10.4Sarcomere Unit of Functional Measure Thick filament Myosin
Thin Filament Actin Titin Holds Actin together, holds thick
filament to the Z disk I Band Actin & Titin, Z disk A Band
Actin, Thick filament, Myosin, H Zone, M Line H Zone Only Thick
Filaments Motor Neuron Initiates muscle contraction in a single
muscle fiber. A single motor neuron typically controls numerous
muscle fibers in a muscle. Has a neuromuscular junction with each
muscle fiber it controls. Twitches happen because motor neurons
fire on their ownTick Continuous twitchBig twitches =
seizuresAll-Or-None Principle -A muscle fiber either contracts
completely or does not at all.Muscle Tone Some motor units are
always active, even when a muscle is at rest. The motor units can
use the muscle to become tense, but do not produce enough tension
to cause movement. Muscle tone is the resting tension in a skeletal
muscle. Contraction Isometric length of the muscle does not change
because the tension produced never exceeds the resistance (load)
Tension is generated, but not enough to move the load Isotonic
Tension produced exceeds the resistance (load), and the muscle
fibers shorten, resulting in movement.
Muscle Atrophy Reduction in muscle size, tone, and power. Due to
reduced stimulation, it loses both mass and tone. Muscle becomes
flaccid, and its fibers decrease in size and become weaker. Even a
temporary reduction in muscle use can lead to muscular atrophy.
Develop diabetes in 2 weeks 2 monthsFlaccid Decrease muscle tone
& sizeMuscle Hypertrophy An increase in muscle fiber size.
Muscle size may be improved by exercising Repetitive, exhaustive
stimulation of muscle fibers results in more mitochondria, larger
glycogen reserves, and an increased ability to produce ATP.
Ultimately, each muscle fiber develops more myofibrils, and each
myofibil contains a larger number of myofilaments. Three types of
Skeletal Muscle Fibers Fast Are large in diameter Contain large
glycogen reserves Densely packed myofibrils Relatively few
mitochondria Called white fibers due to lack of myoglobin Majority
of skeletal muscle fibers in the body Intermediate Resemble fast
fibers; however Have a greater resistance to fatigue Slow Smaller
and they Contract more slowly Called red fibers because due to
myoglobinFour Organizational Patterns in Fascicles Circular muscle
is also called a sphincter because contraction of the muscle closes
off the opening. Convergent muscle has widespread muscle fibers
that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular
in shape. Parallel fascicles run parallel to its long axis. Have a
central body, called the belly, or gasterIC3 types of pennate
muscles Unipennate muscle all of the muscle fibers are on the same
side of ICActions of Skeletal Muscles Grouped according to their
primary actions into 3 types: Agonists AKA Prime Mover Contracts to
produce a particular movement. Antagonists Actions oppose those of
the agonist. Synergists Assist the prime mover in performing its
actionCriteria for Naming of Muscles ICCardiac Muscle Fibers are
autorhythmic (can generate a muscle impulse without being
stimulated) Has an intercalated disk (where gap junctions are
concentrated) ICSmooth Muscle Involuntary control ICEffects of
Aging on Skeletal Muscle Slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle
mass begins as a direct result of increasing inactivity. Size and
power of all muscle tissues also decrease. Lost muscle mass is
replaced by either adipose or fibrous connective tissues. Muscle
strength and endurance are impaired. Decreased cardiovascular
performance thus. Increased circulatory supply to active muscles
occurs much more slowly Tolerance for exercise decreases Tendency
toward rapid fatigue Muscle tissue has a reduced capacity to
recover from disease or injury. Elasticity of skeletal muscle also
decreases. 10.9CH. 12: APPENDICULAR MUSCLEAppendicular Muscle
Control movements of upper and lower limbs Upper limbs: Pectoral
girdles Lower Limbs: Pelvic girdlesDiagramRegular pushup:
Pectoralis Major, triangular center pushup: Pec. Minor1. Biggest
muscle in pectoral girdle: Pectoralis Major. I: Humerus2.
Pectoralis Minor: O: Coracoid Process, I: ribs 3, 4, & 53.
Deltoid Adductora. 10-90 = deltoid, 90 180 = lats/traps 4.
Latissimus Dorsi Elevates, depression & adduction5. Biceps
Brachii 2 heads Long & Short Heada. Flex Shoulder & Elbowb.
Supinates (bc on radius)6. Coracobrachialis Flexes shoulder7.
Trapezius Elevates shoulder 8. Levator Scapulae Shurg (elevating of
shoulder forwards)9. Rhomboid Minor/Major Brings Scapulae together
10. Serratus Anterior Brings scapula towards rib cage11. Serratus
Posterior Superior Inspiration (inhalation)12. Serratus Posterior
Inferior Expiration (Exhalation)a. Respiration (In/exhalation)13.
Gluteus Maximus Biggest butt muscle;14. Gluteus Medius/Minimus
Adduct thigh & Medial rotate15. Piriformis Lateral Rotators of
thigh16. Triceps Coxae Lateral Rotators of thigha. Superior
Gemullus Lateral Rotators of thighb. Obturator Internus Lateral
Rotators of thighc. Inferior Gemullus Lateral Rotators of thigh17.
Quadratus Femoris Lateral Rotators of thigh18. Sternocleidomastoid
Contralateral Rotation
Arm Diagram Anterior Arm Muscles Flex Shoulder Flex Elbow Or
both Biceps Brachii Long & Short Head; O: Scapula; I: Radius
Coracobrachialis Shoulder to arm; Flexes shoulder; O: Coracoid
process; I: Humerus Brachialis O: Humerus I: Ulna Posterior Arm
Muscles Extend Shoulder Extend Elbow Triceps Brachii Long Head O:
Scapula; I: Olecranon of the Ulna; Extend shoulder & Elbow
Medial Head O: Humerus; I: Olecranon of the Ulna; Extend Elbow
Lateral Head O: Humerus; I: Olecranon of the Ulna; Extend Elbow--
Anconeus O: Humerus ; I: Ulna; Extends ElbowArm & forearm
muscles that move elbow joint/forearm Flexor compartment Posterior
extensor compartment Anterior compartment Elbow flexors Posterior
compartment contains elbow extensors The principle flexors: biceps
brachii,, brachialisForearm Muscles that Supinate and Pronate
Supinator Muscle supinates the forearm Contraction of the pronator
teres and pronator quadratus pronates the forearm Biceps brachii
help supinate the forearmForearm Diagram Supinator O: Humerus; I:
Radius = Supinate; Two Pronators (one @ wrist & elbow) Pronator
Teres Elbow Pronator Pronator Quadratus - Wrist PronatorAnterior
Forearm Flexes Elbow Flexes Wrist Flex Fingers Pronate Superficial
Muscle Pronator Teres O: Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus; I:
Radius Pronates Elbow Flexor Carpi Radialis O: Medial Epicondyle of
the Humerus; I: Radius Flex Elbow & Wrist; Radial Deviate
(Moves toward Thumb) Palmaris Longus* O: Medial Epicondyle of the
Humerus; I: Palm Flex Elbow & Wrist Flexor Digitorum
Superficialis O: Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus; I: Medial
Phalange (2-5) Flex Elbow, Wrist, 2-5 MCP + PIP Flexor Carpi
Ulnaris O: Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus; I: Carpal Bones Flex
Elbow, Wrist & Ulnar Deviate Deep Muscle Flex Wrist Flex Digits
Flexor Pollicis Longus I: Distal Phalange of Thumb Flexes wrist,
1st MCP & 1st IP Flexor Digitorum Profundus I: Distal Phalange
Flex Wrist, MCP, PIP & DIP Pronator Quadratus -
Pronates10.16Chapter 12: Appendicular MusclesPosterior Forearm
Extend Elbow Extend Wrist Extend MCP, PIP, & DIP1.
Brachioradialis - (Screwdriver muscle); radial deviation; O:
Shaft/Body of Humerus2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Radial
deviation; O: Shaft/Body of Humerus3. Extensor Carpi Radialis
Brevis Extends Elbow, wrist, & Radial Deviation O: Lat.
Epicondyle of Humerus4. Extensor Digitorum (Communis) Extend elbow,
wrist, MCP, PIP & DIP (2-5 all); O: Lat. Epicondyle of
Humerus5. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Extends wrist, elbow & Ulnar
deviation; O: Lat. Epicondyle of Humerus6. Extensor Digiti Minimi
5th digit (pinky); extend wrist, elbow, MCP, PIP & DIP; O: Lat.
Epicondyle of Humerus7. Supinator Supinates8. Anatomical Snuff Box
Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL) Extends Wrist Extensor Pollicis
Brevis (EPB)Extends Wrist Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)Extends
Wrist9. Extensor Indicis Digit 2; Extends wrist; Extends 2nd
digits: MCP, PIP & DIPHand1. Thenar Muscles Base of thumb
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Abducts the thumb Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Flex thumb; abducts Opponens Pollicis Takes thumb to Z-Plane2.
Hypothenar Pinky Abductor Digiti Minimi Abducts the 5th digit
(pinky) Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Opponens Digiti Minimi 3.
Lumbricals (1-4) Digits 2-5; Flex MCP, but extend PIP & DIPDeep
Muscle1. Abductor Pollicis 2. (3x) Palmar Interosseus (PADs)
Adductor Fingers3. (4x) Dorsal Interosseus (DABs) Abduct
DigitsLower limbsAnterior Hip Hip Flexor1. Iliopsoas a. Psoas
Majorb. Psoas Minorc. IliacusMedial Thigh Adduct the thigh/hip
joint All originate at Pubic Bone1. Gracilis2. Addcutor Magnus3.
Adductor Longus4. Adductor Brevis5. PectineusLateral Thigh Abduct
the thigh Medial Rotates the thigh1. Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL)
Muscle body is tiny; I: IT BANDAnterior Thigh Flex Thigh Extend
Knee1. Sartorius Also laterally rotates knee; LONGEST MUSCLE IN
YOUR BODY (Hip to Tibia)2. Rectus Femoris (1)3. Vastus Lateralis
(2)4. Vastus Medialis (3)5. Vastus Intermedius (4)a. (_) Quadriceps
Tendon = FemorisQuadratus Femoris (Glutes) is not the Quadriceps
Femoris (Thigh)Posterior Thigh Extends Thigh Flex Knee O: Ischial
Tuberosity1. Semitendinosus2. Semimembranosus3. Biceps Femoris Long
Head & Short Head: O: Femur; Only flexes Knee*4. Adductor
Magnus - Extends Thigh*
10.18Chapter 12: AppendicularLegAnterior Leg Dorsiflexion
Extends all toesIt takes 2 retinaculums to hold down muscles1.
Anterior Tibialis Muscle A: Inversion* & Dorsiflexion2.
Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle (EDL) A: Dorisflexion; Extend toes
2-53. Extensor Hallucis LongusA: Extends big toe; Dorisflexion 4.
Fibularis Tertius O: Dorsiflexion & EversionLateral Leg
Eversion1. Fibularis Longus 1st metatarsal2. Fibularis Brevis 5th
metatarsalPosterior Leg (Calves) Plantar Flex Flex toes Invert*
(only 1)SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES (1-3 Known as Triceps Surae) I:
Calcaneal Tendon1. Gastrocnemius Flex Kneea. Lateral Headb. Medial
Head2. Plantaris Flex Knee3. Soleus Plantar flexes the footDEEP
MUSCLES TDH1. Tibialis Posterior Inverts2. Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexion of MTP, PIP, & DIP 2-53. Flexor Hallucis Longus Flexion
of Big ToePopliteus Unlocks knee; Behind the kneeFootLAYER 1:
SUPERFICIAL Plantar Aponeurosis1. Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) I:
Middle Phalanges; A: Flexion of Toes 2-5 MTP & PIP2. Abductor
Digiti Minimi abducts pinky toe3. Abductor Hallucis flexes and
abducts big toeLAYER 2: DEEP4. Quadratus Plantae Flexes toes5.
Lumbricals Flex MTP but extends PIP & DIPLAYER 3: DEEPER6.
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Flex 5th MTP & PIP 7. Flexor
Hallucis Brevis 1st digit MTP8. Adductor Hallucis flexion and
abduction of big toe
LAYER 4: DEEPEST1. 3 PADS Adduct toes2. 4 DABS Abduct toesDORSUM
OF FEET1. Extensor Digitorum Brevis Extension of toes 2-52.
Extensor Hallucis Brevis Extension of big toeShoulder1. Subclavius
Anchors clavicleScapulohumeral 3-5: Rotator Cuff1. Deltoid arm
abduction2. Teres Major medial rotator and adductor of humerus3.
Teres Minor adduction, extension & transverse extension4.
Supraspinatus abduction 5. Infrapinatus extension & Lateral
rotation of humerus6. Subscapularis internal rotation10.23CHAPTER
11: AXIAL (CORE) MUSCLESAxial Muscles Both origins and insertions
are on parts of the axial skeleton Support and move the head/spinal
column Function in nonverbal communication Move the lower jaw
during chewing Assist in food processing and swallowing Aid
breathing Support and protect the abdominal and pelvic organs Are
NOT responsible for stabilizing or moving the pectoral or pelvic
girdles or their attached limbsDiagram: Head & Neck Frontalis
wrinkles forehead & lifts eyebrows Connected to Occipitalis
Occipitalis & Frontalis make up the Epicranial Aponeurosis
Procerus Brings eyebrows to the center Nasalis Flares nostrils
Orbicularis Oculi Closes eyes Levator Labii Superlosis Snarl (Clint
Eastwood face) Zygomaticus Minor & Major Help you smile
Risorius Grin (Smile w/o teeth) Depressor Anguili Oris sad face
Depressor Labii Inferioris show bottom row of teeth Platysma Stress
look (shows neck muscles); Levator Anguli Oris Joker smile; SUPER
smile Masseter Chewing Muscle Buccinator Puckers lips; Kissing
muscle; woodwind instruments Obicularis Oris O shaped mouth
Mentalis Brings lip lower (use toothpick) Sternocleidomastoid Turns
head opposite way; (Contralateral)Eye Muscles Superior Rectus Look
up Inferior Rectus Look down Medial Rectus Brings eyes to the
center Strabismus Cross eyed Lateral Rectus Eyes look opposite ways
= brain damage Inferior Oblique Up and to the side Superior Oblique
Down and to the frontMaking up a lie Look left; Truth Look right;
Recalling Top RightMuscles of MasticationChewing Temporalis
Masseter Lateral Pterygoids Medial PterygoidsMuscles that move the
tongue ANY MUSCLE THAT HAS THE WORD GLOSSUS = TONGUE MUSCLE
Genioglossus Palatoglossus Styloglossus HypoglossusMuscles that
help you swallow ANY MUSCLE YOU SEE WITH THE WORD CONSTRICTOR =
SWALLOWING OR IS A PHARYNX PHARYNX = THROAT
Muscles of the Anterior Neck Suprahyoid Muscles Above the
hyoid1. Mylohyoid2. Anterior and Posterior Digastric3. Stylohyoid
4. Geniohyoid Infrahyoid Muscles Below the hyoid1. Sternohyoid2.
Sternothyroid3. Thyrohyoid4. Cricothyroid5. Omohyoid attaches to
scapulaa. Superior Bellyb. Inferior BellyAnterior and Lateral Neck
MusclesPosture Extend Vertebrae Erector Spinae Laterally Flex1.
Iliocostalis2. Longissimus3. Spinalis Transversospinalis Holds
Spine Up; Contralateral Rotation1. Semispinalis2. Multifidis3.
Rotatores Longus4. Rotatroes Brevis5. Serratus Posterior Inferior -
Inspiration6. Serratus Posterior Superior ExpirationErects head,
lateral flexes spleniusMuscles of Respiration Scalenes (3x)
Connects vertebrae to ribs; Inspiration1. Anterior2. Middle3.
Posterior External Intercostal - Inspiration Internal Intercostals
Expiration Innermost Intercostals Inspiration Transverse Thoracis
Expiration Diaphragm Inspiration & ExpirationMuscles of the
Abdominal Wall Abs (5x) - Flex & Stabilize Vertebrae; Laterally
Flex Vertebrae; Expiration 5x Influences Fetus Fat Feces Fluid
Flatus (Gas)1. External Abdominal Oblique 2. Internal Abdominal
Oblique 3. Transverse Abdominal 4. Rectus Abdominis 8 bellies, 2
hidden by fat of ribs5. Pyramidalis (Lower ab) - Expiration
10.25Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Levator Ani Muscles1.
Iliococcygeus2. Pubococcygeus Ischiocavernosus muscleDeep:
Transverse perineal
musclepubococcygeusiliococcyygeusBulbospongiosus muscleSuperficial
perineal transverse musclecoccyx
2 types of Hernias Inguinal Hernias Femoral Hernias Inguinal
hernia: most common type of hernia to require treatment Inguinal
region is one of the weakest areas of the abdominal wall.CHAPTER
14: NERVOUS TISSUEThe Nervous System Bodys primary communication
and control system Divided into structural and functional
categories Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) Cranial Nerves (Nerves that extend
from the brain) 12 nerves Spinal Nerves (Nerves that extend from
the spinal cord) 31 nerves Ganglia (clusters of the neuron cell
bodies located outside the CNS)
Nervous System: Functional Organization Sensory Division
Receives sensory information (input) from receptors and transmits
this information to the CNS. Motor (or efferent) division transmits
motor impulses (output) from the CNS to muscles or glands. SAME
Sensory=Afferent fibers, Motor-Efferent fibers Nerve Cells Two
distinct cell types from nervous tissue Neurons Excitable
(transmission of electricity) cells that initiate and transmit
nerve impulses; non-mitotic; extreme longevity; high metabolic rate
Glial Cells Nonexcitable cells that support and protect the
neurons; mitoticNeuron Structure Neurons come in all shapes and
sizes, but all neurons share certain basic structural features. A
typical neuron has a cell body, dendrites, & axons. Node of
Rannier Space between each sheath Saltatory Conduction Electrical
Signal Synaptic knobs = BOUTON (2 circles) Myelin - insulate cover
the axon Multiple Sclerosis (MS) No myelin in the CNS Giullan-Barre
No myelin in PNSClassification of Neurons Unipolar 1 process comes
out of neuron Bipolar Neuron 2 processes come out of neuron
Multipolar Nueron Multiple dendrites come out of neuronInterneurons
Association neurons (refine communication) lie in the CNS;
multipolar Receive nerve impulses from many other neurons and carry
out the integrative function of the nervous system Thus,
interneurons facilitate communication between sensory and motor
neurons. Glial Cells of the CNS Oligodendrocytes Myleinators of the
CNS (offer myelin sheaths) 1 oligodendrocytes can provide 20 myelin
sheaths Astrocytes Filter out blood end feet Secrete growth factors
Ependymal Cells Keep CSF from saturating your brain tissue
Microglia Destroys whatever escapes from astrocytes Queiscent
Activate/Reactive activates when brain injuries occur10.30Glial
Cells AKA Neuroglia Glial cells are smaller and capable of mitosis.
Do not transmit nerve impulses. Glial cells physically protect and
help nourish neurons and provide an organized, supporting framework
for all the nervous tissue. Glial cells far outnumber neurons.
Glial cells account for roughly half the volume of the nervous
system. Glial Cells of the PNS Schwann Cell 1 schwann cell = 1
myelin sheath Produce growth factors Satellite Cells For immune
response Astrocytes exhibit a starlike shape due to projections
from their surface. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in
the CNS Form a structural network. Replaces damaged neurons.
Assisting neuronal development. Myelination Neurolemmocytes
(Schwann cells) are associated with PNS axons and are responsible
for myelinating PNS axons. Myelination is the process by which part
of an axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath, a protective fatty
coating that gives it glossy-white appearance. The myelin sheath
supports, protects, and insulates an axon. No change in voltage can
occur across the membrane in the insulated ortion of an axon. In
the PNS, myelin sheaths form from neurolemmocytes. In the CNS, they
form from oligodendrocytes. Mylenated vs. Unmylenated Axons In a
myleinated axon nerve impulse jumps from node to node and is known
as salutatory conduction. In an unmyelinated axon, the nerve
impulse must travel the entire length of the axon, a process called
Continuous conduction A myelinated axon produces a faster nerve
impulse. Injury (Only in PNS) EX: carving pumkins knife cuts hand=
cut nerves cuts axon, cuts thenar muscle1. Axon is severed.2. The
proximal portion of the severed axon seals off and swells: the
distal portion degenerates.3. Neurolemmocytes form a regeneration
tube.4. Axon regenerates and remyelination occurs. 5. Reinnervation
of the effector (skeletal muscle fibers) by the axon.