MARTHA ROGER’S

MARTHA ROGER’S

SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS

 Introduction

Born :May 12, 1914, Dallas, Texas Diploma :Knoxville General Hospital School of

Nursing(1936) Graduation in Public Health Nursing, George Peabody

College, TN, 1937 MA :Teachers college, Columbia university, New York, 1945 MPH :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 1952 Doctorate in nursing :Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,

1954 Fellowship: American academy of nursing Position: Professor Emerita, Division of Nursing, New York

University, Consultant, Speaker Died : March 13 , 1994

Overview of Rogerian model Rogers model provides the way of viewing the unitary human being Humans are viewed as integral with the universe The unitary human being and the environment are one ,not

dichotomous Nursing focus on people and the manifestations that emerge from

the mutual human /environmental field process Change of pattern and organization of the human field and the

environmental field is propagated by waves The manifestations of the field patterning that emerge are

observable events The identification of the pattern provide knowledge and

understanding of human experience Basic characteristics which describes the life process of

human :energy field, openness, pattern, and pan dimensionality Basic concepts include unitary human being ,environment, and

homeodynamic principles

Concepts of Rogers model

Energy field The energy field is the fundamental

unit of both the living and nonliving This energy field "provide a way to

perceive people and environment as irreducible wholes"

The energy fields continuously varies in intensity, density, and extent

Human field is irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and that cannot be predicted from knowledege of the parts.

Environmental field is irreducible, pandimentional energy field identified by a pattern and integral with the human field.

Openness (Universe of Open Systems)

The human field and the environmental field are constantly exchanging their energy

There are no boundaries or barrier that inhibit energy flow between fields

Pattern Pattern is defined as the

distinguishing characteristic of an energy field perceived as a single waves

Manifestation: human-environmental mutual process

Pan dimensionality Pan dimensionality is defined as

"non linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes"

Infinite domain without limitBest expresses the idea of a

unitary whole.

Major Assumpstions

Unitary Human Being (person) A unitary human being is an "irreducible, indivisible,

pan dimensional (four-dimensional) energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts" and "a unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which cannot be perceived by looking at , describing, or summarizing the parts"

The people has the capacity to participate knowingly and probabilistically in the process of change

Environment The environment is an "irreducible

,pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field"

The field coexist and are integral. Manifestation emerge from this field and are perceived.

Health Rogers defined health as an expression of the life

process; they are the "characteristics and behavior emerging out of the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields"

Health and illness are the part of the sane continuum.

The multiple events taking place along life's axis denote the extent to which man is achieving his maximum health potential and very in their expressions from greatest health to those conditions which are incompatible with the maintaining life process

Nursing The focus is concerned with people and the

world in which they live. The purpose is to promote health and

wellbeing for all people. The art of nursing is the creative use of

science of nursing for human betterment.

Homeodynamic principles

The principles of homeodynamic postulates the way of perceiving unitary human beings

The fundamental unit of the living system is an energy field

Three principle of homeodynamic Resonancy Helicy Integrality

Resonance (Intensity of Change)Resonance is an ordered

arrangement of rhythm characterizing both human field and environmental field that undergoes continuous dynamic metamorphosis in the human environmental process

Helicy (Evolution)Helicy describes the

unpredictable, but continuous, nonlinear evolution of energy fields as evidenced by non repeating rhythmic ties

The principle of Helicy postulates an ordering of the humans evolutionary emergence

Integrality Integrality cover the mutual, continuous

relationship of the human energy field and the environmental field .

Changes occur by by the continuous re-patterning of the human and environmental fields by resonance waves

The fields are one and integrated but unique to each other

Five Assumptions

“Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity manifesting characteristics more and different from the sum of its parts.”

“Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with one another.”

“The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along the space-time continuum.”

“Pattern and organization identify man and reflect his innovative wholeness.”

“Man is characterized by his capacity and imagery, language and thought, sensation, and emotion.”

Rogerian theories-Grand theories

The theory of accelerating evolution

The theory of paranormal phenomena

The theory of rhythmicities

Theory of Paranormal Phenomena This theory focus on the explanations for

precognition, déjàvu, clairvoyance, telepathy, and therapeutic touch

Clairvoyance is rational in a four dimensional human field in continuous mutual, simultaneous interaction with a four dimensional world; there is no linear time nor any separation of human and the environmental fields

The Theory of Accelerating EvolutionTheory postulates that evolutionary

change is speeding up and that the range of diversity of life process is widening. Rogers explained that higher wave frequencies are associated with accelerating human development

Theory of Rhythmicity Focus on the human field rhythms (these rhythms are different from the

biological ,psychological rhythm) Theory deals with the manifestations of the

whole unitary man as changes in human sleep wake patterns, indices of human field motion, perception of time passing, and other rhythmic development

CASE STUDY:

Charlie Dee is a 56-year-old male with 30-year history of smoking two packs of cigarette per day. He is seeing a nurse practitioner, Sandra Gee, for the first time after being diagnosed with COPD.

Mr. Dee states that he has productive cough that is worse in the morning, gets short of breath whenever he is physically active, and always feels tired. He also states that he sleeps shorter and eats less. He does not also think that his wife, like him, smokes, will be amendable to changing her habits or getting rid of her pet cat.

At the end of the visit, Mr. Dee states that he feels better knowing that he has the power to change some things about his life.

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Theory

Religious inspiration called her to focus on the health of the masses

Began her nursing training in 1851 in Germany

Pioneered the concept of formal nursing education

Her experience in treating sick/injured soldiers in the Crimean War strongly influenced her philosophy of nursing

First to use statistics to guide care delivery

Based her ideas on individual, societal, and professional values

Her strongest influence was education, observation, and hands-on experience

She formulated her values through years of working with charities, hospitals, & the military

The first published nursing theory (1860)Persons are in relation with the

environmentStresses the healing properties of the

physical environment (fresh air, light, warmth, and cleanliness)

Nursing puts patients in the “best conditions” for nature to act upon them

Health is “the positive of which the pathology is the negative”

“Nature alone cures”

In 1860 Nightingale published Notes on Nursing

Considered the first “nursing theorist”Information on her theory has been

obtained through interpretation of her writings

Her theory significantly influenced 3 other groups of theories - Adaptation Theory, Need Theory, & Stress Theory

Was a guide to help organize & manipulate the environment for persons requiring nursing care

Nightingale originally wanted women to teach themselves to nurse and viewed Notes on Nursing as “hints” to enable them to do so.

When aspects of the environment are out of balance, the client must use energy to counter these environmental stresses

Stresses drain the client of the energy needed for healing

Viewed disease as a reparative processThe health of the home/community are

critical components in an individual’s health

Theory basis: the inter-relationship of a healthful environment with nursing

External influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death

Theory goal: Nurses help patients retain their own vitality by meeting their basic needs through control of the environment

Nursing’s Focus: control of the environment for individuals, families & the community

Three Types of Environments

PhysicalPsychologicalSocial

Physical Environment

Consists of physical elements where the patient is being treated

Affects all other aspects of the environment

Cleanliness of environment relates directly to disease prevention and patient mortality

Aspects of the physical environment influence the social and psychological environments of the person

Psychological Environment

Can be affected by a negative physical environment which then causes STRESS

Requires various activities to keep the mind active (i.e, manual work, appealing food, a pleasing environment)

Involves communication with the person, about the person, and about other people. Communication should be therapeutic, soothing, & unhurried!

Social Environment

Involves collecting data about illness and disease prevention

Includes components of the physical environment - clean air, clean water, proper drainage

Consists of a person’s home or hospital room, as well as the total community that affects the patient’s specific environment

5 Major Components of a Healthful Environmental

1. Proper ventilation2. Adequate light3. Sufficient warmth4. Cleanliness5. Control of noise and Control

of effluvia (noxious odors)

Components of Nightingale’s Environmental Theory:

Health of Houses Ventilation and

Warming Light Noise Variety Bed and Bedding Cleanliness of

Rooms and Walls

Personal Cleanliness

Nutrition and Taking Food

Chattering Hopes and Advices

Observation of the Sick

Social Considerations

PERSON

Referred to by Nightingale as “the patient”

A human being acted upon by a nurse, or affected by the environment

Has reparative powers to deal with disease

Recovery is in the patient’s power as long as a safe environment exists

ENVIRONMENT

The foundational component of Nightingale’s theory

The external conditions & forces that affect one’s life and development

Includes everything from a person’s food to a nurse’s verbal & nonverbal interactions with the patient

HEALTH

Maintained by using a person’s healing powers to their fullest extent

Maintained by controlling the environmental factors so as to prevent disease

Disease is viewed as a reparative process instituted by nature

Health & disease are the focus of the nurseNurses help patients through their

healing process

NURSING

Provides fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and a proper diet

Facilitates a patient’s reparative process by ensuring the best possible environment

Influences the environment to affect health

Supports the nursing process (even though it was not even developed yet!)

Nursing education belongs in the hands of nurses!

Nursing is a discipline distinct from medicine focusing on the patient’s reparative process rather than on their disease!!