Masahiro Komatsu - Nagoya University JAPAN First SHIP workshop, 10-12 June 2014, Zürich 2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 1.

Masahiro Komatsu - Nagoya University JAPAN

First SHIP workshop, 10-12 June 2014, Zürich

Emulsions and scanning technologies

2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 1

Outline

Nuclear emulsionEmulsion scanning systemPerformance of Emulsion chamberEmulsion gel and productionConclusion


DONUT in construction

Tau neutrino and emulsionTau neutrino sourceB(Ds ) is first measured by

emulsion experiment CERN WA75. (Prog. Theo. Phys. 89:131-138,1993)

Tau neutrino detectionFirst observation of tau neutrino

interactions by Fermilab E872 DONUT. (Phys. Lett. B504:218-224,2001)

First tau neutrino appearance in oscillation by OPERA. (Phys. Lett. B691:138-145, 2010) 2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 3

Nuclear Emulsion



Nuclear emulsionAgBr crystal : size 0.2 – 0.3 micro meter in diameter.

Charged particle produce latent image, developing process make Ag grain visible.

MIP

~35 grains / 100 micro meter

Emulsion film (OPERA film)


125mm

100mm

Plastic base (205 m)

Nuclear Emulsio

n

(44m)

Cross sectio

n Nuclear Emulsio

n

(44m)


5D (X,Y,Z,X,Y ) Tracking detector3 dimensional coordinate X,Y,Z

Micrometer accuracyIntrinsic accuracy is sub micrometer

Depending on readout systemMultiple and different readout can be done.

Track slope X,Y mrad accuracy depending on base thicknessWe can choose on purpose

CHORUS interface film used 800 mm thick base

History of scanning system2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 8

1985 1994 1996

1998 2006


Automated Emulsion Read-out system (Track Selector)Conceptual design by K. Niwa in mid. 70s.First system construction in 1983.First application to real experiment in 1994.

CHORUS (CERN WA95)Advanced version was developed by T.Nakano and applied to DONUT, OPERA and will be applied to future experiments.

Track Recognition by TS

Give counter shift

TV-camera

Penetrating Track

Sum and Discriminate

Tomographic 16 Images


Track Selector (TS) 1994

20 years ago, for CHORUS.

We made big decision to change future emulsion scanning.


Evolution of the Scanning Speed

10000

1000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

TS(TTL)1983

NTS(CPLD)1994

UTS(FPGA)1998

S-UTS(FPGA)2006-

Running

HTS(GPGPU)

2011-Developing

0.003

0.082

1

72

9000

0.001

Speed in cm2/ hour

×100

~2000m2/year

~20m2/year

※2 ※1

※1 Area of each layer※2 Area of the films


Computerswith GPU board

OpticsSensor & Camera

High-speed precision stage

XY

Z

HTS

13

2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

Objective lens

Resolution : 　 ~420nmN.A. : 　 0.65Light source : G-line (436nm) Magnitude : ×12.2F.O.V : 5.1 (H)×5.1 (V)mm

#of image plane 6(by Beam splitter)

Weight : 90kgTotal length : 844mm


Speed and Coverage of Mosaic Imager

Divide FOV into 72 parts.Need the sensor of 2M pixel and 340fps.

Specially ordered Mosaic Imager

15

5mm

5mm

×6

F.O.V. of HTS

~0.2mm

S-UTS


Mosaic camera system

1

2

3

45

6

Objective lens

Illumination

Beam splitter

1

Camera1

Camera2

Camera6

5mm

5mm2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 16

European Scanning System

ESS


Current «legacy» system: ESS

camera

objective

Z stage

XY stage

Camera

2D Images(peak 452 MB/ s,avg. 97 MB/ s)

Vision Processor(Matrox Odyssey)

Binarized2D Images

Host PC(Dual PentiumWorkstation)RunningWinXP Grains

XYZ MotionCommands

Motion Controller(National InstrumentsFlexMotion)

Motors(VEXTA Nanostep)

Power

Stop’n’Go motion: keep X-Y axes holding steadywhile Z performs data-taking stroke15 images taken while objective moves downwards: optical tomography

m.i.p. trackstanq<1 (limitedby processing power)

highly ionizingparticle tracks,4p coverage (used in CHORUS, not used in OPERA)

Z


Evolution of the system

Continuous motion: X (Y) axis movingwhile Z performs saw-tooth motion

30 mm overlap between views2131 images / stroke

Angular acceptance on moving axisvirtually unlimited, bound by overlapon steady axis

Tracking algorithm has no intrinsic limitation (4p version also exists for horizontal tracks)

±72 degrees!2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 19

20

New Objective, Cameras and Framegrabbers x5

Passing to new 4Mpix camera and 20x objective will allow to triple the field of view area keeping the pixel size at the same value which will allow to use already existing image processing modules. The speed of Camera Link interface is a limiting factor here

New (from 2013 on the market) 4 and 12 Mpix cameras and frame-grabbers with CoaXPress interface permits factor of 3 band increasing. The scanning speed in this configuration reach 300 cm2/h

First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 2014/6/10-12

Multi-camera approachx2 or x4

It is possible to split optically the data coming from microscope and send it to 2 or 4 cameras, each with independent processing chain. This gives the liner gain in the scanning speed proportional to the number of heads.

Image processing chain to be multiplied:

Framegrabber GPU + CPUCamera

First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 21 2014/6/10-12

22

How fast ESS can become?

• 1200 cm2/h means 1 m2 in 8.5 hours• Japanese HTS will be 9000 cm2/h (= 7.5 ESS@1200) (see later)

Series10

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

std HW & S&G

std HW & CM

x20+4Mpix

+ Piezo Z-drive

x20+CXP

2x multi-camera

4x multi-camera

new technique?

Ok (

2012)

New ideas to test

1-2 years R&D required

10 y

ears

ag

o

Now

in

sta

lled

HW

is t

este

d

HW

is a

vailab

le

2011-2013 R&D

First SHIP workshop @ Zurich

2014/6/10-12

Scanning speed evolution and its

consequenceBulk emulsionFermilab E531, CHORUS

Emulsion as an imaging device

ECC (Emulsion Cloud Chamber)DONUT, OPERA

Emulsion as a tracking device



ECC (Emulsion Cloud Chamber)ECC : Utilized in cosmic-ray exposure Discovery of Charm in 1971 (K.Niu)

Prog. Theor. Phys. 46 (1971) 1644-1646

First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 25

Detection of ντCC in DONUT All tracks in the Scanning

region （ 4179 tracks ）

Reject passing through tracks

(420 tracks remained ）

Reject Low momentum tracks

(114 tracks remained ）

Vertex detection :

Neutrino interaction and decay of short lived particles

Interaction Point

Decay Point of

t

neutrino

t

Data taking and offline reconstruction

2014/6/10-12

26

<0.32>

<0.96>

<1.75>

<0.29> <0.46>

<0.76> <1.11>

<1.80><1.50>

Alignment position RMS distributions

Tracking efficiency distributions

<0.964><0.966> <0.983>

<0.910> <0.956><0.932>

<0.785> <0.904><0.814>



Momentum measurement

in DONUT ECC

Consistent result withmomentum measuredby spectrometer.

Momentum measurement by multiple scattering.

Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A574 (2007) 192-198


10.2 cm

12.5 cm

7.5 cm

10 X0

neutrino

The OPERA target consists of 150’000 ECC bricks.

Total 105’000 m2 of lead surface

and 111’000 m2 of film surface

(~ 9 million films)

Total target mass ~ 1.2 kton57 OPERA films, 56 lead plates

1mm0.3mm

Lead plate

(CS) 20 μm

mip

electron ～ 100 keV

sensitivity 30 grains/100 μm

high dE/dx tracks from nuclear evaporation

NIM A556 (2006) 80-86

OPERA ECC(Emulsion Cloud Chamber)

brick


Single ECC = VTX + SPEC + EMcal


Topological and Kinematical analysis in ECCTrack measurement accuracy

better than 1 micrometer and 1-2 mrad.

Momentum measurement by Multiple Coulomb ScatteringBoth angular and coordinate methods 20~30% accuracy

Topological analysis to detect short lived particle within a mmEmulsion can detect decay parent. Very strong for 1-prong

decay.

Particle IDElectron and gamma identification by EM shower

Electron – gamma separation

Extreme two particle separation to identify e-pair

Hadron ID by its re-interaction

dE/dX is also applicable for low momentum proton.


Useful references

*Momentum measurement by the Multiple Coulomb Scattering method in the OPERA lead emulsion target New J.Phys. 14 (2012)

*Momentum measurement of secondary particle by multiple Coulomb scattering with emulsion cloud chamber in DONuT experiment NIM A574 (2007)

*Electron/pion separation with an emulsion cloud chamber by using a neural network JINST 2 (2007)

*Charge identification of highly ionizing particles in desensitized nuclear emulsion using high speed read-out system NIMA556 (2006)

*pi / p separation at 1.2-GeV/c by an emulsion cloud chamber NIMA516 (2004)

Emulsion gel and film


Sulfur : 200 GeV/nucleon


A box contain 2030 films

Emulsion film (OPERA film)Films prepared by “Fuji film” for OPERA

9,000,000 films : 4500 boxes : 112,500 m2

FUJI accept order

more than 3,000 m2.

125mm

100mm


Re-use of OPERA films?5,000 m2 is only 5% of OPERA

From year 2015, OPERA will be in dismantling stage

OPERA film has “refresh” capabilityAll OPERA film has been refreshed to erase

uncorrelated cosmic tracks accumulated while in production.

We need to investigate refresh capability for 10 year old films.

30 degree98% R.H.3 days


Emulsion Gel R&D and ProductionStarted Nuclear Emulsion R&D in Nagoya (2010~　 )

With the help of retired engineers of FUJI film.

( KUWABARA, TSUYUKI)

Modern Emulsion Gel production machine was introduced.

R&D of OPERA Type Gel by NAGANAWA

→ 　 Normal use. (Neutrino exp., Radiography)

R&D of Fine Grain Type Gel by NAKA, ASADA

→ Dark Matter detection 　


Nuclear Emulsion Gel Production System

Nagoya University

~1kg/lot

Capable to produce 100-300m2/year


Type Sensitivity [grains/100 m] BG [fog grains/ (10mm)3] OPE206(Nagoya ) 41.5±3.1 1.3±0.3 OPERA (Fujifilm) 35 ~ 3

Nuclear Emulsion produced in Nagoya

High E

nerg

y Elec

tron

2010 Sept.: Reached to the quality better than OPERA film

NAGANAWA

KUWABARA


ConclusionMore than 20 years of experience

CHORUS : Large scale neutrino event analysis (150k events)

DONUT : Tau neutrino detection in ECC

OPERA : Largest emulsion experiment ever built.

Large enough scanning powerJapanese HTS provide 2,000m2/year

10 ESS is more than one HTS

Emulsion film productionFUJI film accept order for more than 3,000m2.

We need to investigate re-use of OPERA film.

We are capable to produce better film than OPERA .Current production capability is 100-300m2/year.

Thank you




Tau event in DONUT ECC

cGeV

cGeV

cGeV

/208.09.18

/401.034.3

/132.077.7

7.2079.6

16.171.0

62.396.1

semi-automatic scanning in late 1980’s.

Fermilab E531,E653,

CERN WA75 analysis has been done with these systems.

Up to 1994, we used these systems for emulsion analysis.


History of scanning system

Basic concepts of SySal for emulsion readout

• Multi-tracking: recognize tracks in a wide, tunable angular range, allowingalso on-line detection of interactions

• Strongly software-oriented systems, possibly running the same code on different HW configurations – cheap systems enhance sharing expertise and know-how

• Modular structure allows plugging in specific algorithms for specific data-takingconditions (fog, single/double-coated films, distortion, etc.)

• Data processing and event reconstruction software shares algorithms and classeswith the DAQ system

BUT

• Storage formats independent of algorithms (allow independent off-line SW)

Sy Sal = System of Salerno


Masahiro Komatsu - Nagoya University JAPAN First SHIP workshop, 10-12 June 2014, Zürich 2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 1.

Documents

ship workshop

zurich slide

construction slide

thick base slide

micro meter slide

future emulsion scanning

cross section nuclear

emulsion experiment