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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN
HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION:HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION:THE HERRINGTHE
HERRING--BONE PATTERNBONE PATTERN
Barbieri A.*, Carloni C.°, Di Tommaso A.*
4th International Conferenceon Arch Bridges17-19 November
2004Barcelona, Spain
*University IUAV of VenicedCaDorsoduro 220630123 Venice
(Italy)
*University of BolognaDISTARTViale Risorgimento 240136 Bologna
(Italy)
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
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PRESENTATION SUMMARYPRESENTATION SUMMARY
q INTRODUCTION
q AIM OF RESEARCH
q HERRING-BONE MASONRY TECHNIQUE
q CONCLUSIONS
q BENDING THEORY OF ORTHOTROPIC SHELL
q FE MODEL METHOD
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION4T
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
In the masonry vaults the brick patterns could be different
depending on the geometry of structural element. The aim of design
criteria was to
prevent possible kinematical modifications, because they could
not made dimensional design on the base of stresses criteria (not
yet formulated).
The mason sensibility led to define some masonry building
patterns more suitable than others because the brick pattern could
contribute to reduce the support elements cost and to guarantee an
increment in arch stability.
Hinge
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
Nevertheless, masonry vaults cover wide rooms in many historical
buildings. These structural elements were built using a material
which is considered as “no tesion” material.
These structures need strengthening design due to loading
increment and material damage. Their stability is evaluated
considering collapse mechanisms and few data are available about
their elastic behaviour under dead and live loadings.
Their technology is know even less, especially if the masonry
has particular pattern.
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AIM OF RESEARCHAIM OF RESEARCH4T
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
To develop an analytical model in order to investigate the To
develop an analytical model in order to investigate the structural
behaviour of masonry barrel vaultsstructural behaviour of masonry
barrel vaults
built with herringbuilt with herring--bone patternbone
pattern
•These structural elements are analysed in the field of shell
theory and linear elastic behaviour of material
•The masonry barrel vaults are modelled as bi-dimensional
orthotropic elements
•The necessity to evaluate the effect of herring-bone pattern on
the stresses configuration requires the introduction of flexural
components in the equilibrium conditions
•The angle α of masonry configuration in herring-bone pattern is
assumed as parametric element for the analysis.
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HERRING HERRING -- BONE MASONRY TECHNIQUEBONE MASONRY
TECHNIQUE4T
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
Herringbone stonework, common in small parish
churches (Vienne-en-Bessin).
Herringbone pattern for paving.
Herringbone pattern for stone wall. Particular of stone
disposition. Dossomaggiore Castle, sec. XIV
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HERRING HERRING -- BONE MASONRY TECHNIQUEBONE MASONRY
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
Masonry barrel and crossed vaults of Tolentini monastery
(Venice).
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BENDING THEORYBENDING THEORYOF ORTHOTROPIC SHELLOF ORTHOTROPIC
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
q vault thickness is very small compared to curvature radius and
length of vault;q strains in vault are enough small so that the
terms of secondand over order could be neglected;q normal stress
along vault thickness is enough small compared to other stresses,
so that this could be neglected;q the normal to un-deformed vault
surface is still normal in deformed configuration of vault.
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BENDING THEORYBENDING THEORYOF ORTHOTROPIC SHELLOF ORTHOTROPIC
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
, ,
2, , , ,
2, , ,
0
10
12 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x xx r
RN N p R
N RN M M p RR
N M RM M p RR
φ φ
φ φ φ φ φ φ φ
φ φ φ φ φφ
+ + =
+ + − + =
+ + + + =
;
;
;
;
;
,x x xuε =, z
u u
R Rφ φ
φε = −,
,x
x x
uu
Rφ
φ φγ = +
,x z xxuχ =,
2
zu
Rφφ
φχ =,z x
x
u
Rφ
φχ =
Strain components referring toDonnell formulation:
Equilibrium equations:
ij ijlk lkHσ ε= ( i,j,l,k=1,2,3)
Hooke’s law:
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BENDING THEORYBENDING THEORYOF ORTHOTROPIC SHELLOF ORTHOTROPIC
SHELL
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
;
;
;
;
;
Equilibrium equations:
213 66 13 32 13 32
11 , , 12 66 , 12 ,33 33 33
( ) ( ) ( ) 0x xx x x z xH H H H H H
H R u u H H u H uH R H Hφφ φ φ
− ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ + − + ⋅ − − ⋅ =
2 2223 31 23 23
21 66 , 66 , 22 , 22 ,333 33 33
22 223 31 2312
66 , 22 ,33 33
1( ) ( ) ( )
12
1( ) ( ) 0
6 2 2
x x xx z
z xx z
H H H HtH H u H R u H u H u
H R H R H
H H HHt RH u H u p
R H R H t
φ φ φ φφ φφφ
φ φ φ
− + ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ − + ⋅ +⋅
+ ⋅ − + ⋅ + ⋅ − + ⋅ + =⋅ ⋅
2 22 223 31 23 13 13 3212
21 , 22 , 11 , 66 ,33 33 33 33
2 22 223 23
22 , 22333 33
1( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
12 3 2 2
1( ) ( ) 0
12
x x z xxxx z xx
z z r
H H H H H HHt R tH u H u H u H u
H R H H R H
H Ht RH u H u p
R H R H t
φ φ φφ
φφφφ
⋅− ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ + − ⋅ +⋅ ⋅
+ ⋅ − ⋅ + ⋅ − + ⋅ + =⋅
These equilibrium equations can not be solved in an analytical
form, hence a numerical procedure has been proposed.
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F.E. MODEL METHODF.E. MODEL METHOD4T
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
2
1 1
2
y
x x
y 1
2 1
2
Clay brick: 250 mm long, 60 mm high and 120 mm thick; Eb=4000
MPaMortar joint: 8 mm thick; Em=400 MPa.
1-1
2-2
3-3 z
x
y
a
IJ
KL
a
Mechanical characteristics of masonry E11=3290 MPaE22=1775
MPaνν12= 0.111νν21= 0.206G12=1188 MPa.
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F.E. MODEL METHODF.E. MODEL METHOD4T
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-0,7
-0,65
-0,6
-0,55
-0,5
-0,45
-0,4
-0,35
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Section along generator axis [mm]
Rad
ial
dis
pla
cem
ent
[mm
]
L0FL30FL45FL60FL90F
-7,0E-05
-6,0E-05
-5,0E-05
-4,0E-05
-3,0E-05
-2,0E-05
-1,0E-05
0,0E+00
1,0E-05
2,0E-05
3,0E-05
4,0E-05
5,0E-05
6,0E-05
7,0E-05
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Sections along generator axis [mm]
Ro
tati
on
res
pec
t to
y a
xis
L0FL30FL45FL60FL90F
MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
Radial displacement along generator axis at crown, for different
orthotropic angle
Rotation along generator axis at crown, for different
orthotropic angle
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F.E. MODEL METHODF.E. MODEL METHOD4T
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,00 0,31 0,63 0,94 1,26 1,57 1,88 2,20 2,51 2,83 3,14
Section along profile axis [rad]
Tan
gent
ial d
ispl
acem
ent [
mm
]
T0FT30FT45FT60FT90F
Tangential displacement in middle arch, for different
orthotropic angle
-8,0E-04
-7,0E-04
-6,0E-04
-5,0E-04
-4,0E-04
-3,0E-04
-2,0E-04
-1,0E-04
0,0E+00
1,0E-04
2,0E-04
3,0E-04
4,0E-04
5,0E-04
6,0E-04
7,0E-04
8,0E-04
0,00 0,31 0,63 0,94 1,26 1,57 1,88 2,20 2,51 2,83 3,14
Sections along profile axis [rad]
Rota
tion r
espec
t to
z a
xis
T0FT30FT45FT60FT90F
Rotation along z axis in middle arch, for different orthotropic
angle
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F.E. MODEL METHODF.E. MODEL METHOD4T
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
Orthotropy:0°
Orthotropy:45°Orthotropy:90°
Radial displacement in middle arch, for different orthotropic
angle
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,00 0,31 0,63 0,94 1,26 1,57 1,88 2,20 2,51 2,83 3,14
Section along profile axis [rad]
Rad
ial d
ispl
acem
ent [
mm
]
T0FT30FT45FT60FT90F
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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS4T
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MASONRY ORTHOTROPIC VAULTS IN HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION: THE
HERRING-BONE PATTERNBarbieri A., Carloni C., Di Tommaso A.
üAnalytical and numerical approach in order to investigate the
structural behaviour of masonry barrel vaults built with
herring-bone pattern is considered.
üThe displacements components along the middle arch and the
generator axis defined by φ=0° are represented for different values
of the inclination angle of the directions of orthotropy.
üWhen φ decreases the values of the displacements components
decreases too, meaning that the barrel vault becomes more
stiff.
üMoreover the more used pattern (i.e. φ=90°), seems to be the
one with lower stiffness.
üResearch in progress: to analyse the limit analysis of these
kind of vaults, in order to study the influence of the herring bone
pattern on the collapse mechanism.