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Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Dec 18, 2015

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Page 1: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.
Page 2: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Mass Balance in the Body

(through intestine,lungs, skin)

(by kidneys, liver,lungs, skin)

BODYLOAD

Metabolicproduction

Metabolism toa new substance

Mass balance Existingbody load

Law of Mass Balance

+Intake ormetabolicproduction

Excretion ormetabolicremoval

= –

Intake Excretion

Page 3: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Homeostasis

Page 4: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Homeostasis

Page 5: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Mass Balance and Homeostasis

• Clearance – Rate at which a molecule disappears from the body– Mass flow = concentration volume flow

• Homeostasis equilibrium– Osmotic equilibrium– Chemical disequilibrium– Electrical disequilibrium

Page 6: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Map of Membrane Transport

Page 7: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

• Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher particle concentration to an area of lower particle concentration.

• Net movement = flux• Both the size and direction of

movement is concentration-dependent.

Diffusion

Page 8: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Simple Diffusion

• Fick’s law of diffusion

Rate of diffusionsurface area • concentration gradient • membrane permeability

membrane thickness

Extracellular fluid

Membranesurface area

Intracellular fluid

Compositionof lipid layer

Lipidsolubility

Molecularsize

Concentrationoutside cell

Concentrationinside cell

Membranethickness

Concentrationgradient

Fick's Law of Diffusion says:

lipid solubility

molecular size Membrane permeability

Membrane permeability

Changing the composition of the lipid layer can increase or decrease membrane permeability.

Page 9: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Simple Diffusion

Page 10: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Two classes of compounds move by simple diffusion

1. Lipid soluble compounds

2. Small ions which move through protein channels

a. channels are selective

b. channels can be regulated

Page 11: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Membrane Transport Proteins

Page 12: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Channel Proteins: Gated• Usually closed• Often highly Selective (size, charge)• Chemical (e.g. intracellular messengers)• Temperature• Mechanical/tension• Electric (voltage) signals• Consist of subunits

• Ion channels:e.g. K+, Na+, Ca2+

Leak channels open all timee.g. allow water, ions movement

Page 13: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Gating of Channel Proteins

Page 14: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Active Transport

• Can transport against a concentration gradient

• Requires energy input (ATP to ADP, P)

• Two forms:• primary active transport

• secondary active transport

Page 15: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.
Page 16: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Primary Active Transport

ADP

ATPase is phosphorylated

with Pi from ATP.

ADP

2

ATP

ICF

ECF

3 Na+ fromICF bind

11

Protein changesconformation.

3 Na+ releasedinto ECF

32 K+ fromECF bind

4

2 K+ releasedinto ICF

5

Page 17: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Secondary Active Transport

• Mechanism of the SGLT Transporter

[Na+] low[glucose] high

SGLT protein

Lumen of intestineor kidney

Intracellular fluid

Glucose binding changescarrier conformation.

Na+ binds to carrier.

[Na+] high[glucose] low

Na+ binding createsa site for glucose.

Na+ released into cytosol. Glucose follows.

13

4

2

Page 18: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Energy Transfer in Living Cells

ATP

Secondary active transport

Primary active transport

Metabolism

The chemical bond energy is convertedinto high-energy bonds of ATP through the process of metabolism.

The energy in the high-energy phosphate

bond of ATP is used to move K+ and Na+

against their concentration gradients.This creates potential energy stored in the ion concentration gradients.

The energy of the Na+ gradient can be used to move other molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradients.

Energy is imported into the cell asenergy stored in chemical bonds

of nutrients such as glucose.Glucose

Pyruvate

CAcycle

Heat

H2O

CO2

ADP+Pi

O2

High [K+]Low [Na+]

Na+

Na+

Glycolysis

ETS

K+

K+

2 Cl–

Low [K+]High [Na+]

Glucose

ATP

ATP

ETS = Electron transport system = Citric acid cycleCA

cycle

KEY

Page 19: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Membrane Transport Proteins

Page 20: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.
Page 21: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Carrier Proteins: Proteins are Required for Carrier-mediated Transport

• Specificity

• Saturation

• Competition

Page 22: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Carrier-Mediated Transport Competition

Page 23: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Carrier-Mediated Transport Saturation

Page 24: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.
Page 25: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Phagocytosis: important in immune cells

Page 26: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Vesicular Transport

Page 27: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Polarized cell transporting epithelia

Page 28: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Transepithelial Transport of Glucose

Page 29: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Transcytosis

Page 30: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

46-61% body weight is water

• How is water distributed in body?

Page 31: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Osmosis and Tonicity

• Net diffusion of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration when movement of solute is prevented by a membrane.

Page 32: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.
Page 33: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tonicity

• Tonicity depends on the relative concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes

Page 34: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Osmolarity

• Total number of osmotically active particles

• Osmolarity = molar conc x # particles of solute in solution

• (1 mM glucose) x 1 particle =1 mOs glucose

• (1 mM NaCl) x 2 particles = 2 mOs NaCl

Page 35: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Tonicity• Describes only number of non-penetrating

solutes

300 mOs

300 mM NaCl = 600 mOs NaClHypertonic solution

Water moves out; cell shrinks

Isotonic = same as cell; size stable

Hypotonic = less than cell; cells lyse

Page 36: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

• NaCl, protein: non-penetrating

• Urea: penetrating

Page 37: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

The cell membrane enables separation of electrical charge in the body

Resting membrane potential is the electrical gradient between ECF and ICF

Resting membrane potential is the electrical gradient between ECF and ICF

Page 38: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.
Page 39: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Resting Membrane Potential

Extracellular fluid0 mV

Intracellular fluid-70 mV

Page 40: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Terminology associated with changes in membrane potential

Page 41: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Equilibrium Potential

• Nernst Equation

Eion = 61 x log [ion]out

z [ion]in

Z is electrical charge on ion

• E for K+ = -90 mV• E for Na+ = +60 mV

Page 42: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.
Page 43: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Tonicity Problems

RBC in a solution, what will happen to the cell?

• 300 mOs NaCl ?

• 300 mOs NaCl + 100 mOs urea?

• 300 mOs NaCl + 100 mOs protein?

• 300 mOs NaCl + 300 mOs urea?

Page 44: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Kidney Dialysis

urea

NaCl, proteins NaCl, proteinsurea urea

Page 45: Mass Balance in the Body (through intestine, lungs, skin) (by kidneys, liver, lungs, skin) BODY LOAD Metabolic production Metabolism to a new substance.

Movement acrossMembranesMovement acrossMembranes