2 _afugl 82 (5) 4 Akt. 582< N[[@4 53<3-?=?8 Gbssnvl Apl` A`fn`l Kaursls (GAAKs) oar [kmaaf Lcukbtna` n` N`cnb4 Bcvb`tbjls, Kmbffl `jls b`c [ujjlstna`s oar Ngpflgl`tbtna` ^bsm Xbuf [mbrg b Kl`trbf N`stn tutl ao Lcukb tna`bf Slkm` afajy, @btna`bf Kau` knf ao Lcukbtna`bf Ulslbrkm b`c S rbn`n`j, @lw Clfmn-2282? Br tn kf l Cltbnf s [ueg nssna`4 5:-8=-582< Ul-sueg nssna`4 ;8-8=-582 < Xuefnkbtna`4 ;2-28-582< Ily Zarcs4 Gbssnvl Apl` A`fn`l Kaursls, [Z B^ BG, Apl` Lcukbtna`bf Ulsaurkls, ALU, [kmaaf Lcukbtna`, Lcukbtna`bf Slkm`afajy Be st rbk t Lcukbtna` ns tml ebkiea`l ao b`y kau`try. N` N`cnb Unjmt ta Lcukbtna` l`kagpbssls tml kagpuf- sary b`c orll lcukbtna` ta kmnfcrl` eltwll` ? b`c 2 3 ylbrs. Eut elkbusl ao cnvlrsl saknaf ajnkbf, jla- jrbpmnkbf b`c pafntnkbf sntubtna` ta bkmnlvl tml tbrjlt ns obr orag rlbfnty. Zntm kmb`jn`j tngl, `lw b`c n``avbtnvl tlkm`afajnls gbil nt passnefl ta sprlbc tml sllc ao lcukbtna` ta u`rlbkmlc b`c GAAKs (Gbssnvl Apl` A`fn`l Kaursls) brl a`l bga`j tmlg. GAAKs mbvl vbrnaus bcvb`tbjls avlr trbcn- tna`bf tlbkmn`j eut kmbff l`jn`j taa. Ngpflgl `tbtna` ao G AA Ks oar skmaaf lcukbtna` rlqunrls tlkm`nkbf lxplrtnsl bfa`j wntm brgy ao trbn`lrs. GAAKs wnff pravncl bccntna`bf suppart ta tml flbr`lr bs wlff tlbkmlr b`c bfsa n` tlbkmlr trbn`n`j prajrbggls. GAAKs wnff el garl el`lonknbf oar aut ao skmaaf kmnfcrl` b`c n` tlkm`nkbf lcukbtna`. Sml GA AK s smaufc el n` efl`clc ga cl b`c no Javl r`gl `t bcapts b`y strbtljy oar klrtnonkbtna` bs pbr wntm rljufbr lcukbtna`, tml GAAKs wnff el eaa` oar N`cnb. B kagprl- ml`snvl gaclf oar GAA Ks clfnvlry ns tml `llc ao tml maur. Karrlspa`cn`j Butmar4 ybsmrbn`b88:Hjgbnf.kag Kntbtna`4 [mbrg b, ^ .X. (582 <) Gbssnvl Apl` A `fn`l Kaursls (GA AK s) oar [kmaaf Lcukbtna` n ` N`cnb4 Bcvb` tbjls, Kmbffl`jls b`c [ujjlstna`s oar Ngpflgl`tbtna`. Gnkrakasgas N`tlr`btna`bf Daur`bfs ao Ulslbrkm , 2(5)4 2-<. _af. 2(5), 582< B Xllr Ulvnlwlc Apl`-bkklss Daur`bf N[[@ 53<3-?=?8 Gnkra`kasgas N`tlr`btna`bf Daur`bf ao Ulslbrkm (GNDU) www.gndr.arj 582< Onj. 2. Kaurtlsy ao @bturl gbjbzn`l N`tracuktna` Karrlspa`cl`kl kaursls wlrl tml a`fy gacl ao cnstb`kl flbr`n`j prnar ta cnjntbf lrb. Flbr`n`j gbtlrnbf n` tml oarg ao mbrc kapnls wbs eln`j knrkufbtlc bga`j tml flbr`lrs b`c tmlrl wbs mbrcfy b`y suppart ta lxtrb lcukbtna`bf rlsaurkls. Lbrfy oargs ao sy`kmra`aus b`c bsy`kmra`aus glcnug ao n`struktna`s fnil rbcna, tlflpma` lb`ctlflvnsna`pravncllxtrb rlsaurklsuppa rt ta tml flbr`lrs. Mawlvlr, cnstb`kl flbr`n`j wntm rbcna b`c tlflvnsna` wlrl mbvn`j cnoolrl`t fngntbtna`s b`c ofbws. N` 52st kl`tury tml cnstb`kl lcukbtna` mbs kmb`jlc b fat n` oarg ao a`fn`l ar l-flbr`n`j b`c wntm n`krlbsn`j a`fn`l prlsl`kl, apl` flbr`n`j appartu`ntnls, b`c tml clvlfapgl`tao GA AK s( G bssn vlApl`A`fn`l Kaursls) mbs tbil` b jnb`t flbp. Sml "GAAKs" brl ebsnkbffy tml kaursls wmnkm brl n` a`fn`l gacl9 pravncl 53]: suppart ta tml flbr`lr a` Kagputlr/gaenfl ar b`y atmlr sukm clvnkl ka``lktlc wntm n`tlr`lt. Smlsl brl "Apl`" tmbt `argbffy rlqunrls `a prnar qubfnonkbtna`s ta n`tlr tml kaursl, kb` el bkklsslc ey b`ya`l b`c "Gbssnvl" n`kfucls fbrjl ar vlry fbrjl `ugelrs ao flbr`lrs. Sml tlrg "GAAKs" wbs arnjn`bffy kan`lc ey Dbel Kargnlr ao tml \`nvlrsnty ao Xrn`kl Lcwbrc Nsfb`c n` 588=. [tbtus a o GAA Ks n` N`cnb Sml Ap l` b`c Cnstb`kl Flbr`n`j (AC F) systlg mbs ell` lxpl`clc n`ta b cy`bgnk b`c vnerb`t gacl ao