Master Naturalist - Botany (4/10/14)

Southern IllinoisMaster Naturalist

BotanyInstructor: Chris Benda

Camel Rock at Garden of the Gods Wilderness

Christopher David Benda – Visiting Plant Ecologist, Illinois Natural History Survey

Degognia Canyon – Jackson County

Photo credit – Randy Nyboer

Statewide Project5 Regional Ecologists

Illinois Native Plant SocietySouthern Chapter

www.facebook.com/southernillinoisplants

Technical Expert

Consultant

The Flora of Southern IllinoisPLB 451 – Plant Biology Dept.

Southern Illinois University

Binomial Nomenclature

“The beginning of wisdom is to call

things by their rightful names.”

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Animalia

Cordata

Reptilia

Testudines

Emydidae

Emydoidea

E. blandingii

Wildflower Quiz

Plant Taxonomy•Non-Vascular

•Early Plants (spores)

•Archaeplastida (algae)

•Bryophyta (mosses)

•Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

•Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

•Vascular

•Seedless plants

•Pteridophyta (Ferns)

•Equisetaceae (Horsetail)

•Isoetaceae (Quillwort)

•Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss)

•Marsileaceae (Water-Clover)

•Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss)

•Seed Plants

•Gymnosperms (Conifers/Evergreens)

•Juniperus, Pinus, Taxodium, Taxus

•Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

•Monocots (Orchids, Lilies, Irises, Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, aquatic plants)

•Dicots (most other flowering plants)

Gymnosperms

Vs.

Angiosperms

• 1. Gymnosperms (“Naked Seeds”):plants that don’t produce a protective fruit around the seed.

• Ex: all the conifers-pines, cedar, spruce, and cypress.

• 2. Angiosperms (“Hidden Seeds”): flowering plants, seed is encased in a protective fruit.

• This is the dominant group of plants on Earth today.

• * Fruit- anything formed from the enlarged plant ovary.

Basic Plant Reproduction, Structure, and Terminology

Plants

Monocot

Vs.

Dicot

One cotyledon in seed

Leaf veins form

a parallel pattern

Flower parts in threes and multiples

of three, irregular (nonsymmetrical)

Two cotyledons in seed

Leaf veins form

a net pattern

Flower parts in fours or

fives and their multiples

Seed

Mo

no

co

tsE

ud

ico

ts

One cotyledon in seed

FlowerRoot

Root xylem and

phloem in a ring

Vascular bundles

scattered in stem

Leaf veins form

aparallel pattern

Flower parts in threes

and multiples of three

Flower parts in fours or

fives and their multiples

Leaf veins form

anet pattern

Vascular bundles

in a distinct ring

Root phloem between

arms of xylemTwo cotyledons in seed

Stem Leaf

Monocot vs. Dicot

Flowers

Perfect

Vs.

Imperfect

Two Types of Flowers:

• 1. Perfect (Complete): flowers containing BOTH male (stamen) and female (pistil) sexual parts.

• Automatically monoecious

• The male part is termed the Stamenwhich consists of the anther and filament.

• The female part is the Pistil, which consists of the stigma, style and ovary.

• 2. Imperfect (Imcomplete): Flowers containing the reproductive parts of only one sex.

• These imperfect flowers may be on the same plant (monoecious),

• or on separate plants (dioecious).

Imperfect flowers

Staminate

Vs.

Pistillate

Monoecious

(one house)

Vs.

Dioecious

(two houses)

Obligate(requires specific

conditions for survival)Vs.

Facultative(requires general

conditions for survival)

Symbiosis Can Be One Of Two Conditions:

• 1. Obligatory: one organism cannot live without the other.

• 2. Facultative: can live symbiotically but can survive without one another.

Leaf Characteristics

Simple leaf, magnolia

a. Simple versus compound leaves

Pinnately compound leaf,black walnut

Palmately compound leaf,buckeye

b. Arrangement of leaves on stem

Opposite leaves, maple

Whorled leaves,bedstraw

Alternate leaves,American beech

Leaf Characteristics

Simple leaf, magnolia

Palmately compound leaf,buckeye

Pinnately compound leaf,black walnut

Alternate leaves,American beech

Whorled leaves,bedstraw

Opposite leaves, mapleMADCapHorseBuck(buttonbush)

Handout on plant leaves

Plant Resources for IllinoisField Guide Books & Websites

Dichotomous Keys and

Plant Collections

Erigenia linkhttp://www.ill-inps.org/Erigenia

T & E Species Linkhttp://www.dnr.illinois.gov/ESPB/Documents/ETChecklist2011.pdf

Plant Taxonomy•Non-Vascular

•Early Plants (spores)

•Archaeplastida (algae)

•Bryophyta (mosses)

•Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

•Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

•Vascular

•Seedless plants

•Pteridophyta (Ferns)

•Equisetaceae (Horsetail)

•Isoetaceae (Quillwort)

•Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss)

•Marsileaceae (Water-Clover)

•Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss)

•Seed Plants

•Gymnosperms (Conifers/Evergreens)

•Juniperus, Pinus, Taxodium, Taxus

•Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

•Monocots (Orchids, Lilies, Irises, Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, aquatic plants)

•Dicots (most other flowering plants)

Sphagnum Moss – Sphagnum compactum

Netted Chain Fern – Woodwardia areolata

Royal Fern – Osmunda spectabilis

Gladefern– Deparia acrostichoides

Mosquito Fern – Azolla mexicana

Shining Clubmoss – Huperzia lucidula

Scouring Rush – Equisetum hyemale

Gymnosperms

Vs.

Angiosperms

Illinois Gymnosperms

• Cypressaceae – Cypress family

– Juniperus – 3 species

• communis (Ground Juniper, rare)

• horizontalis (Trailing Juniper, rare)

• virginiana (Eastern Red Cedar)

– Thuja – 1 species

• occidentalis (White Cedar, rare)

Red Cedar - Juniperus virginiana

Illinois Gymnosperms

• Ginkgoaceae – Ginkgo family

– Ginkgo – 1 species

• biloba (Ginkgo)

Illinois Gymnosperms

• Pinaceae – Pine family

– Larix – 2 species

• decidua* (European Larch)

• laricina (Tamarack, rare)

– Picea – 2 species

• abies* (Norway Spruce)

• mariana* (Black Spruce)

Illinois Gymnosperms

• Pinaceae – Pine family

– Pinus – 10 species

• banksiana (Jack Pine)

• echinata (Short-leaf Pine, rare)

• nigra* (Austrian Pine)

• resinosa (Red Pine, rare)

• rigida* (Pitch Pine)

• strobus (White Pine)

• sylvestris* (Scots Pine)

• taeda (Loblolly Pine)

• 2 others

Illinois Gymnosperms

• Taxaceae – Yew family

– Taxus – 1 species

• canadensis (Canada Yew, rare)

• Taxodiaceae – Bald Cypress family

– Taxodium – 1 species

• distichum (Bald Cypress)

Big Cypress Access – Lower Cache River

Plant HumorQ. How can you ID a dogwood tree?

Plant HumorA. By its bark!

Gee whiz?! informationIf you can’t tell a joke about it, explain where the name comes

from, or tell story about the plant then:

WHO CARES!!!

Latin PronunciationPronounce every letter except diphthongs

Echinacea, Tradescantia, Opuntia humifusa, Ambrosia artemisiifolia

“ch” is a “k” sound

Polystichum, Heuchera

If a word has two syllables, the accent always goes with the next to the last (called the penult);

e.g., Àcer.

If a word has three or more syllables, the accent always goes either with the next to the last

(penult) or the third from the last (called the antepenult).

Synandra hispidula, Onoclea sensibilis, Liriodendron tulipifera

phyllum – rhizophyllum, Podophyllum, triphyllum

ae Pellaea atropurpurea, Arisaema

au Daucus carota

Eu Teucrium, Leucanthemum

Oe (phoebe), Platanthera peramoena, Ipomoea

Ui Equisetum

“oi” is not a diphthong!

Pleopeltis polypodioides

Pronounce when ending with “e”

Silene, canadense, sessile, hyemale

Latinized last names (one or two i’s)

Dodecatheon frenchii, Emydoidea blandingii

Most trees have been feminized!

Quercus rubra, Fagus grandifolia, Ulmus americana

BREAK

Common Plant FamiliesAngiosperms

Dicots & Monocots

Apiaceae (Carrot family)

Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family)

Asclepiadaceae (Milkweed family)

Mead’s Milkweed – Asclepias meadii

Asteraceae (Composite family)

Prairie Dock - Silphium terebinthinaceum

Blazing Stars – Liatris scabra & aspera

False Dandelion - Krigia biflora

Boraginaceae (Borage family)

Boraginaceae (Borage family)

Marbleseed – Onosmodium molle var. hispidissimum

Brassicaceae (Mustard family)

Cactaceae (Cactus family)

Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)

Campanulaceae (Bellflower family)

Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)

Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)

Caryophyllaceae (Pink family)

Fire Pink – Silene virginica

Convolvulaceae (Morning-glory family)

Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)

Wild Orpine - Sedum telephioides

Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family)

Cuscutaceae (Dodder family)

Ericaceae (Heath family)

Wild Azalea - Rhododendron prinophyllum

Farkleberry – Vaccinium arboreum

Lowbush Blueberry - Vaccinium pallidum

Euphorbiaceae (Spurge family)

Fabaceae (Pea family)

Pencil Flower - Stylosanthes biflora

Caesalpiniaceae (Caesalpinia family)

Redbud - Cercis canadensis

Gentianaceae (Gentian family)

Lamiaceae (Mint family)

Hypericaceae (St. Johnswort family)

Lythraceae (Loosestrife family)

Malvaceae (Mallow family)

Onagraceae (Evening-primrose family)

Onagraceae (Evening-primrose family)

Orobanchaceae (Broomrape family)

Polemoniaceae (Phlox family)

Polygonaceae (Smartweed family)

Polemoniaceae (Phlox family)

Portalacaceae (Purslane family)

Primulaceae (Primrose family)

Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)

Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family)

Rosaceae (Rose family)

Carolina Rose - Rosa carolina

Rubiaceae (Madder family)

Rubiaceae (Madder family)

Buttonbush – Cephalanthus occidentalis

Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon family)

Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon family)

Skullcaps – Scutellaria sp.

Valerianaceae (Valerian family)

Violaceae (Violet family)

Violaceae (Violet family)

Araceae (Arum family)

Araceae (Arum family)

Araceae (Arum family)

Cyperaceae (Sedge family)

Iridaceae (Iris family)

Blue-eyed Grass – Sisrhynchium albidum

Juncaceae (Rush family)

Liliaceae (Lily family)

Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Adam & Eve Orchid – Aplectrum hyemaleCranefly Orchid -Tipularia discolor

Twayblade Orchid – Liparis lilifolia

Crested Coralroot Orchid– Hexalectris spicata

Poaceae (Grass family)

Rapid Color Guide

Rapid Color Guide

Wildflowers of Southern Illinois

100 Best Nature Photos

http://www.flickr.com/photos/100801363@N03/

Classification ExerciseFlora of Southern Illinois

Chris [email protected]

www.facebook.com/illinoisbotanizer