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Microscopic Structures of
Reproductive System
dr. Yan Effendi Hasjim, DAHK.
Departement of HistologySriwijaya University Faculty of Medicine
2013
The Male Reproductive System,
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Microscopic Structure
of The Male Reproductive System
2 testes
Genital duct systemGlands
Penis
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Competencies:
1. Understand how the cells of the male reproductive system interact to
produce sperm.
2. Recall which cells in the male reproductive system are responsible for the
production of androgens and explain what those androgens do.
3. Compare and contrast how the cells, tissues and organs in the male
reproductive system are organized to be able to transmit sperm to the
female reproductive tract.
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Function of Male Reproductive System
1. Formation of the spermatozoa (testes)
2. Synthesis, storage, and release of the, testosterone (testes)
3. Form the noncellular portion ofsemen (seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands)
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TESTES
in the scrotum, are paired organs,
produce spermatozoa andtestosterone
Embryogenesis,
develop retroperitoneally
descend into the scrotum, they carry
with them a portion of theperitoneum.tunica vaginalis
Formation of the spermatozoa
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Capsule
Tunica Albugeniadense irregularcollagenous tissue (non-elastic)
Tunica Vasculosa, highly vascularizedloose connective tissue, the vascularcapsule of the testis
Septa 250 Lobuli Testis (1-4Seminiferous Tubules)
MediastinumTestis (posterior aspectthickened)
Seminiferous Tubules Tubuli RectiRete Testis,Ductuli EfferentesEpididymis.
General Structure of TESTES
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structure
Highly convoluted tubules, 30 - 70cm long,150 - 250 m diameter, surrounded byextensive capillary beds. About 1000 in twotestes, total length of nearly 0.5 km (0.3mile),
Production of spermatozoa.
The wall : TUNICA PROPRIA (a slender connective
tissue layer),
thick SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM
separated by a well-developed BASAL
LAMINAtunica vasculosa (TV)
blood vessels (BV)
septa (S),
seminiferous tubules (ST)
seminiferous epithelium (SE)
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Sz : spermatozoa (Sz).
Ad : dark spermatogonia A
Ap : pale spermatogonia A
B : spermatogonia B
SC : Sertoli cell
Seminiferous tubule .
Germinal epithelium thick :
1. Spermatogenic cells
various stages of maturation)
2. Sertoli Cells
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Spermatogenesis,
(process of cell maturation)
1). Spermatocytogenesis
Differentiation ofspermatogonia
(diploid cells), moreprimaryspermatocytes (diploid), migrate to
adluminal
2). Meiosis: Reduction division, :
- diploid primary spermatocytes,
reduce chromosome to haploid
secondary spermatocytes
-haploid cells spermatids
3). Spermiogenesis:
Transformation spermatids
spermatozoa (haploid)
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1. Spermatogonia
small, diploid germ cells
basally, lie on the basal lamina
puberty, become influenced bytestosterone to enter the cell cycle.
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Dark type A Spermatogonia
Small, dome-shaped cells.
flattened, oval nuclei, abundant
heterochromatin, darkreserve cells(notentered the cell cycle)
Once mitosis, form Pale Type Aspermatogonia.
Pale type A Spermatogonia
= dark type, except ; nuclei abundant
euchromatin, pale.
induced by testosterone toproliferate
(mitosis) to additional pale type A
spermatogonia, and to type B
Type B Spermatogonia
resemble pale type , but nuclei are round
divide mitotically to primaryspermatocytes
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2. Primary spermatocytes
As soon as formed, into the adluminal
migrate between Sertoli cells, form zonulae
occludentes maintain the integrity ofblood-testis barrier.
largest cells
3. Secondary spermatocytes
relatively small cells,
short-lived, not readily seen in theseminiferous epithelium.
contain 2n DNA, do not replicate theirchromosomes; quickly enter thesecond meiotic division, formingtwo haploid (1n DNA) spermatids.
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The six stages of spermatogenesis in the human seminiferous tubule. The
cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man.
4. Spermatids
small, round haploid cells
All the spermatids that are the progeny of a
single pale type A spermatogonium areconnected to one another by cytoplasmicbridges. form small clusters,
5. Spermatozoa
head, housing the nucleus, and a tail
(four regions: neck, middle piece,
principal piece, and end piece).
produced by spermatogenesis, are long
cells (65 m).
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Spermiogenesis and a mature spermatozoon
C.Spermiogenesis: Transformation of
spermatids spermatozoa
discard much of their cytoplasm,
rearrange their organelles, and
form a flagellum to become
transformed into spermatozoa
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Tall, columnar, lateral cellmembranes possess complexinfoldings
Apical membranes are highly foldedand project into the lumina.
Basally located, clear, oval nucleuswith a large, centrally positionednucleolus
The cytoplasm: crystalloids ofCharcot-Bttcher (composition andfunction are not known).
Sertoli Cells
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Sertoli cells functions:
1. Physical and nutritional support of the developing germ cells2. Secretion ofa fructose-rich medium that nourishes and facilitates the
transport of spermatozoa to the genital ducts
3. Phagocytosis of cytoplasm eliminated during spermiogenesis
4. Synthesis and release ofandrogen-binding protein (ABP),
SUPPORTLEYDIG CELLS
5. Synthesis and secretion ofinhibin, inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Synthesis and secretion of testicular transferrin, an apoprotein that
accepts iron from serum transferrin and conveys it to maturing gametes
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Luteinizing hormone LEYDIG cells (LH Recptors)
activating adenylate cyclase to form cyclicadenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
induces inactive cholesterol esterases active andcleave INTRACELLULAR LIPIDfree cholesterol
activates cholesterol desmolase,convertsfree cholesterolinto pregnenolone.testosterone,
ABP binds testosterone , preventing the hormone from
leaving the seminiferous tubule elevating the testosterone
levels in the local environment sufficiently to sustain
spermatogenesis.
FSH SERTOLI cells (induces)synthesize and release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
bloodtestosterone levels are notsufficient to initiate and maintainspermatogenesis,
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LEYDIG CELLS
because testosterone is probably released as soon as itssynthesis is complete no secretory vesicles
The cytoplasm also contains crystallized proteins, the crystals
of Reinke, a characteristic of human interstitial cells.
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ST
Between the tubules, within the interstitial tissue lieLEYDIG CELLS (black arrow).
Interstitial Cells of Leydig
Interstitial Cells of Leydigdispersed throughoutt.vasculosa
no secretory vesicles(testosterone is probablyreleased as soon as its
synthesis is complete).
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GENITAL DUCT SYTEM
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Genital duct system
INTRATESTICULAR (within the testes)1. TUBULI RECTI
2. RETE TESTIS
3. DUCTULI EFFERENTES
EXTRATESTICULAR (external to the testes)
1. EPIDIDYMIS
2. DUCTUS DEFERENS
3. EJACULATORY DUCT
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TUBULUS REKTUS
TRANSITION FROM TUB
SEMINIFERUS, COLLUMNAR
CERTOLI CELLS
BASAL TIGHT JUNCTION
COLLUMNAR SERTOLI CELL ,
CHANGE TO APICAL TIGHT
JUNCTION CUBOIDAL
SERTOLI CELLS
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Simple cuboidalepithelium
Single flagellum
within denseconnective tissue of themediastinum
RETE TESTIS
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ED
E
Function
Transmit sperm, carry non-motile
sperm to the epididymis.
Remove fluid
variable hight epithelium ht(simple columnar topseudostratified ciliated) Theluminal border of the epitheliumis irregular,characteristic
Structure different: Epididymis (E),& Efferent Ductules (ED),
SM
ed
EFFERENT DUCTULES
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Structure
Ciliated collumnar cells sweep sperm toward
epididymis,
Non-ciliated cuboidal cells areabsorptive.
Thin layer ofsmooth muscle(SM).
patches ofnonciliated cuboidalcells, alternating with ciliatedcolumnar cells.
EFFERENT DUCTULES
Cuboidal cells (nonciliated)richly lysosomes
apical invaginations endocytosis.
resorb most of the luminal fluidelaborated by the Sertoli cells
Ciliated collumnar cells
Ciliamove thespermatozoa toward theepididymis.
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Function
Remove fluid
Facilitate maturation of spermatozoa can fertilize ovum (capacitation)
Develop motility in the body of the Epididymis
Traverse the epididymis in one week gain that capacity.
Peristaltic contractions conduct spermatozoa to the ductus deferens.
highly convoluted tubule : 1) head (union of10-20 DE) 2) body, highly coiled. 3) tail, losesits convolutions (store spermatozoa)
EPIDIDYMIS
EPIDIDYMIS
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EPIDIDYMIS
CC
BCS
Sperm
SM
STRUCTURE
pseudostratified :(Basal & Principal)
Thin layer of circularly smooth muscle
cells
Peristaltic contractions
Basal cells
Short, pyramidal topolyhedral.
function as stem cells
Principal cells
Tall, irregular
Stereocilia , long, branched, resorb the luminalfluid
phagocytose remnants of cytoplasm (notremoved by Sertoli cells).
glycerophosphocholine , inhibits
spermatozoon capacitation,
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DUCTUS DEFERENS (Vas Deferens/Spermatic cord)
a muscular tube that conveys spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis
to the ejaculatory duct (transmits sperm).
ampulla
The dilated terminus
approaches the prostate gland,joined by the seminal vesicle.
The continuation of the junction of theampulla with the seminal vesicle iscalled the ejaculatory duct.
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ILL
MCL
OLL
Epithelium = epididymis
Stereociliated pseudostratified Tallcolumnar epithelium
Lamina Propria, loose fibroelasticconnective tissue, has numerousfolds, lumen appear irregular.
BC
CC
thick-walled muscular tube, small
irregular lumenthree layers: (inner-outer longitudinallayers, middle circular layer).
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Ejaculatory Duct
The ampulla ductus
deferens joins the
seminal vesicleto form
the ejaculatory duct,
short, straight tubule
Structure
Wall is folded,
Simple Collumnar Epithelium
The subepithelial connective tissue is folded, irregular appearance of itslumen.
no smooth muscle in its wall.
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ACCESSORY MALE GENITAL GLANDS
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1. Seminal vesicles (paired)
2. Prostate gland (single)
3. Bulbourethral glands
(paired)
1 S i l i l
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1. Seminal vesicle
secrete a viscous fluid that constitutes about70% of theejaculate.
highly coiled tubular (15cm long).
a long sac that is folded
Produce fructose-rich seminal fluid,
energy source for sperm
The secretory epithelium (arrow) of thecomplex folds, pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium: short basal cellsand low columnar cells
abundant smooth muscle (SM)
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2. Prostate Gland
the largest of the accessory glands, is pierced by the urethra and the
ejaculatory ducts surrounding a portion of the urethra,
Prostate producesA serous secretion, white, acidic, rich in
Lipids
Proteolytic enzymes, amylase
Acid phosphatase
Fibrinolysin, role liquefaction of semen
Citric acid, zinc
Specific antigen
Formation, synthesis, release, are regulated by dihydrotestosterone(active form oftestosterone).androgen dependent
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Capsule: a richly vascularized, dense,
irregular collagenous connective tissueinterspersed with smooth muscle cells.
Stroma : derived from the capsule,
also enriched by smooth muscle fibers
three discrete, concentric layers:
The mucosal glands are closest to the
urethra
The submucosal glands are peripheral
to the mucosal glands The main glands, largest, which
compose the bulk of the prostate.
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Structure
30 to 50 individual compound tubuloalveolarglands, its own duct into the prostatic
urethra).simple to pseudostratified columnarepithelium, numerous secretory granules, andmany lysosomes.
connective tissue with abundant smoothmuscle. (arrow)
prostatic concretion (arrows).
Characteristic: particularly in older(numbers increase with a age).round/oval prostatic concretions(corpora amylaceae), Calcifiedglycoproteins in the lumen.,
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
enlarged prostate partially strangulates the lumen of the urethra,
difficulties with urination.
Hypertrophy of the mucosal and submucosal glands and the stroma
surrounding them.
Occurs in 40% of men over 50
Occurs in 95% of men over 80
Prostatic Carcinoma (Adenocarcinoma)
Occurs in the main glands
The second most common form of cancer in men (30% of men over 75
years of age).Can metastasize to other other organs particularly bone.(frequentlycancer cells enter the circulatory system
A simple blood test: prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) early detection ofprostatic adenocarcinoma.
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CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
Hyperthermia a factor in male infertility,
work with laptop for 1 hour of continuous increase in scrotal
temperature by as much as 2.8 C.
Heat Exchange System
temperature of the testes a few degrees lower than the body. (95 F /35C), spermatozoa develop normally/optimally
pampiniform plexus of veins, are wrapped around the testicular artery,is cooler than the testicular artery,reduce the temperature of thearterial blood, forming a countercurrent heat exchange system.
A cooler temperature in the scrotum, aiding the cooling effect of thepampiniform plexus of veins.
The vascular supply
abdominal aorta testicular artery several branches capsule of thetestisintratesticular vascular elements.
The capillary beds are collected into several veins, thepampiniform plexusof veins, (are wrapped around the testicular artery).
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3. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's glands)
The paired glands, located at the root of the penis,secrete a slipperylubricating solution directly into the
urethra.
Structure
fibroelastic capsule : smooth muscle cells and also skeletal muscle fibers(derived from the muscles of the urogenital diaphragm).
Septa from the capsule divide each gland into several lobules.
tubuloalveolar glands, simple cuboidal to simple columnar.
Secretion: thick, slippery fluid containing galactose and sialic acidlubricating the lumen of the urethra. During the process of ejaculation,precedes the remainder of the semen.
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Histophysiology of the Accessory Genital Glands
The bulbourethral glands, first of the glandular secretions releasedlubricates the lining of the urethra.
The prostate gland, Just before ejaculation, secretions are discharged intothe urethra, as are the spermatozoa from the ampulla of the ductus
deferens.help the spermatozoa achieve motility.The final secretions arise from the seminal vesicles, which are responsiblefor a significant increase in the volume of the semen. Their fructose-richfluid is used by the spermatozoa for energy.
The ejaculate, (semen), is about 3 ml, consists of secretions from the
accessory glands and 200 to 300 million spermatozoa.
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CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
Impotence : inability to achieve erection.
Temporary erectile dysfunction:
psychological factors or drugs (e.g., alcohol);Permanent impotence
lesions in certain regions of the brain, hypothalamus, spinalcord injuries,
autonomic innervation malfunction,
stroke, Parkinson's disease,
diabetes,
multiple sclerosis,
psychological disorders.
Sterile: sperm count is less than 20 million spermatozoa per milliliter of
ejaculate (normally contains 50 to 100 million/ milliliter).
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Microscopic Structures of
Reproductive System
dr. Yan Effendi Hasjim, DAHK.
Departement of HistologySriwijaya University Faculty of Medicine
2011
TheFertilisation and Inplantation,
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A large number of spermatozoa are trying to make their way through the cells of the
corona radiata, only a single spermatozoon will be able to fertilize
Fertilisation & Inplantation
Scanning electron
micrograph of
fertilization (5700).
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OVULATION
The process of releasing the secondary oocyte from the graafian follicle is
known as ovulation.
Always on the 14th day before the beginning of menstruation.
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Structure Graafian Follicle
secondary oocyte:second meiotic division and is arrested in metaphase.
Zona Pellucida: glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3, (secreted by the oocyte)
Granulosa Cells: continued formation of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
Follicular Cells: Filopodia invade the zonula pellucida, contact with theoocyte plasmalemma, form gap junctions communicate with the
oocyte throughout follicular development. (necessary for the oocyte to be
able to progress through meiosis).
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Fimbriated end of the oviduct, whisks the secondary oocyte and follicular
cells into the infundibulum into the ampulla,oocyte may be fertilized, If not fertilized within approximately 24 hours,
secondary oocyte degenerates and is phagocytosed.
Oocyte + follicular cells are transported by the beating of the cilia (Ciliated
Cells) and by rhythmic contractions (smooth muscle of the oviduct) (Fig.
20-14).
The nutrient-rich fluid (Peg Cells) nourishes the oocyte on its way to the
uterus.
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FERTILISATION AND
INPLATATION
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Fertilization, the fusion of the sperm and the scundary oocyte,
Spermatozoa, introduced into the vagina during sexual intercourse, pass
through the cervix, the uterine lumen, and up the oviduct to the ampulla
to encounter the secondary oocyte.
Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla. At this time, the cells of the
corona radiata still surround the zona pellucida and the secondary
oocyte.
Fertilisation
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ZP3 of the zona pellucida have two regions: (1) the sperm receptor (recognizes integral proteins of the sperm
plasmalemma)
(2) region that binds to receptor proteins in the head of the sperm,triggering the acrosome reaction.
Acrosome reaction release acrosomal enzymes into the zona pellucida. acrosomal membrane-bound enzyme acrosin digest zona pellucida, flagellar movement of the spermatozoa to propel the sperm toward theoocyte.
Once the spermatozoon penetrates the zona pellucida, enters theperivitelline space, (located between the zona pellucida and the oocytecell membrane) can reach the oocyte.
Implantation
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zygote continues mitotic divisions, morulatransformed into the blastocyst
enters the uterine cavity (4 - 6 days after
fertilization),
lumen contains a viscous fluid and a few
cells at one pole.
The peripheral cells are trophoblasts, and
inside are the embryoblasts.
Implantation:(6th or 7th day)
The trophoblasts stimulate the
transformation of the star-shaped stromalcells endometriumpale-stainingdecidual cells, (stored glycogen provides
nourishment for the developing embryo).
The embryoblasts develop into the
embryo,
Implantationthe process that as the blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterineendometrium.
Process of fertilization, zygote
formation, morula and blastocyst
development, and implantation.
F tili ti th f i f th d th d t
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zygote
morula
blastocyst
trophoblasts (peripheral),embryonic portion of the placenta.
Embryoblasts (inside)
cytotrophoblasts
Inner are mitotically activesyncytiotrophoblasts
a thicker outer do not undergo mitosis, .
Fertilization, the fusion of the sperm and the scundary oocyte,
usually occurs in the ampulla
the cells of the corona radiata still surround the zona pellucidaand the secondary oocyte.
Implantation is the process that occurs as the blastocystbecomes embedded in the uterine endometrium.
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PLACENTA
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1. CLOSE SIRCULATION
exchange nutritious substances, waste, and gases are between
maternal and fetal blood, throught SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAS
2. ENDOCRINE ORGAN
HORMONEMAINTENANCE OF PREGNACY
SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAS : hCG, chorionic thyrotropin, progesterone ,
estrogen, chorionic somatomammotropin (a growth-promoting and
lactogenic hormone). DECIDUAL CELLS (Stromal connective tissue cells of decidua)
synthesize prolactin and prostaglandins.
Histophysiology
PLACENTA
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PLACENTA
Umbilical vessels in cord
Umbilical vessels in
chorionic plate
Fetal vessels in villiUterine vessels
emptying into
intervillous space
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Composed of fetal tissue:
trophoblast cells
villiComposed of maternal tissue:
decidua tissue (functional layer of
endometrium)
blood-filledregions (intervillous
spaces)
maternal blood does NOT mix with fetal
blood.
Exchange occurs across a barrier of fetaltissue
i t ill
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intervillous space
synctiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
fetal vessels
CERVIX
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CERVIX
Collagen
Pl t ( illi)
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cross sections of the chorionic
villi of the placenta (270).
IS, intervillous space;
SK, syncytial knot.
Ca, capillary;
syncytiotrophoblasts
cytotrophoblasts
Placenta (villi)
Hi t h i l
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1. CLOSE SIRCULATION
exchange nutritious substances, waste, and gases are between maternal
and fetal blood, THROUGHT SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAS
Pasive diffusion : O2, CO2, Fatty acid, Steroid, Electrolite
Active diffusion : Glucose, Amino acide, ECT (rapid carrier molekule)
Eksikel Transportation membrane of Syncytio have receptor for Insulin,
Transferins, Imunoglobulin, throught epithel
Histophysiology
2 ENDOCRINE ORGAN HORMONE
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2. ENDOCRINE ORGAN HORMONEMAINTENANCE OF PREGNACY
SYNCYTIOTHROPHOBLAST :
hCG, chorionic thyrotropin, progesterone , estrogen, chorionicsomatomammotropin (a growth-promoting and lactogenic hormone).
DECIDUAL CELLS (Stromal connective tissue cells of decidua)
synthesize prolactin and prostaglandins.
HCG : derivate of Luteinizing H (same structure and funtion)
Maintenance CORPUS LUTEUM GRAVIDARUM
Stimulating secretion of PROGESTERONE
ESTROGENE & PROGESTERONE
Limphocyt stimulate proliferation & deferensation of Decidua Cells environment of Fetus development
PROGESTERONE
release in mather blood (5 X Luteal phase of normal cycle
Binding receptor of myometrium smooth muscle no contraction duringpregmamce inhibite eject reaction by Limphocyte T
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The blastocyst usually implants into the upper one third
1 out of 200 pregnancies, implantation occurs lower down in the uterus,near the cervix, where the endometrium is much thinner and the
connective tissue stroma is much denser.
Clinical corelation
PLACENTA PREVIA
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MAMMARY GLANDS
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MAMMARY GLANDS
increase in connective tissue and adipose tissue within the stroma,causing the gland to enlarge.
Full development at about 20 years of age,
minor cyclic changes during each menstrual period
major changes occur during pregnancy and in lactation.
After age 40 or so, the secretory portions, some of the ducts andconnective tissue elements begin to atrophy,
lactiferous ducts (near
opening at nipple) stratified Structure
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Comparison differences between an inactive
and a lactating breast.
Alveoli
simple columnar.
opening at nipple) stratified
squamous (keratinized)
lactiferous sinus
stratified cuboidal
connective tissue, adiposetissue, stroma,
compound tubuloalveolar
glands, (15 to 20 lobes)
separated by adipose andcollagenous connective tissue.
Each lobe is drained by its ownlactiferous duct leading
directly to the nipple, where itopens onto its surface.
Before reaching the nipple, eachof the ducts is dilated to form alactiferous sinus for milkstorage and then narrows
before passing through thenipple.
Microscopic structure
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crowded alveoli (Al),
various regions indifferent stages of thesecretory process.
CT, connective tissue.
resting/nonpregnant (nonsecreting) :Alveoli are not developed.
Lactating (active):
same basic architecture
Except bigger and withdeveloped alveoli,
alveoli : a simple columnar.lactiferous ducts (near opening atnipple): a stratified squamous(keratinized) epithelium.
lactiferous sinus: a stratified
cuboidal epitheliumStellate myoepithelial cells locatedbetween the epithelium and thebasal lamina, become functionalduring pregnancy
Microscopic structure
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YAN EFFENDI HASJIM, DAHK