Mass Movements. Mass Movement - The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity .

Mass Movements

Mass Movements

• Mass Movement - The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity

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Triggers of Mass Movements

• Gravity is the force behind mass movements.• Several factors make slopes more susceptible

to the pull of gravity.

Factors that Trigger Mass Movements

1. Saturation of surface materials with water2. Over steepening of slopes3. Removal of vegetation4. Earthquakes

Water as a Trigger for Mass Movement

• Heavy rains and rapid snowmelt can saturate surface materials and trigger a mass movement.

• Example – 1998 Hurricane Mitch produced torrential rains, causing devastating mudflows.

http://www.google.com/imgres?biw=1242&bih=564&tbm=isch&tbnid=wHZgPgHa2qt6OM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsarahi07.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fhonduras-background-history.html&docid=Jgt59aPqWqqnvM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fproyectolatinoamerica.wikispaces.com%2Ffile%2Fview%2Fmitchgal1.jpg%2F33869145%2Fmitchgal1.jpg&w=350&h=253&ei=CLEMU9zhHemQyAGswIHYCw&zoom=1&ved=0CIIBEIQcMAk&iact=rc&dur=433&page=1&start=0&ndsp=10

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http://www.google.com/imgres?biw=1242&bih=564&tbm=isch&tbnid=cCyCnYzsisz1kM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fhurricanemitchinteraction.blogspot.com%2F&docid=yt8DwNdhPnwhAM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F_clfj3FfKfYo%2FSf72kilFISI%2FAAAAAAAAAB0%2FIeYDjEYLPGY%2Fs320%2Fel%252Bsalvador.bmp&w=318&h=268&ei=CLEMU9zhHemQyAGswIHYCw&zoom=1&ved=0CIgBEIQcMAs&iact=rc&dur=317&page=2&start=10&ndsp=16

Water as a Trigger for Mass Movement

• When pores in sediment become filled with water, the particles slide past each other more easily.

Water as a Trigger for Mass Movement

• When sand grains are slightly moist they will stick together, even on a relatively steep slope.

• If you add enough water however, the pores between the grains will fill with water and the sand-water-mixture will ooze downhill

Over-steepened Slopes

• Loose soil particles can maintain a relatively stable slope up to a certain angle.

• The slope angle ranges between 25 and 40 degrees, depending on the size and shape of the particles.

http://www.google.com/imgres?biw=1242&bih=564&tbm=isch&tbnid=SWO5g8KoTOd_rM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2FWSS%2Fpost.php%3Fblog%3D22%26post%3D156&docid=4TzSl6JgZWP1qM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fhistory-of-geology%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F07%2FBRESSAN_angle_repose.jpg&w=500&h=468&ei=xbsMU8iCMaiQyAGt8oGIDQ&zoom=1&ved=0CIgCEIQcMDo&iact=rc&dur=190&page=5&start=55&ndsp=15

Over-steepened Slopes

• An over-steepened slope is a slope which exceeds the stable angle for the type of material in the location.

http://www.google.com/imgres?biw=1242&bih=564&tbm=isch&tbnid=eQHWc0NsJXvIZM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimnh.isu.edu%2Fdigitalatlas%2Fgeo%2Fbasics%2Fmassmvnt.htm&docid=H50w3C-07S7s2M&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimnh.isu.edu%2Fdigitalatlas%2Fgeo%2Fbasics%2Fimgs%2Fdiagram.gif&w=399&h=244&ei=_b8MU8SdIumkyQHqs4HoDA&zoom=1&ved=0CJQCEIQcMD4&iact=rc&dur=454&page=5&start=60&ndsp=14

Over-steepened Slopes

• An over-steepened slope can result when a stream undercuts a valley wall or waves pound against the base of a cliff.

• People can create over-steepened slopes during excavation for roads or other structures

http://www.google.com/imgres?biw=1242&bih=564&tbm=isch&tbnid=TFrHAp6GUrNGbM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulane.edu%2F~sanelson%2Fgeol204%2Fslopestability.htm&docid=tOuWwjrehUOctM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulane.edu%2F~sanelson%2Fimages%2FHwycut2.jpg&w=265&h=209&ei=_b8MU8SdIumkyQHqs4HoDA&zoom=1&ved=0CG0QhBwwCQ&iact=rc&dur=360&page=1&start=0&ndsp=15

Removal of Vegetation

• Plants make slopes more stable because their root systems bind soil and regolith together.

• When plants are removed by forest fires or human activities such as logging or farming, the likelihood of mass movement increases.

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Removal of Vegetation

• In Menton France, farmers replaced olive trees, which have deep roots, with carnations, a more profitable but shallow rooted crop.

• Planting the carnations made the slopes less stable.

• A landslide on one of the slopes killed 11 people

http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=X&hl=en&biw=1242&bih=564&tbm=isch&tbnid=WqOY3v9BcWhNVM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fxenophilius.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F10%2F14%2F&docid=veb-93oJanJSaM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fi2.cdn.turner.com%2Fcnn%2F%2Fvideo%2Fweather%2F2009%2F10%2F13%2Fvon.wa.landslide.aerials.komo.576x324.jpg&w=576&h=324&ei=C8MMU8iCJPOLyQGWm4E4&zoom=1&ved=0CGEQhBwwBQ&iact=rc&dur=298&page=1&start=0&ndsp=15

Earthquakes

• Earthquakes are one of the most dramatic triggers of mass movements.

• An earthquake and its aftershocks can dislodge enormous amounts of rock and soil.

• The landslide in the picture was triggered by an earthquake

Types of Mass Movements

• Geologists classify mass movements based on the kind of material that moves, how it moves, and the speed of the movement.

• There are 5 main types of mass movementRockfalls, slides, slumps, flows, and creep

Rockfalls

• A rockfall occurs when rocks or rock fragments fall freely through the air.

• This type of mass movement is common on slopes that are too steep for loose material to remain on the surface.

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Rockfalls

• Many rockfalls result from the mechanical weathering of rock caused by freeze-thaw cycles or plant roots.

• Rockfalls sometimes trigger other mass movements.

Slides

• In a slide, a block of material moves suddenly along a flat, inclined surface.

• Slides that include segments of bedrock are called rockslides.

Rockslides

• Rockslides are among the fastest mass movements, reaching speeds of over 200 km per hour.

Click for Rockslide Video

Slumps

• A slump is the downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface.

• The material in a slump usually does not travel very fast or very far.

• As the block moves, its upper surface sometimes tilts backward.

Slumps

• Slumps leave a crescent-shaped cliff just above the slump, which you can see in the picture.

• They are common on oversteepened slopes where the soil contains thick accumulations of clay.

Flows

• Flows are mass movements of material containing a large amount of water, which move downslope as a thick fluid.

• Flows that move quickly, called mudflows, are common in semiarid mountainous regions, such as parts of southern California.

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Mudflows

• In these regions, protective vegetation is sparse. A heavy downpour or rapid snowmelt can flood canyons with a mixture of soil, rock, and water.

• The mixture may have the consistency of wet concrete.

Mudflows

• It follows the contours of the canyon, taking large boulders and trees along with it.

• As you see in the photo, mudflows in populated areas are very dangerous and destructive.

Click photo for mudflow video

Earthflows

• Earthflows are flows that move relatively slowly—from about a millimeter per day to several meters per day.

• Their movement may continue for years.

• Earthflows occur most often on hillsides in wet regions.

Earthflows

• When water saturates the soil on a hillside, the material breaks away, forming a tongue-shaped mass like the one shown

Creep

• The slowest type of mass movement is creep, which usually only travels a few millimeters or centimeters per year.

• One factor that contributes to creep is alternating between freezing and thawing

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BiCGnUaxouhl5M&tbnid=pdzHjgTkhNnjbM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geogrify.net%2FGEO1%2FLectures%2FWeathering%2FMassWasting.html&ei=VOkMU_jcBYigrQGr4YHIDA&psig=AFQjCNEPNTuYl_Uz6CDf3LlV2FxvefWW2g&ust=1393441267515600

Creep

• Because creep is so slow, you cannot observe it directly.

• You can recognize the effects of creep easily however – creep causes structures that were once vertical to tilt downhill.

http://courses.missouristate.edu/EMantei/creative/WeathStrem/creep.jpg

Click Photo for Landslides Videos

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VideosMudflow- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM1TTzARW94

Creep- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1jqDLiQXbsRockslide= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVYGJYnJTi0Landslide=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5pidzTZslo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z02coWd2ixI

References

• Adapted from Prentice Hall Earth Science Text at http://mhs.wcpss.net/teachers/murphy/earthscience/textbook/este053.pdf

Picture of the day!!!!

• http://epod.usra.edu/

Earth & Space Science

Today’s Schedule

5 min-Bell ringer30 min- Mass Wasting Notes and

Videos25 min Erosion & Deposition

definitions (cause & effect), examples matching review

10 Exit – HASHTAG VOTES

Essential Question

What are different types of deposition?

Vocabulary

Homework

The Ever-Changing Surface of the Earth - Part 1: Erosion WKS

September 16, 2014

ES.1.18 - Demonstrate the possible effects of atmospheric changes brought on by things such as acid rain,ES.1.26ES.1.26 - Differentiate among the processes of weathering, erosion, transportation of materials, deposition, and soil formation.ES.1.27ES.1.27 - Illustrate the various processes that are involved in the rock cycle and discuss how the total amount of material stays the same through formation, weathering, sedimentation, and reformation.

Today we will…….

*Creep *Mudflow *Earthflow *Rockslide*Landslide