Marshland Rehabilitation with PlantsMarshland Rehabilitation with Plants Ravindhar. S 1, School of Architecture, Dr.M.P.Chocalingam 2 BIST, Bharath Ins titute of higher education and

Marshland Rehabilitation with Plants Ravindhar. S1, School of Architecture, Dr.M.P.Chocalingam2

BIST, Bharath Institute of higher education and Research, Bharath University

Introduction

Recovery actions with the aim to conserve a

rare and endangered species of Indian

marshland is successfully undergoing in

Srilanka.

Sri Lanka lies in the south-eastern part of the

Indian subcontinent in the Indian Ocean

between 6° and 10° northern latitude and

79° and 82° eastern longitude. The highest

elevation in the central mountain area is the

Pidurutalagala (2,524 metres above sea

level). The island is characterised by a

tropical climate and affected by the

monsoon[1-9]. The mean annual

temperature is about 22°C in higher areas,

rising to 33°C in the coastal regions. From

about 1.900 metres above sea level

temperatures can drop.

Manuscript

This is a brief summary of a manual that

provides a comprehensive basic guide to

these six steps, in order to make the

methodology accessible to coastal managers

and mangrove restoration practitioners. It

must be stressed that restoring mangroves is

only a solution if protection of the remaining

mangrove ecosystems is initiated, before too

much precious habitat is irretrievably lost.

The compiled six steps describe the

requirements of appropriate and successful

on-site. It is important to work together with

communities, organizations and local

government. A successful program must

reach beyond planting seedlings and

consider natural water flows to increase the

success rate for restoring large areas of

degraded mangrove forest.

Mangrove Action Project is promoting six

critical steps for appropriate ecological

mangrove restoration.

A 6-step method of actual natural on-site

mangrove rehabilitation that engages

local public participation.

1. Recognize both the autecology

(individual species ecology) and

community ecology of the naturally

occurring mangrove species at the

site, in particular the patterns of

reproduction, distribution, and

successful seedling establishment;

2. Identify the normal hydrologic

(water) patterns that control the

distribution and successful

establishment and growth of targeted

mangrove species;

3. Assess the modifications of the

mangrove environment that occurred

and that currently prevent natural

secondary succession;

4. Select appropriate restoration areas

through application of steps 1-3

above that are both likely to succeed

in rehabilitating a forest ecosystem,

and are cost effective, given the

available/ likely funds and

manpower to carry out the projects,

including adequate monitoring of

their progress towards meeting

quantitative goals established prior to

restoration[10-18]. This step includes

resolving land ownership/use issues

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 118 No. 18 2018, 433-444ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu

433

necessary for ensuring long-term

access to and conservation of the site

and associated wildlife;

5. Design the restoration program at

appropriate sites selected in step 4

above to restore the appropriate

hydrology and utilize natural

volunteer mangrove recruitment for

natural plant establishment; and

6. Only utilize actual planting of

seedlings as an integral part of the

rehabilitation program after

determining through steps 1-5 above,

that natural recruitment will not

provide the quantity of necessary

established plants, rate of

stabilization, or rate of growth as

required for project success.

Usually, the local community does plant

some propagules or seedlings as a symbolic

and educational exercise whether such

planting is or is not necessary as part of the

restoration regime to: feel physically

engaged, increase community stewardship,

raise attention to the area (on site activity)

and promote growth of well liked species

such as Rhizophora over regular natural

colonizers such as Avicennia or Sonneratia.

Reaching far beyond just planting of

seedlings, our program which restores

natural water flows, greatly increases the

overall success rate for restoring large areas

of degraded mangrove forests[20].

Usually, the local community does plant

some propagules or seedlings as a symbolic

and educational exercise whether such

planting is or is not necessary as part of the

restoration regime to: feel physically

engaged, increase community stewardship,

raise attention to the area (on site activity)

and promote growth of well liked species

such as Rhizophora over regular natural

colonizers such as Avicennia or Sonneratia.

Reaching far beyond just planting of

seedlings, our program which restores

natural water flows, greatly increases the

overall success rate for restoring large areas

of degraded mangrove forests.

The described six steps above for successful

ecological mangrove restoration must be

seen as basic information as this cannot be a

comprehensive guide to mangrove

restoration[19]. The techniques outlined

below, should therefore be tailored to each

unique region in which restoration is being

attempted. Management objectives of

mangrove restoration should be translated

into specific actions by developing

implementable management plans. Based on

the management plan, realistic operational

plans should be developed that are suitable

for local implementation, simple, practical,

transparent and include clear objectives. For

optimal management it is necessary to

review and adjust periodically the

management plans.

Preparations:

It’s always useful to check whether there

were any mangrove restoration programs in

the chosen area of interest before. If so, it is

helpful to gather information regarding

criteria of success and failure and to learn

from former consolidated findings. Inform

yourself about geologic parameters and look

for historical photographs, literature about

mangroves on site and their distribution as

well as tidal conditions. It is useful to have a

reference mangrove site for examining

normal hydrology for mangroves in the

particular area[21]. Additionally it is

important to select appropriate restoration

areas that might succeed in rehabilitating a

forest ecosystem and are cost effective,

given the available funds and manpower to

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

434

carry out the projects.This should include

adequate monitoring of their progress

towards meeting quantitative goals

established prior to restoration. This step

includes resolving land ownership and land

use issues necessary for ensuring long-term

access to and conservation of the site and

associated wildlife.Understanding the

normal hydrologic patterns that control the

distribution and successful establishment

andgrowth of mangrove species is one of the

most important attributes of targeted

planning[22]. It is therefore indispensableto

define three important points concerning the

tides: the height and depth of the area that

shall berestored and the duration and the

frequency of the tidal currents. Each

mangrove species thrives for example at

adifferent substrate level which in some part

dictates the amount of exposure the

mangrove will have to tidal waters. It is

necessary to study the tidal activities and

consequently the frequency of inundation as

well as dryness that influence the forest.

There are various tide-classifications to

distinguish, like those that are inundated by

all high tides, those by all medium-high

tides, or those by normal tides. In addition

there are those inundations that only happen

during spring tides or equinoctial tides. If a

nearby healthy mangrove forest exists, it is

helpful to imitate the slope and topography

of the substrate[23].

Step 1: Autecology

In order to understand the patterns of

reproduction, propagule distribution and

successful

seedling establishment, it is necessary to

have a look at the individual species ecology

of

the mangroves, their autecology.

Mangrove Reproduction


435

After flowering and pollination, many

mangroves develop viviparous seeds called

propagules. Vivipary is a characteristic in

which the propagules develop early and

germinate while still on the parent tree. This

strategy keeps the propagule healthy for a

long time after they have fallen into the

wate[24]r. Like the coconut palm, the

mangroves propagules can float.

Propagules are designed to float with the

tides until coming to rest in a suitable place

to grow. As soon as the propagules come to

rest they put down roots into the mud and

use the stored energy to grow quickly into a

young mangrove tree. Because of their

various shapes and sizes, propagules float

differently. Smaller ones float far on normal

tidal currents and can easily reach new

areas. Larger ones may have difficulties to

enter into areas where normal tidal exchange

has been blocked due to shrimp ponds or

fish traps, for example.

Zonation

Mangrove forests are often characterized by

a plant zonation. Typical zones are

groupings of the same species within the

mangrove forest. This zonation often occurs

because different mangrove species need

particular conditions to grow, for example in

the variety of water provided by tides,

salinity of the soil or the amount of fresh

water available.

Step 2: Hydrology

The most important factor in designing a

successful mangrove restoration project is to

understand the normal hydrologic patterns

that influence the distribution and growth of

existing natural mangrove plant

communities in the area you wish to restore.

This comprises the determining factors such

as depth, duration and frequency of tidal

inundation and tidal flooding[25]. It is

essential to note and monitor the critical

periods of inundation and dryness that

influence the health of the mangrove forest.

Step 3: Eliminate Disturbances

It must be determined whether the target

area for an intended restoration was a

mangrove area in the past. It is then

important to understand and possibly

remove disturbances that might prevent the

natural succession of mangrove forest in that

area[26]. Potential stresses on the location

should be investigated and, if possible,

eliminated. It is crucial to involve the local

communities in this process to determine

how mangrove areas have changed and why.


436

Step 4: Select an Appropriate Restoration

Site

Often there are a number of different sites

available for possible restoration, so it’s

important to start by selecting one that has a

fairly good chance of achieving your

restoration objectives. For example it should

be a site that contained mangroves in the

recent past or presently contains degraded

mangroves. Also like any project one

undertakes you should have the capacity and

resources, including people, equipment, time

and finances to see it thorough to

completion. Ownership or user rights issues

are critical to have worked out at this stage

before any physical work begins. There may

be an opportunity to bring the planned

restoration area under legal community or

co-management arrangements which often

can take time but may be important for long

term success.

Step 5: Hydrological Rehabilitation

Design

A basic theory behind hydrological

rehabilitation is the recreation of natural

slope and substrate height, which will

support normal tidal flow, and the natural re-

establishment and growth of mangrove

seedlings. Tidal streams run through

mangrove areas from the terrestrial edge to

the sea. Their unhindered flow is important,

because tidal streams are fed from the inland

side by ground water, springs, runoff and

streams and are connected to the sea thus

facilitating the exchange of tidal waters in

and out of the mangrove area.

When tidal streams are disturbed, a

mangrove may dry out, and die over time.

For the restoration one option is to level dike

walls of disused shrimp ponds. If you cannot

level dike walls entirely, opening strategic

breaches in the right places may be enough

to support the exchange of tidal waters and

should lead to further degradation of the

dike walls over time. The „right places“ are

usually the mouths of historic tidal creeks. A

second option is to backfill an excavated

area, to create a target restoration site with

the same general slope, and the exact tidal

elevations relative to the benchmark

reference site, thus insuring that the

hydrology is correct.

If you are planning nurseries, it is

indispensable to scrutinise the conditions of

the potential location. There is a reason why

mangroves are not already there or were not

there in the recent past or have disappeared

recently (see step 3)[27-29]. Once you find

out why, see if you can correct the

conditions that currently prevent natural

colonization of the selected mangrove

restoration site. If you cannot correct those

conditions, pick another site.

Step 6: Mangrove Planting

If seedlings have established in the

rehabilitation area, but at lower densities

than hoped for, you may consider planting.

It’s important to only plant mangrove

species that occurred naturally on the site

previously in the correct zone[30-35]. If an

adequate area for a mangrove nursery is

identified, it is recommended to create a

table that includes criteria such as species,

type of seed, months of seed collection,

indicators of maturity, seed selection, seed

storage, sowing, shading, watering and pest

control.


437

When you plant mangroves seedlings it is

important to raise them without compost or

fertilizer.

Supplementary nutrients only discourage the

roots from spreading to find nutrients. With

regard to distribution it is necessary to

emulate natural growth patterns, i.e. not

planting seedlings in straight rows.

Dissemination of Seedlings

There are four sources of propagules for

mangroveplanting to be distinguished. The

first is raising

seedlings in a nursery from local seed

sources. Thesecond option is direct planting

of propagules. Thethird is direct planting of

wild seedlings. The fourthis broadcast

sowing on the water surface duringincoming

tides. Even if mangroves survive for

severalyears in the rehabilitation area, they

may howeverremain stunted or even die out

unless hydrologicalconditions are truly

supportive of mangrove growth.The

collection and distribution by hand onto the

water’s surface of seeds or seedlings from

natural collection areas stimulates natural re-

growth of mangroves.

Propagules and seeds suitable for collection

are commonly found along high-tide lines. If

an area lacks natural seed sources, seeds

may be collected from another similar area

that has a lot of seeds, transported to the

restoration site, and as the tide turns and

flows into the restoration site, the seeds are

broadcast onto the water and allowed to

float and find their own suitable location for

germination[35-36]. It is a good idea to do

this on a series of different tides, such as the

neap, the spring, and several inbetween

during the month of maximum availability

of the seeds.


438


439

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Marshland Rehabilitation with PlantsMarshland Rehabilitation with Plants Ravindhar. S 1, School of Architecture, Dr.M.P.Chocalingam 2 BIST, Bharath Ins titute of higher education and

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