.Sc Bio Tech(2015)SRM (S&H)

M.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY

(For students admitted from the academic year 2015-16)

SEMESTER I

Category Course Code

Subject Name L T P

Total of LTP C

Major Core

PBT15101 Biochemistry 4 0 0 4 4

PBT15102 Microbiology 4 0 0 4 4

PBT15103 Molecular biology 4 0 0 4 4

PBT15104 Biochemistry lab 0 0 5 5 2

PBT15105 Microbiology lab 0 0 5 5 2

PBT15106 Molecular biology lab 0 0 5 5 3

Elective PBT15E01 Biophysics 3 0 0 3 3

PBT15E02 Advanced Statistical method for biotechnologists

Total 15 0 15 30 22

SEMESTER II


Subject Name L T P

Total of LTP C

Major Core

PBT15201 Plant biotechnology 4 0 0 4 4

PBT15202 Principles of genetics & genetic engineering

4 0 0 4 4

PBT15203 Genomics & proteomics 3 0 0 3 4

PBT15204 Plant biotechnology lab 0 0 4 4 2

PBT15205 Principles of genetics & genetic engineering lab

0 0 4 4 2

PBT15206 Genomics & proteomics lab

0 0 4 4 2

Elective

PBT15E03 Enzyme technology 3 0 0 3 3

PBT15E04 Environmental biotechnology

Skill Based

Elective

PBT15E51 Clinical Trails 2 0 0 2 2

PBT15E52 Forensic Science

Non Major Elective

Open Elective -I 0 0 2 2 2

Total 16 0 14 30 25


SEMESTER III

Category Course Code Subject Name

L T P Total of

LTP C

Major Core

PBT15301 Immunotechnology 4 0 0 4 4

PBT15302 Animal biotechnology 4 0 0 4 4

PBT15303 Industrial biotechnology

4 0 0 4 4

PBT15304 Immunotechnology lab 0 0 3 3 2

PBT15305 Animal biotechnology lab

0 0 4 4 2

PBT15306 Industrial biotechnology lab

0 0 4 4 2

Elective

PBT15E05 Regenerative medicine

3 0 0 3 3

PBT15E06 Nanobiotechnology

Skill Based Elective

PBT15E53 Entrepreneurship in Biotechnology

2 0 0 2 2

PBT15E54 Computational Biology

Non Major Elective

Open Elective -II 0 0 2 2 2

Total 17 0 13 30 25

SEMESTER IV


Subject Name L T P

Total of LTP C

Major Core PBT15401 Research methodology

2 0 0 2 2

Major Project PBT15P01 Project 0 0 28 28 12

Total 2 0 28 30 14

Total credits to be earned for the degree - 86


SEMESTER I

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P Total of LTP

C

PBT15101 BIOCHEMISTRY 4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To enable a student acquire sound knowledge in the subject. 2. To emphasize the role of biomolecules by providing basic information on

specific metabolic diseases and disorders. UNIT I - CARBOHYDRATES (14 Hours) Classification of carbohydrates, their structure, properties and function; glycolysis; Tricarboxylic acid cycle; Pentose phosphate pathway; Cori cycle; Gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. UNIT II - LIPIDS (12 Hours) Classification of lipids,and their structure, properties and functions, fatty acids, trighlycerides, phospholipids, waxes, prostaglandins; Lipoprotein systems; Oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids; Choloesterol synthesis. UNIT III - PROTEINS (12 Hours) Amino acid sequence of proteins; structure, properties and Biological functions of proteins; sequencing of aminoacids, Oxidative degradation of one carbon units. Biosynthesis of non- essential amino acids and; Urea cycle. UNIT IV - NUCLEIC ACIDS (10 Hours) Chemistry of Nucleic acids; Structure of Nucleic acids; Types of DNA, RNA; Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines; Nucleic acid sequencing. UNIT V - CLINICAL AND NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY (12 Hours) Structure and functions of vitamins; BMR – Determination of BMR, Nitrogen balance, Protein Malnutrition. Hormones – insulin, thyroid hormone, progesterone & testosterone - mechanism of action, functions, abnormalities. REFERENCE 1. Nelson & Cox[2013], Lehninger’s “Principles of Biochemistry”, 6th Edition,

W.H.Freeman & Company 2. Boyer [2008], Modern “Experimental Bio Chemistry”, Pearson Education. 3. Lubert Stryer[2010], “Bio chemistry”, Freeman & Co. 4. Voet & Voet[2010 ], “Fundamentals of Biochemistry”, John Willey & Sons.


COURSE CODE


C

PBT15102 MICROBIOLOGY 4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To offer a sense of microbial science, its methodology and its many

contributions to humanity. 2. To ensure students to understand about the microbiology and diseases.

UNIT I - BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY (12 Hours) Definition, history and scope– General structure & functions - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa. Microscopy - Principles & classification of microbes – binomial nomenclature - three domain system of classification. UNIT II - STERILIZATION (14 Hours) Sterilization and disinfection - stain and staining methods –. Microbial media –methods of obtaining pure cultures, Phases of growth curve - Factors influencing the growth of microbes. Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms in soil, water and air. UNIT III - FOOD AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY (12 Hours) Role of microbes in food production - Microbiology of fermented food and dairy products, Alcoholic beverages – beer and wine. Food spoilage and Preservation processes. Production of antibiotics, amino acids and organic acids. UNIT IV - MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (12 Hours) Pathogenesis, lab diagnosis, prevention and control of important microbial diseases, Pathogenic bacterial, Fungal, Viral and Protozoan diseases. Nosocomial infections–Skin, wound, respiratory, nervous system, oral, gastrointestinal and sexually transmitted diseases. UNIT V - ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (10 Hours) Role of microbes in ecosystems – Microorganisms in soil, air and water. sewage treatment methods, biological nitrogen fixation, biofertilizers - microbiological waste disposal, microbiological mining. REFERENCES 1. Jacquelyn G.Black, “Microbiology -Principles and Explorations”, Wiley

Publications, 2008. 2. Pelczar, chan, “Microbiology” – Krieg Tata McGraw Hill Publications, 2007. 3. Prescott, Harley and Klein, “Microbiology”, McGraw Hill publications, Fifth

edition, 2003.


4. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger, , “Biotechnology – A textbook of Industrial Microbiology”, Panima Publishing Corporation, NewDelhi 2000, reprint 2005.

COURSE CODE


C

PBT15103 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To impart knowledge on Nucleic acids and their characteristics 2. To ensure students to understand about the gene expression UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - DNA AND RNA (10 Hours) Scope and History. Structure of DNA,Forms of DNA- A, B, Z. Structure and function of mRNA, rRNA, tRNA. Secondary structures of RNA. UNIT II - REPLICATION AND REPAIR (12 Hours) Replication in prokaryote and Eukaryote. DNA Repair- Nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, photo-reactivation, recombination repair and SOS repair. UNIT III - TRANSCRIPTION AND POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS (14 Hours) Fine structure of gene.Transcription in Prokaryote and eukaryote. Post transcriptional processing of mRNA – 5’capping, splicing, polyadenylation and RNA editing. UNIT IV - TRANSLATION AND POST TRANSLATIONAL PROCESSING (12 Hours) Genetic code, Translation,Post translational modifications, Principles of protein sorting and targeting into endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplast, and nucleus and glycosylation UNIT V - GENE REGULATION (12 Hours) Principles of gene regulation,co-activators, suppressors, co-suppressors, moderators, silencers, insulators, enhancers.operon model- lac - operon, trp operon, and gal operon. REFERENCES 1. Robert Weaver. “Molecualr Biology”, 5th edition, 2011. 2. Frank Lee “Molecular Biology Web Book”, Web Books Publishing, 2009. 3. Pal J. K.and Ghaskadbi “Fundamentals of Molecular Biology”, OUP, 2009. 4. Veer Bala Rastogi, “Fundamentals of Molecular Biology”. Ane Books Pvt.Ltd,

2008.

http://www.amazon.ca/s?_encoding=UTF8&field-author=Robert%20Weaver&search-alias=books-ca

http://www.google.co.in/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Veer+Bala+Rastogi%22


COURSE CODE


C

PBT15104 BIOCHEMISTRY LAB 0 0 5 5 2

1. Estimation of glucose by orthotoludine method. 2. Estimation of protein by Folin Lowry method. 3. Estimation of aminoacids by formal titration method. 4. TLC separation of Amino acids /sugars. 5. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method. 6. Estimation of DNA by diphenyl amine method. 7. Qualitative analyses of carbohydrates. 8. Qualitative analyses of amino acids. 9. Isolation & Characterization of casein from milk. 10. Isolation and characterization of starch from potato.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P Total of

LTP

C

PBT15105 MICROBIOLOGY LAB 0 0 5 5 2

1. Preparation of media for growth of various organisms. 2. Identification and culturing of various organisms 3. Staining of microorganisms. – Grams staining spore staining, capsular

staining. 4. Growth curve, measure of bacterial population by turbidometry and studying

the effect of temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen. 5. Assay of antibiotics production and demonstration of antibiotic resistance. 6. Culturing of phages and assaying of plaques (Titration of Phage T4) 7. Use of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents to control microorganisms 8. Biochemical tests to identify various organisms.


COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15106 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB

0 0 5 5 3

1. Isolation of genomic DNA. 2. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 3. Estimation of DNA by Diphenyl amine method 4. Isolation of RNA. 5. Estimation of RNA by Oricinol Method 6. Analysis of cell division – Mitosis and Meiosis study. 7. Southern blotting. 8. Transformation 9. PCR 10. SDS-PAGE

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15E01 BIOPHYSICS 3 0 0 3 3

OBJECTIVES 1. To understand the structural organization of biological macromolecules 2. To improve the knowledge of physics in biological systems

UNIT I - PRINCIPLES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE (12 Hours) Peptide bond - torsion angles - Ramachandran plot - conformational maps for ala and gly. Levels of molecular organization – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels, super secondary structures, domains. UNIT II - STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS (10 Hours) Nucleosides and nucleotides - conformational possibilities of monomers and polymers - Watson and Crick model of DNA - A, B and Z DNA – RNA and its types - Properties of DNA and RNA - Unusual structures of DNA. UNIT III - TECHNIQUES TO STUDY BIOMOLECULES (14 Hours) Osmosis, Diffusion, Spectroscopic techniques: UV spectroscopy – CD - Infrared spectroscopy - NMR and ESR spectroscopy, Microscopic techniques: AFM, TEM and SEM, Principle of X - ray diffraction


UNIT IV - RADIATION BIOPHYSICS (12 Hours) Radioactivity, laws of Radioactivity, Alpha, Beta, Gamma rays, Radioisotope, Radioactive decay, Biological effects of radiation, Biological application of radioisotopes. UNIT V - BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS (12 Hours) Biomembranes, Nervous system, Synapse, Physics of membrane potential, Resting and action potential, Propagation of action potential, Voltage clamp technique REFERENCES 1. Vasantha Pattabhi and Gautham N., “Biophysics”, Narosa Publishmg House,

New Delhi, 2009. 2. Narayanan .P “Essentials of Biophysics”, New Age International (P) Ltd.

Publishers, New Delhi, 2010. 3. Voet D.& Voet J.G., “Biochemistry”, John Wiley & Sons , Newyork, 2010. 4. Guyton A.C., “Textbook of Medical Physiology”, Saunders (W.B) co. Ltd,

2006.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15E02 ADVANCED STATISTICAL METHOD FOR

BIOTECHNOLOGISTS 3 0 0

3 3

OBJECTIVES 1. To apply advanced statistical methods for analyzing biological data. 2. To draw valid inferences based on the analysis of the biological data. UNIT I - MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND MEASURES OF DISPERSION (12 Hours) Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric Mean, Harmonics Mean - Range, Mean Deviation, Quartile Deviation, Standard Deviation, Variance, Coefficient of Variation – Computation of these measures for biological data. UNIT II - BASICS OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS (12 Hours) Basics of probability theory – Additional and Multiplication rule – Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distribution – Properties and fitting of these distributions – Based on data relating to biological sciences.


UNIT III - CORRELATION AND REGRESSION (12 Hours) Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation and Spearman’s Rank Correlation - Formation of Simple Regression equations – Testing the significance of observed correlation coefficient and observed regression coefficient - Multiple Linear Regression models and their uses in biological sciences. UNIT IV - TWO-SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS (12 Hours) Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis, Two-Tailed test, Testing for difference between two means – Testing for the difference between two variances – Two sample rank testing – The Mann-Whitney test. UNIT V - MULTI-SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS (12 Hours) A single factor analysis of variance – The Kruskal-Wallis Test for single factor analysis of variance by ranks – Two-way and Three-way analysis of variance (Problems based on biological data). REFERENCES 1. Jerold H.Zar “Bio-statistical Analysis”, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc.,

Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2009. 2. Antonisamy.B, Solomon Christopher and Prasanna Samuel.P,: “Bio-Statistics

Principles and Practice”, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2010,1st Reprint 2011.

3. Sundar Rao. P.S.S., and Richard.J, “Introduction to Bio-Statistics and Research Methods, 1st Edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2009.


SEMESTER II

COURSE CODE COURSE TITLE L T P Total of LTP

C

PBT15201 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. The course curriculum helps in the understanding of the plant tissue culture

and applications in the culture techniques 2. The course ensures the students to understand about the industrial production

of secondary metabolites and transgenic products and therapeutics. UNIT I - PLANT GENOME ORGANIZATION Structural organization nuclear genome- ct/ mt genome. CMS in Maize. Symbiotic associations – molecular biology of N2 fixation. Seed storage proteins. Genome Analysis - Arabidopsis UNIT II - INTRODUCTION TO PLANT TISSUE CULTURE Plant biotechnology – overview, history, Achievements. Basis of PTC – Micropropagation – Caulogenesis, Organogenesis, Embryogenesis, SE. Protoplast technology. UNIT III - PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering in plants – methods of gene transfer – Physical, chemical and biological methods. Chloroplast engineering. Transposons in Maize. UNIT IV - TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY Selectable markers – reporter genes – promoters used in vectors. Transposons in transgenic plants – GURT, Gene silencing, crop improvement, Production of transgenic plants – Molecular farming - GM crops – GM seeds . UNIT V - APPLICATION OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Commercialization of plant biotechnology - improvement of SCP- Algal source – Fungal source – modern techniques in agriculture - plant cell bioreactors - plant cell as bioreactors – therapeutic vaccines, therapeutic proteins. Biosafety of GM plants, ELSI.


REFERENCES 1. Doods D.H., “Plant Genetic Engineering” Scientific American Books NY 2002. 2. Lycett G.W.and Grierson D., , “Genetic Engineering of crop plants”

Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 2007 3. Chrispeels M.J.and Sadava Jhones D.F., “Plants, genes and agriculture”,

ASPP Press, 2009. 4. A. Hammond Mcgarvey and Yusibov, , “Plant biotechnology new products and

application”, Published by Springer, New Delhi, 2009 5. Monica A. Hughes, “Plant Molecular Genetics”, Prentice Hall/Pearson, 2006.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15202 PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS & GENETIC

ENGINEERING 4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To access knowledge in Basics of Genetics and Genetic engineering. 2. To train the students in various techniques involved in Genetic engineering UNIT I - BASICS OF GENETICS (10 Hours) Mendelian inheritance: Mendel’s laws, multiple Alleles, Chromosomes and heredity,Gene: gene concept, genetic code,Chromosomal variation in Number & Structure, Chromosome Mapping. UNIT II - GENE MUTATIONS (12 Hours) Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations, DNA repair mechanisms, Chromosomal abnormalities- chromosomal deletions & duplications, inversions & translocations. Crossing over, significance of Crossing UNIT III - BASICS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING &GENE CLONING (12Hours) Restriction enzymes, cloning strategies, Prokaryotic Vectors: Plasmids, phagemids, Cosmids, artificial chromosomes, Yeast vectors, Bacillus and Streptomyces vectors Plant Vectors and animal viral vectors


UNIT IV - GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES (12 Hours) Bacterial Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction, Microinjection, Electroporation, Microprojectile, Shot Gun method, Ultrasonication, Liposome fusion, Microlaser - Detection of clones and its expression: yeast two hybrid systems, phage display.

UNIT V - TECHNIQUES IN RDNA TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCEMENTS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING (14 Hours) PCR – technique, designing of primers, , - Cloning of PCR products, DNA finger printing– DNA Foot printing- DNA-protein interactions and analysis. DNA, RNA and protein sequencing. Chromosome walking - Gene silencing and siRNA techniques- micro RNA

REFERENCES 1. Old and Primrose, “Principles of gene manipulation”, Blackwell Publishing

company, 2001, reprint 2003. 2. Benjamin Lewin, Genes IX, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2014. 3. Hartl. D.L. A Primer of Population Genetics”. III edition, Sinauer associates

inc. Sunderland, 2000. 4. Lodish, Harvey, Berk, Arnold, Kaiser, Chris A., Krieger, Mon, “Molecular cell

Biology”, published by W.H. Freeman, 2012. 5. Russ Hodge and Nadia Rosenthal, , “Genetic Engineering: Manipulating the

Mechanisms of Life (Genetics & Evolution), 2009.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15203 GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS

3 0 0 3 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To understand the molecular biology in a genomic and proteomic approach. 2. To study the gene expression systems through computational approaches

UNIT I - BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND SEQUENCE ANALYSIS (12 Hours) Classification of biological databases, Sequence alignment - Substitution matrices –Pairwise alignment methods; multiple sequence alignment methods. Evolutionary analysis: distances - clustering methods – rooted and unrooted tree representation – Bootstrapping strategies

UNIT II - GENE AND PROMOTER PREDICTION (12 Hours) Gene prediction in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. - Prediction Algorithms. Promoter and regulatory elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Prediction algorithms. UNIT III - STRUCTURAL BIOINFORMATICS (14 Hours) Protein secondary structure prediction - for globular proteins and for transmembrane proteins. Coiled coil prediction. Protein tertiary structure prediction – homology modelling, threading and fold recognition; ab initio protein structural prediction.


UNIT I - PHARMACOINFORMATICS (12 Hours) Drug Designing - Molecular targets, Characteristics of a drug compound, Drug discovery pipeline, Target identification & validation, Lead compound identification; Serendipity. Pharmacophore identification, QSAR method; ADME Predictions. UNIT V - EXPRESSION BIOINFORMATICS (10 Hours) DNA Microarray methods, Applications. Microarray analysis - Image processing; Normalizing expression measurements, Cluster analysis- Hierarchical clustering, k-means clustering, Self-organizing maps. CHIP-on-chip arrays. Protein Microarray REFERENCES 1. David W. Mount “Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis”, 3rd edition.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004 2. Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette (Editor) “Bioinformatics: A

Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins, 3rd Edition. Wiley Publishers, 2005.

3. Jin Xiong “Essential Bioinformatics” 1st edition. Cambridge University Press, 2006

4. Dov Stekel “Microarray Bioinformatics” 1st Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15204 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB

0 0 4 4 2

1. Isolation of plant genomic DNA 2. Isolation of total RNA from sprouting seeds 3. Preparation of Plant tissue culture media and Stock solutions 4. Germination of seed 5. Shoot/ Root induction - organogenesis 6. Haploid production – Anther & ovule culture 7. Somatic embryogenesis 8. Protoplast isolation – enzymatic method 9. Protoplast fusion by PEG 10. Agrobacterium mediated transformation 11. Gus assay/ GFP cloning 12. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules.


COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total LTP

C

PBT15205 PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS & GENETIC

ENGINEERING LAB 0 0 4

4 2

1. Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacterial culture 2. Isolation, purification and identification of protein 3. Restriction Digestion (single and double) 4. Ligation technique 5. Preparation of competent cell and transform the competent in to EcoKI

bacteria 6. Identification of recombinants – antibiotic markers, Blue-white colony selection 7. Isolation of RNA 8. Quantification of DNA and RNA by spectrophotometer 9. PCR 10. Blotting technique- (southern, western and northern)

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15206 GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS LAB

0 0 4 4 2

1. Sequence retrieval from biological databases – NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, SWISS

PROT 2. Sequence alignment – Local and global algorithm 3. Detection of open reading frames in given sequences using ORF finder at

NCBI 4. Gene identification on the web – GenScan, Glimmer and JIGSAW 5. Splice site predictions on the web - NetGene2 and GeneSplicer 6. Small molecule building using ISIS DRAW and CHEM SKETCH 7. Homology Modeling using SPDBV 8. Model validation using What Check and Pro Check 9. Docking using DOCK or AUTODOCK or HEX 10. Protein structure visualization tool – Rasmol


COURSE CODE


C

PBT15E03 ENZYME TECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 3

OBJECTIVES 1. To make the students understand the effects in specific metabolic pathways in

detail 2. To study about the sources, production and industrial applications of enzymes UNIT I - INTRODUCTION (12 Hours) Definition, IUB enzyme classification, enzyme activity. Enzyme turn over number and specific activity. Concept of enzyme-substrate complex, activation energy, factors affecting enzyme activity. UNIT II - MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION (12 Hours) Collision and transition state theory. Lock and key - induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interactions. Enzyme catalytic efficiency, proximity , orientation, distortion or strain, acid-base and nucleophilic catalysis - Mechanism of chymotrpsin, lysozyme. UNIT III - ENZYME KINETICS (12 Hours) Kinetics- steady state kinetics, Michalies menten equation, LB plot, Eadie – Hofstee equation. Enzyme inhibition – competitive - noncompetitive, uncompetitive. Allosteric inhibition. UNIT IV - ISOENZYMES & COENZYMES (10 Hours) LDH, creatine kinase. NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN, Thiamine Pyrophosphate, Pyridoxal Phosphate, Lipoic Acid - Tetrahydro folate & Vitamin B12. UNIT V - INDUSTRIAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ENZYMES (14 Hours) Immobilisation - methods & Importance of enzyme immobilization. Properties and application of immobilized enzymes. Industrial uses of enzymes, production of glucose from maltose, starch, cellulose and dextran, use of lactase in dairy industry, production of glucose-fructose syrup from sucrose, use of proteases in food, detergent and leather industry; medical applications of enzymes; use of glucose oxidase in enzyme electrodes. REFERENCES 1. Nicholas C. Price and Lewis Stevens, “Fundamentals of Enzymology”, Oxford

University Press, 2003. 2. Trevor Palmer and Philip Bonner, Enzymes – “Biochemistry, Biotechnology,

Clinical chemistry, 2nd edition, East-West Press Pvt. Ltd, 2004.


3. Lehninger, Nelson and Cox , “Principles of Biochemistry, 6th edition, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2013.

4. Prakash M.,Digmarti Bhaskara Rao,Jena T, “Enzyme Biotechnology”, 1st edition, Discovery Publication, 2010.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15E04 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

3 0 0 3 3

OBJECTIVES 1. To provide basic knowledge of ecosystem, bioremediation and metal mining. 2. To ensures the students in better understanding of environmental crisis and its

remediation. UNIT I - ECOSYSTEM (14 Hours) Biogeochemical cycling in ecological systems, Concept of ecosystems and ecosystem management, Environmental problems- ozone depletion, green house effect, water, air and soil pollution. Bioindicators and environmental monitoring, environmental impact assessment, environmental management. UNIT II - BIOREMEDIATION (10 Hours) GEMs in environment; Bioremediation - In situ and ex-situ bioremediation; phytoremediation of soil metals; microbiology of degradation of xenobiotics UNIT III - WASTE MANAGEMENT (12 Hours) Sewage and waste water treatment and solid waste management, chemical measure of water pollution, conventional and recent approaches to biological waste water treatment, composting process and techniques, use of composted materials. UNIT IV - BIOFUELS (12 Hours) Biofuels plant derived fuels, biogas, landfill gas, bioethanol, biohydrogen; detoxification - cyanide, oxalate, urea, toxic organics phenols.

UNIT V - METAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (12 Hours) Mining –heavy metals. Microbial transformation, accumulation and concentration of metals, metal leaching, extraction and future prospects.

REFERENCES 1. Gareth M. Evans, Judith C. Furlong, “Environmental Biotechnology: Theory

and application”, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 2. Pradipta Kumar Mohapatra “Textbook of Environmental Biotechnology”, I. K

International, 2006.


3. Indhu Shekhar Thakur, “Environmental Biotechnology : Basics concepts and applications”, K International 2006.

4. Alan Scragg, “Environmental Biotechnology”, 2nd edition, 2005.

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT 15E51 CLINICAL TRIALS 2 0 0 2 2

(Total Hours): 30 OBJECTIVES 1. To make the students understand about the drugs and its discovery 2. To educate the students about the methods involved in clinical experiments

UNIT I (6 Hours) Introduction to Drug Discovery and drug Development, Basic pharmacology and clinical research : Basic conceptual knowledge about receptors, drugs, preclinical studies, pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic (ADME), drug interactions, clinical research, Introduction to pharmacoeconomics.

UNIT II (6 Hours) Clinical trials- New drug discovery process- purpose, main steps involved in new drug discovery process, timelines of each steps, advantages and purposes of each steps, ethics in clinical research, unethical trials.

UNIT III (6 Hours) Introduction and designing -Various phases of clinical trials -Post Marketing surveillance – methods -Principles of sampling -Inclusion and exclusion criteria -Methods of allocation and randomization -Informed consent process in brief -Monitoring treatment outcome -Termination of trial -Safety monitoring in clinical trials UNIT IV (6 Hours) Pre clinical toxicology: General principles, Systemic toxicology (Single dose and repeat dose toxicity studies), Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity, Reproductive toxicity, Local toxicity, Genotoxicity, animal toxicity requirements.

UNIT V (6 Hours) Basic terminology used in clinical research: Types of clinical trials, single blinding, double blinding, open access, randomized trials and their examples, interventional study, ethics committee and its members, cross over design,

TEXT BOOKS 1. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice hall, International, Katzung, B.G. REFERENCES 1. Drug interaction, “Basic Bussiness Publ”, Bombay, J.K. Mehra 2. Clinical pharmacology and drug therapy Grahame smith and Aronson,


3. Text Book of Therapeutics Drug and Disease Management Hardbound. Richard A Helms,

4. Clinical Pharmacy and therapeutics Herfindal E T and Hirschman JL, Williams and Wilkins,

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15E52 FORENSIC SCIENCE 2 0 0 2 2

(Total Hours): 30 OBJECTIVES 1. To introduce the students about the forensic sciences. 2. To give brief idea about the organizational setup in the science laboratories. UNIT – I (6 Hours) Definition and scope of Forensic Science. History and Development of Forensic Science. Development of Forensic Science in India, Organizational set up of Forensic ScienceLaboratories – Central F.S.L. and State F.S.L UNIT -II (6 Hours) Crime Scene Investigation: Crime,Types of crimes, Crimes in India, Crime Scene procedures - sketching, photography,location, collection and preservation of exhibits/evidences. Physical evidence; types,significance and analysis.

UNIT - III (6 Hours) Duties of forensic scientist,Various divisions of crime investigation –ToxicologyBiology, Serology, Chemistry, Physics, Ballistics, Prohibition, Document and other divisions.

UNIT -IV (6 Hours) Specialised facilities offered by forensic science laboratory –DNA fingerprinting, Polygraph.

UNIT-V (6 Hours) Brain electrical , oscillation signature proficiency (BEOSP), Cyber forensic, Tape and video authentication, Speaker identification etc.

REFERENCES 1. Introduction to Forensic Science in Crime Investigation –

Dr.RukmaniKrishnamurty, “Selective and Scientific Books”, 1st edition 2011 2. Richard Saferstein, 2001, Criminalistic: “An Introduction to Forensic Science”.

7th editionPrentice-Hall, New Jersey. 3. L.J. Kaplan, 2001. “A laboratory manual for the introduction to the Crime

Lab”.Williamstown, Massachusetts.


4. Moenseens, A.A., Starrs, J.E., Henderson, C.E. and Inabare, F.E., 1995. Scientific Evidence in Civil and Criminal cases, IV edition, Foundation Press, Westbury, NewYork.

5. Fishes, B.A.J., 2000. “Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation”. VI edition CRC Press,Boca Raton, 2000.

SEMESTER III

COURSE CODE

COURSE TITLE L T P

Total of LTP C

PBT15301 IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY 4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To access knowledge in Immunology and to understand their practical

applications 2. To gain knowledge in concepts of immunology and their clinical applications

UNIT I - OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (12 Hours) Introduction to immunology,Types of immunity,lymphoid organs;immunoglobulin structure and function

UNIT II - HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY (12 Hours) Complement systems , MHC classes,antigen recognition and presentation, humoral and Cell mediated immune responses -hypersensitivity reaction, and auto immune disorders.

UNIT III - ANTIGEN – ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS (12 Hours) Antigen -antibody reactions ,monoclonal antibody production and applications; catalytical antibodies, phagocytosis. UNIT IV - SEPARATION AND ISOLATION (12 Hours) Purification of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood, fluorescent activated cell sorter, mitogen and antigen induced lympho-proliferation assay ,cell mediated lympholysis ,mixed lymphocyte reaction, HLA typing. UNIT V - IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HEALTH & DISEASE (12 Hours) Cytokines ,Vaccine technology ,Vaccine development ,immunodiagnosis of Infectious diseases REFERENCES 1. Richard A. Goldsby, Thomas J. “Kind Immunology”, 2007.


2. Barbara, A. “Osborne”, Janis Kuby 5th Edition, 2007. W. H. Freeman & Company.

3. Janeway, Travers, Walport, Shlomchik, Garland “Immunobiology” 6th Edition, , 2007.

4. Ivan Riott, “Essential immunology”, Blackwell Science, 9th Edition, 2007.

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Total of LTP C

PBT15302 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To study the basis of animal cell culture technology and transgenic animals. 2. To ensure the students to understand about the advancement in production of

transgenic products for the genetic disorders and cloning strategies. UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL CELL CULTURE (12 Hours) Setup of cell culture laboratory - growth in serum & serum-free media - Viral evaluation of animal cell lines used in Biotechnology - Optimizing gene expression in mammalian cells - Recombinant cells - Cell Bank preparation - DNA fingerprinting and charaterization of animal cells- viability measurements. UNIT II - TRANSGENIC ANIMALS (14 Hours) Transgenic animals – methods of gene transfer – Transgenic animals – development & uses (Mice, cattle, goat, fish & sheep). Baculoviruses and transgenic silkworm - cloning for conservation of endangered species, in situ and ex situ preservation of germplasm, UNIT III - ART & GENETIC MANIPULATIONS (12 Hours) Assisted reproductive techniques – cryopreservation, pregnancy diagnosis, in utero testing of foetus for genetic defects, gene knock out, knock in and knock down technology and animal models for human genetic disorders. UNIT IV - ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE (10 Hours) Hybridoma Technique, Probes for diagnosis of Animal diseases. Modern biotechnology Oriented Vaccines - DNA Vaccines in Animal Disease. Animal system as bioreactors. Animal cells for transplantation. UNIT V - ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY & HUMAN WELFARE (12 Hours) Culturing animal cells in Fluidized bed reactors - Anchored fusion proteins - Harvesting GPI-Anchored proteins from CHO cells - gene therapy - Molecular


markers - in clinical diagnosis and tissue typing - HGP and application. Human cloning – ethical limits – regulation and issues. REFERENCES 1. Ian freshney, “Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique and

Specialized Applications”, 6th edition, John wiley & Sons, Amazon, 2011. 2. Kreuzer & A Massey, “Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology: A guide for

teachers”, 2nd edition, ASM Press, Washington, 2001. 3. Walker J M & Gingold E B, “Molecular biology and Biotechnology”, 3rd edition,

Panima publishing corporation, 2007. 4. Nigel Jenkins, “Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and Protocols” , Humana

Press, New Jersy, 2005

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Total of LTP C

PBT15303 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

4 0 0 4 4

OBJECTIVES 1. To study the design of fermentors and fermentation and about fermentors

bioreactors and the and dynamics behind the Industrial biotechnology 2. The course ensures the students to understand about the industrial processes

and production of commercial products. UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (12 Hours) Introduction to industrial Biotechnology, basic principles of fermentation Technology, Screening, Isolation, maintenance & preservation of strain - strain improvement. Fermentation Media, Sterilization. UNIT II - FERMENTATION (12 Hours) Fermenters – design and types, accessories - controls. Types of Fermentation. Process Development – Shake flask fermentation Plant and animal cell bioreactors. UNIT III - DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING (DSP) (12 Hours) Downstream processing- Cell disruption - Recovery and purification of products- extraction, chromatography- purification-crystallization and drying UNIT IV - MICROBIOLOGICAL FERMENTATION (12 Hours) Application of enzymes in industries. Fermentation of– Ethanol, beer, wine, Citric acid, Penicillin, Glutamic acid, vitamin B12, Steroid biotransformation.


UNIT V - FERMENTED FOODS (12 Hours) Fermented dairy products - Cheese, yogurt. Microbial Foods – Single cell proteins (SCP), single cell oils (SCO). Production of Saffron and Capsaicin. Microbial production of xanthan gum, gellan and Polyhydroxyalkonodies (PHA).

REFERENCES 1. Stanbury PF and Whitaker A. Pergamon, , “Principles of Fermentation

technology”, second edition , Pergamon Press, Oxford, 2005, reprinted 2012. 2. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger, “Biotechnology – A textbook of

Industrial Microbiology”, Panima publishing corporation, New Delhi, 2000, reprint 2005.

3. Patel A.H., “Industrial Microbiology”, Macmillan Publishers India, 2000. 4. Kalaichelvan P.T.and I. Arul Pandi, “Bioprocess Technology”.MJP Publishers,

Chennai, 2007.

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PBT15304 IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY LAB

0 0 3 3 2

1. Single Radial immuno diffusion 2. Countercurrent immunoeletrophoresis 3. ODD 4. Immunoelectrophoresis 5. RIE 6. DOT ELISA 7. Separation of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood. 8. Blood grouping

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PBT15305 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB

0 0 4 4 2

1. Isolation of human genomic DNA 2. Preparation of animal cell culture media 3. Filter sterilization of Animal cell culture media. 4. Development of cell culture and cell lines 5. Subculturing / passaging 6. Quantitation of animals cells using hemocytometer 7. Cell viability test 8. Differential counting of WBC 9. Human lymphocyte culture


10. Chick embryo fibroblast

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PBT15306 INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB

0 0 4 4 2

1. Production of amylase 2. Determination of amylolytic activity 3. Isolation and characterization of cellulolytic enzymes and its synthesis 4. Determination of cellulolytic activity by DNS method 5. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria and production of lactic acid 6. Immobilization of cells and enzymes using alginate and polyacrylamide 7. Instrumentation of fermentor 8. Design of various types of fermentors & bioreactors 9. Production of ethanol & wine from grapes 10. Production of ethanol from wheat flour 11. Sauerkraut production 12. Mushroom cultivation

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C

PBT15E05 REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 3 0 0 3 3

OBJECTIVES 1. To understand the in vitro regeneration of organs, and therapeutics application

of stem cell 2. To help the students get a grasp of the latest advance in regenerative

medicine

UNIT I - CELLS (14 Hours) Cell types, cell-cell interaction, cell differentiations, cell matrix. Biology of cells in culture, cell culture bioreactors. Three-Dimensional organization of Cells in Culture, Organ Culture, Organotypic Culture. UNIT II - TISSUES (12 Hours) Structure and organization of tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle tissues, Nerve tissues, artificial organs, tissue grafting.


UNIT III - STEM CELL BIOLOGY (12 Hours) Stem cells - properties and Classification. Types of Stem cells - embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Isolation, Culture and Characterization protocol, stem cell therapy. UNIT IV - IN VITRO AND IN VIVO SYNTHESIS OF TISSUES AND ORGANS (12 Hours) Three-Dimensional Scaffolds, Tissue Engineering and Transplantation Techniques - Immunoisolation Techniques, Modes of Cell and Tissue Delivery, Breast reconstruction, Regeneration of Bone and Cartilage, transplantation and Bioartificial Pancreas, regeneration of hepatocytes. UNIT V - STEM CELLS IN DISEASES (10 Hours) Bioprinting of Organs and Tissues, Stem Cell therapy - Gastrointestinal, Kidney, Heart, Spinal Cord and Lung disorders and Eye Diseases. REFERENCES 1. Robert. P.Lanza, Robert Langer & William L. Chick,, “Principles of Tissue

Engineering”, Academic press, 2008 2. Palsson B., Hubbell J.A., Plonsey R.& Bronzino, “Tissue Engineering” CRC-

Taylor & Francis, 2004. 3. Bernhard Palsson, Sangeeta Bhatia, “Tissue Engineering”, Pearson Prentice

Hall, 2003. 4. Ian freshney, “Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique and

Specialized Applications”, 6th edition, John wiley & Sons, Amazon., 2011.

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PBT15E06 NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 3

OBJECTIVES 1. To learn the application of nanotechnology in biological system 2. To help the students to understand about nanomaterials and nanomedicine UNIT I – NANOMATERIALS (12 Hours) Basics of nanobiotechnology - Nanomaterial: Carbon nanomaterial, Fullerenes, Nanotube, Nanowire. Nanophysics: Quantum dot, Quantum wire, Quantum well


UNIT II – NANOSTRUCTURES (12 Hours) Bionanostructures: Protein based nanostructures - DNA based nanostructures – Bacteriorhodopsin and its potential in technical application UNIT III - TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (12 Hours) Characterization techniques – NMR, Mass spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEM, SEM, AFM. UNIT IV - BIOMOLEULAR SENSING (12 Hours) Functional principles of Bionanotechnology : Information driven nanoassembly- Biomolecular sensing UNIT V - BIOPOLYMERS (12 Hours) Biopolymer - polymer nanofibers - electrospinning method and their biomedical applications, polymer nanocomposite- bone and dental restorations, polymer controlled drug delivery. PLA and PLGA based nanoparticle delivery system. Nanomedicine today- Artificial blood – drug delivery –Immmunotoxins are targeted cell killers REFERENCES 1. David S. Goodsell, “Bionanotechnology” John Wilsy inc.,Publications, 2004. 2. Shanmugam.S, “Nanotechnology, MJP Publishers, 2010 3. Niemeyer, C.M. Mirking C.A., “Nanobiotechnology concepts, Applications and

Perpectives” 2004. 4. Manasi Karkare, “Nanotechnology”, I.K. International publishing House

Pvt.Ltd, 2008.

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PBT15E53 ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

2 0 0 2 2

(Total Hours): 30 OBJECTIVE 1. To make the students acquaint the various fundamentals of management and

entrepreneurship processes 2. To improve the students by provide the issues and problem solving skills in

biotechnology entrepreneurship UNIT-I (6 Hours) Principles of management - Concept and managerial functions, planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling


UNIT-II (6 Hours) Concept, nature, scope and philosophy of entrepreneurship - Distinction and importance of self employment and entrepreneurship. UNIT-III (6 Hours) Context, entrepreneurial traits, Small business strategic planning, Pricing and promotion. Entrepreneurship opportunities in biotechnology. UNIT-IV (6 Hours) Concept of various Types of business organization - sole proprietorship, partnership, cooperation society, private and public limited companies, institutions support for establishment of self-employment and entrepreneurial ventures, role of various agencies. UNIT-V (6 Hours) Concept of Marketing - Elements of Marketing & Sales Management- (a) Nature of product and market strategy (b) Packaging and advertising (c) After Sales Service (d) Pricing techniques. TEXT BOOK 1. Craig Shimasaki , (2014).”Biotechnology Entrepreneurship: Starting,

Managing, and Leading Biotech Companies” Academic Press. 2. David H. Holt, (1991). “Entrepreneurship: New Venture Creation” Prentice-

Hall REFERENCES 1. Entrepreneurship Patterns of Entrepreneurship : Jack M. Kaplan 2. “Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management:” C.B. Gupta, S.S.

Khanka, Sultan Chand & Sons. 3. Essentials of Management by H. Koontz, H. Weihrich and C. O’Donnell.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin 4. The Practice of Management by P. Drucker. Harper Business


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Total of LTP C

PBT15E54 COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY

2 0 0 2 2

(Total Hours): 30 OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the role of computer in biological field 2. To help the students get a grasp of the latest advance in computational

methods in biology

UNIT-I BIOLOGICAL DATABASES (6 Hours) Introduction to bioinformatics, Classification of biological databases, Biological data formats, Introduction to single letter code of amino acids, symbols used in nucleotides UNIT-II SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT (6 Hours) Introduction to Sequence alignment. Dot plot. Needleman and Wunsch algorithm. Smith–Waterman algorithm. Multiple sequence alignment. Database search for similar sequences using FASTA and BLAST Programs. UNIT-III EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS (6 Hours) Evolutionary analysis: distances, Cladistic and Phenetic methods. Clustering Methods. Rooted and unrooted tree representation. Bootstrapping strategies, Use of Clustal and PHYLIP. UNIT IV SECONDARY STRUCTURE PREDICTION (6 Hours) Concepts of secondary structure prediction of RNA and Protein. Probabilistic models: Markov chain, Hidden Markov Models-other applications. UNIT V DRUG DESIGN (6 Hours) Introduction To Drug Designing - Molecular targets, Characteristics of a drug compound, Drug discovery pipeline, Target identification & validation, Lead compound identification; Serendipity. ADME Predictions.

REFERENCES 1. David W. Mount (2004) Bioinformatics: “Sequence and Genome Analysis”, 3rd

edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2. Andreas D. Baxevanis, B. F. Francis Ouellette (Editor) 2005 Bioinformatics: “A

Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins”, 3rd Edition. Wiley publishers.

3. Jin Xiong (2006) “Essential Bioinforamtics” 1st edition. Cambridge University Press

4. “Introduction to Bioinformatics” by Arthur M. Lesk-2008


SEMESTER IV

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PBT15401 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2 0 0 2 2

OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the purpose and basics of research 2. To know the method of writing thesis

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION (12 Hours) Definition and objectives of Research – Types of research, Various Steps in Research Process. Developing a research question - Choice of a problem

UNIT II - LITERATURE REFERENCES (12 Hours) Literature review, Surveying, synthesizing, critical analysis, reading materials, reviewing, rethinking, critical evaluation, interpretation, Research Purposes, Ethics in research

UNIT III - SCIENTIFIC WRITING (12 Hours) Scientific document: Organization and writing of a research paper, short communications, review articles, monographs, technical and survey reports, authored books and edited books, and dissertation.

UNIT IV - TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF DATA (12 Hours) Tables and graphs of frequency data of one variable, Tables and graphs that show the relationship between two variables. Relation between frequency distributions and other graphs, preparing data for analysis

UNIT V - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (12 Hours) Funding agencies: National and international funding agencies for R & D projects. Preparation of R & D projects for funding: Organization of a research project, identification of gap areas in the subject, aims and objectives of the projects, possible outcome of the project, funds requirements and justification(s).

REFERENCES 1. Dr. Rajendrakumar C. “Research Methodology” APH Publishing corporation,

2008. 2. Kothari C.R. “Research Methodology”. New Age International, 2004. 3. Khanzode V.V “Research Methodology”. APH Publication, 2004.

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN · PDF fileMASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY Curriculum and Syllabus ... Peptide bond - torsion angles - Ramachandran plot - conformational maps for ala and gly

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