Masonry Part 2 F 09

Masonry Loadbearing Wall…….NOT!Masonry Loadbearing Wall…….NOT!

Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties

Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties

Fig. 10.1

Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties

GroutGrout• A “high performance” mortarA “high performance” mortar

• High slump easier to flow High slump easier to flow

• Reinforcing in cells and between Reinforcing in cells and between wythes of masonrywythes of masonry

• For adhesion (epoxy grout)For adhesion (epoxy grout)

• For bearing (under concrete and For bearing (under concrete and steel columns) to level and steel columns) to level and transfer loadstransfer loads

flashing over wall openings

Post-tensioning : threaded high-strength bars joined with threaded couplers. At the base the bar is anchored to a threaded insert epoxied into a drilled hole in the concrete foundation. At the top, the bar passes through a steel plate. the nut at the top end of the bar is tightened, the masonry wall is placed in greater compression..

• Composite WallsComposite Walls• More economicMore economic• Multiple wythesMultiple wythes

• Stone/brick on exteriorStone/brick on exterior• CMU (back-up) on interiorCMU (back-up) on interior

• Joined together with reinforcingJoined together with reinforcing• Grout or mortar between wythesGrout or mortar between wythes

• Cavity WallsCavity Walls• Exterior wallsExterior walls• Two wythesTwo wythes

• Inner wythe for structural supportInner wythe for structural support• Outer wythe for veneerOuter wythe for veneer

• Resists moisture and heat transferResists moisture and heat transfer• Wythes separated by Wythes separated by airspaceairspace

• Insulation & DrainageInsulation & Drainage• Wythes joined with masonry Wythes joined with masonry tiesties

Reinforced Masonry WallsReinforced Masonry Walls

Monadnock Monadnock building, 1891building, 1891

Last unreinforced masonry load bearing highrise structure built based on traditional “rules” 215 ft high 16 story 6 ft thick wall at base

Interior cast iron frame

Very small ground floor spaces

Texas School Book DepositoryTexas School Book Depository

Loadbearing brick masonry walls

Internal timber columns and beams

Type 3 – Ordinary Construction

Vertical reinforcement required Vertical reinforcement required to resist loadsto resist loads

Structural Structural bond beams bond beams support floor support floor and roofand roof

Detail of 16 inch structural Detail of 16 inch structural bond beambond beam

Exterior CMU bearing wall and steel Exterior CMU bearing wall and steel joistjoist

Detail: Steel joist bears on bond Detail: Steel joist bears on bond beam, end inserted into void in wallbeam, end inserted into void in wall

Floor joists supported on Floor joists supported on reinforced concrete bond reinforced concrete bond beambeam

Location of reinforcement in Location of reinforcement in CMU wallCMU wall

Interior CMU bearing wall and hollow-Interior CMU bearing wall and hollow-core slabcore slab

Detail: hollow-core floor slab @ CMU Detail: hollow-core floor slab @ CMU wallwall

Exterior CMU bearing wall and Exterior CMU bearing wall and hollow-core slabhollow-core slab

Exterior CMU bearing wall and wood Exterior CMU bearing wall and wood light framelight frame

Effects of modularity on dimensionsEffects of modularity on dimensions

Sloped coping at top of wallSloped coping at top of wall

Applications for masonry Applications for masonry wallswalls

Masonry Wall TypesMasonry Wall Types

• Reinforced WallsReinforced Walls• Composite WallsComposite Walls• Cavity WallsCavity Walls

Anchorage & TiesAnchorage & Ties

• Holds masonry to wallHolds masonry to wall• Ties wythes of masonry Ties wythes of masonry

• to one anotherto one another• To supporting substrates (wood, concrete, steel)To supporting substrates (wood, concrete, steel)

• Must resist lateral loads but…..Must resist lateral loads but…..• Must allow for horizontal and vertical movementMust allow for horizontal and vertical movement

• Usually hot-dipped galvanized coated or stainless steelUsually hot-dipped galvanized coated or stainless steel• Many different methods & types usedMany different methods & types used

Reinforcing & AnchorageReinforcing & Anchorage

• Brick & Stone Veneer Brick & Stone Veneer AnchorageAnchorage• Anchor brick to “back-Anchor brick to “back-

up wallup wall• Typically - galvanized Typically - galvanized

wirewire• Cast in joint, or Cast in joint, or

“nailed” to surface“nailed” to surface

FlashingFlashing

Prevents and directs moisture/water outPrevents and directs moisture/water out• ExternalExternal

• To prevent moisture penetration at To prevent moisture penetration at • Wall intersectionsWall intersections• Wall/roof intersectionsWall/roof intersections• Changes in materialChanges in material

• InternalInternal• Directs moisture in the wall out through Directs moisture in the wall out through

weep holesweep holes

External FlashingExternal Flashing• TypesTypes

• Cap flashing -Cap flashing -• Top of wallsTop of walls• Edge of roofsEdge of roofs

• Counter flashingCounter flashing• Wall / roof intersection Wall / roof intersection • Often two pieces - one in wall / one Often two pieces - one in wall / one

attachedattached

FlashingFlashing

FlashingFlashing

Internal FlashingInternal Flashing

• ““Through Wall”Through Wall” or or Concealed FlashingConcealed Flashing

• Continuous sheet of Continuous sheet of Copper, plastic, Copper, plastic, rubber/bituminousrubber/bituminous

• Attached to backup Attached to backup wall & run through to wall & run through to the outside of the the outside of the masonrymasonry

• Collects waterCollects water• that has penetrated that has penetrated

wallwall• Allows it drainAllows it drain

Internal FlashingInternal Flashing• Drainage Through “Weeps”Drainage Through “Weeps”

• Placed 24 to 32 in o.c.Placed 24 to 32 in o.c.• Rope, plastic, metal, raked or full head Rope, plastic, metal, raked or full head

ventvent

• PlacementPlacement• Bottom of wall cavityBottom of wall cavity• Interruptions of cavityInterruptions of cavity

• Over doors / windowsOver doors / windows• Window sillsWindow sills• Shelf anglesShelf angles

Flashing MaterialsFlashing Materials

• Copper Copper (reacts with mortar)(reacts with mortar)• Lead Lead (malleable)(malleable)• Lead Coated CopperLead Coated Copper• Aluminum Aluminum (reacts with mortar)(reacts with mortar)• MembranesMembranes

• Bituminous and rubber membranes more popularBituminous and rubber membranes more popular• do not corrodedo not corrode• more flexiblemore flexible• easier to installeasier to install

• Synthetic Rubber membranesSynthetic Rubber membranes

WeepingWeeping

• WickWick• Rope laid in the mortar jointRope laid in the mortar joint

• Should be removed after Should be removed after mortar sets upmortar sets up

• TubeTube• 3/8” diameter tubes laid in 3/8” diameter tubes laid in

the mortar jointthe mortar joint• Can be removed or left Can be removed or left

in jointin joint• Raked Head JointRaked Head Joint

• Mortar let out of the head Mortar let out of the head jointjoint

• Most effective weep jointMost effective weep joint

Insulation in CMU cells Insulation in Cavity

Insulation in CavityExternal Insulation

Expansion JointsExpansion Joints

• Allows for movementAllows for movement• A complete separationA complete separation

Control JointsControl Joints• Controls movement for a single materialControls movement for a single material• Lines of weakness that cause cracking to occur Lines of weakness that cause cracking to occur

along that linealong that line• Concrete walksConcrete walks• Slabs Slabs

Expansion Joint

• EfflorescenceEfflorescence• White “chalky” White “chalky”

substance on the face of substance on the face of masonrymasonry

• Usually salts in masonry Usually salts in masonry or mortar left from or mortar left from migrating moisturemigrating moisture

• Indicates that moisture Indicates that moisture is presentis present

• Normal for new Normal for new constructionconstruction

• In existing construction, In existing construction, it usually means a leakit usually means a leak

• SpallingSpalling• Physical failure (breakage) of Physical failure (breakage) of

the masonry material or mortarthe masonry material or mortar• Deterioration from moisture in Deterioration from moisture in

the wallthe wall• Damage from freeze/thaw Damage from freeze/thaw

cyclescycles

• Tuck PointingTuck Pointing• Partial removal of an Partial removal of an

existing mortar joint existing mortar joint and replacement with and replacement with new mortarnew mortar

• For severely damaged For severely damaged mortar jointsmortar joints

• May be for aesthetic May be for aesthetic or functional reasonsor functional reasons

• Mortar removed to a Mortar removed to a third of the widththird of the width

• New mortar put back New mortar put back to seal jointto seal joint

Structural Shapes Structural Shapes Wide FlangeWide Flange

• Size RangeSize Range• Depth; 4” to 40”Depth; 4” to 40”• Weight; 9#/ft to 730#/ftWeight; 9#/ft to 730#/ft

• Uses - Beams & ColumnsUses - Beams & Columns• Proportions - ShapeProportions - Shape

• Tall &Narrow - BeamsTall &Narrow - Beams• Square - Columns & PilesSquare - Columns & Piles

Wide Flange DesignationsWide Flange Designations

W 12 X 26W 12 X 26

W = Wide Flange DesignationW = Wide Flange Designation

12 = Nominal Depth (inches)12 = Nominal Depth (inches)

26 = Weight (lbs.) per foot26 = Weight (lbs.) per footW12x26 - 12’-0” long weights:W12x26 - 12’-0” long weights:12’ x 26#/lf = 312#12’ x 26#/lf = 312#

Dep

th

Steel AnglesSteel Angles

USESUSES

Short beams Short beams supporting light loadssupporting light loads

EX - LintelsEX - Lintels

ConnectorsConnectors

Veneer / Skin SupportVeneer / Skin Support

Edge support (edge angle)Edge support (edge angle)

Diagonal bracingDiagonal bracing

Steel Angle DesignationsSteel Angle Designations

L 4 X 4 X 1/2L 4 X 4 X 1/2

L = Angle DesignationL = Angle Designation

4 X 4 = Size of the legs 4 X 4 = Size of the legs (inches)(inches)

1/2 = Thickness of the legs 1/2 = Thickness of the legs (inches)(inches)

NOTE: Legs can be equal or unequalNOTE: Legs can be equal or unequal

Size

Thickness

Channels (C Shaped)Channels (C Shaped)

• Uses Uses • Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc.Truss members, bracing, lintels, etc.

• DesignationsDesignations

C 9 X 13.4C 9 X 13.4C = Channel DesignationC = Channel Designation

9 = Nominal Depth (inches)9 = Nominal Depth (inches)

13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.)13.4 = Weight / ft. (lbs.)

Dep

th

Open Web Steel JoistsOpen Web Steel Joists

• Mass produced steel trussesMass produced steel trusses

• Common UsesCommon Uses• Floor SupportFloor Support• Roof SupportRoof Support

• Joist Spacing Depends on;Joist Spacing Depends on;• LoadLoad• Span capability of deckSpan capability of deck• Typically 2 to 10 feetTypically 2 to 10 feet

Spans; K-series (up to 60’), LH(Longspan) to 96’, DLH(Deep Longspan) to 144’

Joist used for floor support

Roof Support

Joist Girder

Joist “Seat”

Joist

Joist Seat

Joist Seat Welded to Support Beam

Joist Bridging

Edge Angles•Forms the Slab”Edge”•Anchorage of exterior “skin”