Effects of endurance sports on overall cardiovascular fitness and variables of trained male athletes aged 18-24 years old Marlon McFarlane UP664401 Human Physiology University of Portsmouth April 2016 Word count: 7694 This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of Marlon McFarlane at the University of Portsmouth. I declare that this is all my own work and has not been submitted elsewhere 1 | Page
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Effects of endurance sports on overall cardiovascular fitness and variables of trained male athletes aged 18-24 years old
Marlon McFarlane
UP664401
Human Physiology
University of Portsmouth
April 2016
Word count: 7694
This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of Marlon McFarlane at the University of Portsmouth. I declare that this is all my own work and has not been submitted elsewhere
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Abstract
The study will aim to investigate the effect of different types of endurance sports,
namely, rowing and endurance running, on the overall cardiovascular fitness and
variables. Cardiovascular fitness and resting variables will be dependent upon
favourable cardiovascular adaptations. The study will look to explore whether a
significant difference will be observed between rowers and endurance runners, and
to see if these adaptations are exclusive to their sporting discipline.
40 male participants were recruited from the University of Portsmouth. The four
study groups included rowers, endurance runners, a comparison group of short
distance runners and a control group of those who lead a sedentary lifestyle.
Participants recruit for the sports groups, had to of competed in their sports at a
competitive level and could not compete in more than one of the three sports
competitively.
The Harvard step test was used to investigate participants overall cardiovascular
fitness, while resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure were the key
cardiovascular variables measured. Information from the IPAQ instrument was used
to provide details on how physically active participants are. The study found no
significant difference between rowers and endurance runners mean Harvard step
test scores (p=1.000). However, a significant difference was observed between
rowers and short distance runners (p=.001), and between endurance runners and
short distance runners (p=.019) mean Harvard step test scores.
Analysis of correlation coefficient found a strong correlation between resting
cardiovascular variables and Harvard step test scores. The lower the resting
cardiovascular variables the higher the score on the Harvard step test which
demonstrates an improved cardiovascular efficiency. Resting heart rate, r(n=20)= -
<0.001 and resting diastolic pressure, r(n=20)= -0.823, p= <0.001 (2-Tailed).
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Table of Content
Effects of endurance sports on overall cardiovascular fitness and variables of trained male athletes aged 18-24 years old.............................................................................................................................1
Figure 1: Mean scores achieved in the Harvard step test by the experimental groups..........24Figure 2: Negative correlation seen between Harvard step test score & Resting heart rateFigure 3: Mean scores achieved in the Harvard step test by the experimental groups....24Figure 4: Negative correlation seen between Harvard step test score & Resting heart rate..27Figure 5 Negative correlation shown between Harvard step test score and resting systolic blood pressure...................................................................................................................................28Figure 6 Negative correlation between Harvard step test score and resting dyostolic pressure.............................................................................................................................................29
Table 1: Distances covered by football players over 45 minutes...............................................18Table 2: Fox, Billings, Bartels, Bason & Mathews, 1973 (Cardiovascular fitness index)........22Table 3: Tests of Normality..............................................................................................................25Table 4: ANCOVA, Tests of Between-Subjects Effects (Dependant variable: Harvard step test).....................................................................................................................................................26Table 5: Mean scores from International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Short form.............................................................................................................................................................30
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Acknowledgments
I would like to take a moment to give special praise and thanks to god for guiding me through my dissertation and persistent hard work. Furthermore, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Matt Parker, for the support and encouragement he has provided me with throughout my dissertation project. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout my entire university experience and I dedicate my project to my father who is longer with us.
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Introduction
This dissertation will aim to explore the effects of endurance sports on overall
cardiovascular fitness and variables of trained male athletes. The cardiovascular
system is a collection of the systemic, pulmonary and coronary system and is self-
sufficient (Noble, 2005). The cardiovascular system and the aerobic process are
closely intertwined therefore significant functional and dimensional cardiovascular
adaptations can be observed through endurance training. Henschen, (1898), was
first to investigate cardiac enlargement in endurance athletes using chest
percussion, seen in cross country skiers as cited in Maron & Pelliccia, (2006).
1.1 Cardiovascular functions
There are five imperative functions which the cardiovascular system performs as
follows: the transportation of deoxygenated blood to the lungs which becomes
oxygenated, to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles, transport heat from
the core towards the skin, transportation of nutrients and fuel to working muscles and
lastly the transportation of hormones (Kenney, Wilmore & Costill, 2012).
Consequently, increases in cardiac output, coupled to the needs of the activated
skeletal muscle groups, allow for the accomplishment of the essential functions in
which the cardiovascular system performs.
Fundamental mechanisms responsible for increased cardiac output in the context of
exercise include increases in heart rate, ventricular stroke volume, and peripheral
arterial vasodilation (Kovacs & Baggish, 2015). Exercise subsequently presents an
aggregate demand upon the cardiovascular system with increased oxygen demands
by working muscles. Metabolic processes accelerate while more waste is produced
in addition to rising core body temperature and the utilisation of nutrients. For
efficient performance and to meet the increasing demands of the body, the
cardiovascular systems regulation of these mechanisms becomes essential
(Kenney, Wilmore & Costill, 2012). Examination of fundamental aspects of the
cardiovascular system comprises of cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume, blood
flow and blood pressure. The key cardiovascular variables which will be investigated
in the study will be the resting heart, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These
variables will to help provide an overview of cardiovascular efficiency.
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1.2 Physiological cardiovascular adaptations
Adaptations which arise as a result of the participation in endurance sports comprise
of increments in mitochondrial size and number, surges in oxidative enzyme activity
and an increase in capillary density (Maughan & Gleeson, 2010). Additionally,
dynamic endurance training leads to ventricular enlargement of both right and left
cavities, allowing the ventricles to expand with a relatively little increase in wall
thickness. Ventricular enlargement is achieved through additional sarcomeres within
each myocyte causing an increase in myocyte length. Equally important is the
augmentation of stroke volume, bradycardia at rest, and growth in blood volume
raising the central venous pressure and increased myocardial vascularity which is
also characteristic adaptations observed (Levick, 2010).
Improved facilitation of oxygen delivery to working muscles, and enhanced
circulatory and thermoregulatory dynamics are also observed (McArdle, Katch &
Katch, 2015). Furthermore, the enlargement of skeletal muscle capillary density and
the number of mitochondria, better aid the ability of working cells to extract and
utilise oxygen (Aaronson & Ward, 2007).
1.3 Adaptations to cardiac output & resting heart rate
Overtime, endurance exercise produce significant rises in cardiac output during
maximal exercise, which are attributable to increases in maximal stroke volume.
Cardiac output is a product of stroke volume and heart rate, defined as the amount
of blood pumped out by the heart in 1 minute (L/min). At rest cardiac output is
around 5L/min (McArdle, Katch & Katch, 2015). Maximal cardiac output can range
between 25-35L/min in trained athletes, as opposed to 14-20L/min in untrained
individuals. Contradictory to this are elite athletes who have been known to reach
maximal cardiac outputs as high as 40L.min (Kenney, Wilmore & Costill, 2012).
Considerable variations in cardiac output will be present amongst individuals during
rest. Changes in cardiac output may be influenced by factors such as emotional
conditions which may affect central command, cardio accelerator nerves and nerves
which modulate arterial resistance vessels (McArdle, Katch & Katch, 2015).
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However, on average, 5 litres of blood is pumped from the left ventricle at rest, with
the 5 litre blood volumes representing an average value for trained and untrained
males (McArdle, Katch & Katch, 2015).
Changes to the autonomic control and intrinsic heart rate can be used as one
explanations for the reduction in endurance athlete’s heart rate at rest (Carter,
Banister & Blaber, 2003). Bradycardia may be present due to increases in vagal tone
in response to long term endurance training (Aaronson & Ward, 2007), this is
because training-induced parasympathetic activity of the parasympathetic hormone
acetylcholine, acting upon the sinus node increases, and resting sympathetic activity
lessens.
In addition to greater myocardial contractility, corresponding compliance of the left
ventricle and the increase in blood volume, collectively, these adaptations contribute
to the characteristically low resting heart rates seen in endurance athletes and the
athlete's ability to produce large stroke volumes with low resting heart rates
Please note: undergraduate and taught postgraduate dissertations that form part of (or contribute to) a research project managed by lecturing staff must be treated as staff research for the purposes of ethical review.
Undergraduate and taught postgraduate students
Many undergraduate and taught postgraduate students will choose to undertake a
literature review for their research projects and dissertations. Dissertation unit
coordinators should keep a record of students undertaking literature reviews and
individual tutors must ensure students understand the boundaries of such studies.
Undergraduate and taught postgraduate students wishing to undertake primary
research must complete this checklist in collaboration with their tutor/supervisor. It
aims to identify possible risks and indicate whether an application for a more detailed
ethical review needs to be submitted to the SHSSW Peer Review and Ethics
Committee. Where tutors/supervisors are satisfied there are no significant ethical
concerns they may give the project a favourable opinion. However, if there is any
doubt then please refer to the chair of the SHSSW committee.
Before completing this form, please refer to the University code of practice on
general ethical standards and any relevant subject specific ethical guidelines.
It is the researcher that is responsible for ensuring the accuracy and completeness
of this review. In the case of a project or dissertation, a student can consult their
tutor/supervisor for guidance, but it is their own responsibility to submit an accurate
assessment and adhere to its details.
Guidance—How to fill in the form
Questions 1-3:
Answer Questions 1-3 on the Checklist (see later section).
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Questions 4-15:
Answer YES/NO to the following questions – insert your answers on the Checklist. If you answer ‘YES’ to any of the questions below, provide a response beneath the italicised guidance or on a separate sheet.
4. Will the research involve the collection and analysis of primary data? Primary
data includes interviews, surveys, self-completion questionnaires, empirical
data, etc. that you have collected)
If Yes, you will need to consider the ethical issues involved in the collection,
use, analysis and storage of data from human informants and non-human
subjects, especially if your research requires access to personal, confidential or
sensitive data. How will you assure confidentiality? How will you anonymise
personal, confidential and sensitive data? Have you gained permission from
appropriate data protection officers? Have you made arrangements for the
destruction or safekeeping of raw data on completion of the research? Who will
have access to, or own, the data? Will you need to ask permission to use
stored data for additional research at a later stage? If yes, you need to ask for
explicit consent for data storage and data sharing.
5. Will you be using any data collection instruments?
If Yes, you need to supply details of the data collection instruments (e.g.
copy of the interview schedule, survey, questionnaire or empirical test
materials). You need to discuss your data collection instrument with your
tutor/supervisor. You tutor/supervisor will need to approve it before the data
collection exercise begins.
6. Is the research likely to involve any risk to potential subjects, third parties, you
as an individual, or to the University of Portsmouth? Third parties may be
teachers, health care professionals, spouses, etc. who are directly involved in
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the care, education or treatment of the potential subjects.
If Yes, how do you plan to minimize/justify risks? You need to safe-guard the
well-being and privacy of potential subjects and any third parties. You need to
also make sure that you minimize the risks to yourself and anyone else who
may be assisting with the data collection. In addition, you need to ensure that
your proposed research is not likely to affect adversely the University’s
reputation and that no-one will be disadvantaged as a result of your research.
Will it be possible to ensure that participating persons / organizations remain
completely anonymous? Will you take measures to ensure confidentiality of
data collected? Do the benefits outweigh the disadvantages?
7. Is the study likely to involve observing human subjects, informants or
participants? A participant is defined as: (i) a person giving personal and/or
behavioural data (ii) a person that is the subject of your research (iii) a person
that you plan to experiment upon. It includes those answering structured
interviews or questionnaires, but not casual enquiries. It also includes covert
observation of people, especially if in a non-public place.
If Yes, confirm whether and explain how you will apply/use (i) recruitment
letters (ii) participant information sheets, (iii) informed consent, (iv) maintenance
of participant anonymity and (v) maintenance of confidentiality of data
collected. You will need to produce and attach the recruitment letter (on
headed University paper) and the information sheet for participants (see
Appendix). If potential risks are identified, it may be necessary to provide an
informed consent form that requires a signature from all the participants (see
Appendix).
8. Will the study involve National Health Service patients or staff?
If Yes, you will need to apply for NHS ethical review. If you answered ‘yes’ to
questions 1 and 2, an application must be submitted to the appropriate
research ethics committee (NHS REC). David Carpenter, Faculty of Humanities
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and Social Sciences ([email protected]) is chair of the Isle of Wight,
Portsmouth and SE Hants NHS REC and is able to advise you.
9. Do human participants/subjects take part in studies without their
knowledge/consent at the time? Will deception of any sort be involved? (e.g. by
covert observation of people, especially if in a non-public place, or by not being
clear about the purpose of the research at the outset, etc.)
If Yes, how do you plan to minimize risks? You will need to provide an
extremely strong scientific justification for the use of non-voluntary participation
and deception. Will it be possible to ensure the participants remain completely
anonymous? Will you take measures to ensure confidentiality of data collected?
Will you reveal the purpose of the research after data collection to the
participants? Will you ensure the right to withdraw at any time during and after
the research?
10. Does the study involve vulnerable participants who are unable to give informed
consent or in are in a dependent position (e.g. infants, children, people with
learning disabilities, people with special needs, unconscious patients,
adolescents, offenders, atypical populations, other people ‘at risk’)? Please note the requirements of the Mental Capacity Act for researchers. Studies
involving people with constrained capacity to make their own decisions must be
referred to either NRES or the National Social Care Research Ethics
Committee.
If Yes, how do you plan to minimize risks? You must safeguard the well-being
of your participants by considering any special precautions and procedures that
will minimize the risk to these people. e.g. ask for informed consent from their
carers or parents, explain whether you will require the co-operation of a
“gatekeeper” for initial/continuing access to the groups or individuals to be
recruited? (e.g. children/students at school, residents of nursing home,
members of a tribe).
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11. Could the study induce psychological distress or anxiety in participants or third
parties?
If Yes, how will you minimize the risks? You will need to have an informed
consent form signed by all participants and third parties.
12. Does the study involve face-to-face contact with members of the community?
If Yes, you must make sure you have procedures in place to reduce the
potential risks to you or any other person involved in the data collection. Will
you be contacting your subjects directly or will you be gaining access via an
intermediary (either an individual or an organization)? Research typically takes
place on University premises. Special procedures must be put in place if research is conducted off University premises. Where will the research take place?
13. Will financial inducements (other than reasonable expenses and compensation
for time) be offered to participants?
If Yes, identify any risks associated. How do you plan to minimize risks and
preempt complaints? Will your research incur any financial costs to participants
– travel, postage, etc.? How will you inform them of this? If you consider
compensation necessary, explain the nature of it and why you think it is
needed.
14. Is there any potential role conflict for you in the research? Potential role conflict
arises when your research involves people to whom you owe other duties, e.g.
they are your students, clients, patients, employees, etc.
If Yes, how do you plan to minimize/justify risks? You will need to justify the
reasons why it is necessary to conduct research with participants to whom you
owe other duties. Special procedures are required when the researcher is in a
position of authority, power or influence with respect to participants. You will 45 | P a g e
have to show what safeguards (steps) will be taken to minimize inducements,
coercion or potential harm, especially for non-participation and how the dual-
role relationship and the safeguards will be explained to potential participants.
15. Will the research involve sensitive issues (topics likely to cause offence to an
individual or group, such as sexual activity, death and illness, physical and
mental health or condition, religious beliefs, political affiliations, race and
ethnicity, criminal records, issues around cultural or gender or other
differences, etc.)?
If Yes, how will you ensure a balanced appraisal of the topic and issues
involved? You will need to consider reducing potential risks by managing the
topics appropriately and by not being subject to undue influences. You will
need to discuss any political considerations in taking a critical stand on any
sensitive issue with your tutor/supervisor.
If you are in any doubt in respect of your responsibilities and the procedures you
need to follow, please contact Dr John Crossland, [email protected] for
guidance. If the supervisor / assessor of this form is in any doubt about your
application they shall refer your application for DETAILED review by the SHSSW
Peer Review and Ethics Committee.
If you have answered ‘yes’ to any of questions 4 to 15 you must present details of
how you plan to minimize any risks identified.
If you have answered ‘no’ to all questions in questions 4 to15, it is still your
responsibility to follow the University Code of Practice on Ethical Standards and any
Department/School or subject specific professional guidelines in the conduct of your
study including relevant guidelines regarding health and safety of researchers.
This form constitutes a record of agreed actions that could be subject to review in
cases of variation in research procedures and receipt of complaints. It is therefore
important to submit an accurate assessment and adhere to or update its details.
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.
All materials submitted will be treated confidentially.
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School of Health Sciences and Social Work
RESEARCH ETHICS CHECKLIST
Student / Principal Investigator: Marlon McFarlane
In addition to ethical review procedures, you will also need to:
follow additional agency approval/governance procedures from the
organisation hosting the research e.g. NHS R & D approval etc.
Check whether your research requires approval from any additional bodies
ensure you are complying with all other required procedures e.g. storage of
human tissue for research, offender health research etc.
Sept 2013
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1.3 CONSENT FORM
School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Winston Churchill Ave, Portsmouth, PO1 2UP
Principal Investigator: Marlon McFarlaneTelephone: 07796005953Email: [email protected] Principal Investigator is a student please also give:Supervisor: Matthew Parker Telephone: 02392 842850Email: [email protected]
STUDY TITLE:
SFEC Reference No:
Please initial each box if content
1. I confirm that I have read and understood the attached information sheet for the above study. I confirm that I have had the opportunity to consider the information, ask questions and that these have been answered satisfactorily.
2. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any time without giving any reason.
3. I understand that the results of this study may be published and / or presented at meetings, and may be provided to research sponsors (Give the name of the Company / Organisation here, or remove the research sponsor reference if not applicable). I give my permission for my anonymous data, which does not identify me, to be disseminated in this way.
4. Data collected during this study could be requested by regulatory authorities. I give my permission to any such regulatory authority with legal authority to review the study to have access to my data, which may identify me.
5. I agree to the data I contribute being retained for any future research that has been approved by a Research Ethics Committee.
6. I agree to take part in this study
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Example Additional Optional Consents - Delete these if not appropriate, or add others.
7. I consent for photographs of me to be taken during the experiment foruse in scientific presentations and publications (with my identity obscured).
8. I consent for video of me to be taken during the experiment for use by thestudy team only (my image will not be shown to others / and will be destroyedafter the data has been analysed).
or9. I consent for video of me to be taken during the experiment for use in scientific presentation and publications (my identity may not be obscured)
Name of Participant: Date: Signature:
Name of Person taking Consent: Date: Signature:
Note: When completed, one copy to be given to the participant, one copy to be retained in the study file
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1.3 INTERNATIONAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUESTIONNAIRE
(August 2002)
SHORT LAST 7 DAYS SELF-ADMINISTERED FORMAT
FOR USE WITH YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS (15-69 years)
The International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) comprises a set of 4
questionnaires. Long (5 activity domains asked independently) and short (4 generic
items) versions for use by either telephone or self-administered methods are
available. The purpose of the questionnaires is to provide common instruments that
can be used to obtain internationally comparable data on health–related physical
activity.
Background on IPAQThe development of an international measure for physical activity commenced in
Geneva in 1998 and was followed by extensive reliability and validity testing
undertaken across 12 countries (14 sites) during 2000. The final results suggest that
these measures have acceptable measurement properties for use in many settings
and in different languages, and are suitable for national population-based prevalence
studies of participation in physical activity.
Using IPAQ
Use of the IPAQ instruments for monitoring and research purposes is encouraged. It
is recommended that no changes be made to the order or wording of the questions
as this will affect the psychometric properties of the instruments.
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Translation from English and Cultural Adaptation
Translation from English is supported to facilitate worldwide use of IPAQ. Information
on the availability of IPAQ in different languages can be obtained at www.ipaq.ki.se.
If a new translation is undertaken we highly recommend using the prescribed back
translation methods available on the IPAQ website. If possible please consider
making your translated version of IPAQ available to others by contributing it to the
IPAQ website. Further details on translation and cultural adaptation can be
downloaded from the website.
Further Developments of IPAQ
International collaboration on IPAQ is on-going and an International Physical Activity Prevalence Study is in progress. For further information see the IPAQ
website.
More Information
More detailed information on the IPAQ process and the research methods used in
the development of IPAQ instruments is available at www.ipaq.ki.se and Booth, M.L.
(2000). Assessment of Physical Activity: An International Perspective. Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71 (2): s114-20. Other scientific publications and
presentations on the use of IPAQ are summarized on the website.
We are interested in finding out about the kinds of physical activities that people do
as part of their everyday lives. The questions will ask you about the time you spent
being physically active in the last 7 days. Please answer each question even if you
do not consider yourself to be an active person. Please think about the activities you
do at work, as part of your house and yard work, to get from place to place, and in
your spare time for recreation, exercise or sport.
Think about all the vigorous activities that you did in the last 7 days. Vigorous
physical activities refer to activities that take hard physical effort and make you
breathe much harder than normal. Think only about those physical activities that you
did for at least 10 minutes at a time.
1. During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do vigorous physical
activities like heavy lifting, digging, aerobics, or fast bicycling?
_____ days per week
No vigorous physical activities Skip to question 3
2. How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous physical activities on
one of those days?
_____ hours per day_____ minutes per day
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Don’t know/Not sure
Think about all the moderate activities that you did in the last 7 days. Moderate
activities refer to activities that take moderate physical effort and make you breathe
somewhat harder than normal. Think only about those physical activities that you
did for at least 10 minutes at a time.
3. During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do moderate physical
activities like carrying light loads, bicycling at a regular pace, or doubles
tennis? Do not include walking.
_____ days per week
No moderate physical activities Skip to question 5
4. How much time did you usually spend doing moderate physical activities on
one of those days?
_____ hours per day_____ minutes per day
Don’t know/Not sure
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Think about the time you spent walking in the last 7 days. This includes at work
and at home, walking to travel from place to place, and any other walking that you
have done solely for recreation, sport, exercise, or leisure.
5. During the last 7 days, on how many days did you walk for at least 10
minutes at a time?
_____ days per week
No walking Skip to question 7
6. How much time did you usually spend walking on one of those days?
_____ hours per day_____ minutes per day
Don’t know/Not sure
The last question is about the time you spent sitting on weekdays during the last 7 days. Include time spent at work, at home, while doing course work and during
leisure time. This may include time spent sitting at a desk, visiting friends, reading,
or sitting or lying down to watch television.
7. During the last 7 days, how much time did you spend sitting on a week day?
_____ hours per day_____ minutes per day
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Don’t know/Not sure
This is the end of the questionnaire, thank you for participating.
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1.4 Exercise and Health History Questionnaire
School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
All pages of this questionnaire should be completed by all volunteers participating in
taught laboratories, student projects, or experiments conducted by the School of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth. This information
allows the project/laboratory leader/supervisor to determine if it is safe for the
volunteer to participate, or whether medical advice is required before proceeding.
The information provided also gives a suitable history should a medical examination
be required for particular studies. If required, the additional medical examination
report is completed by the Independent Medical Officer and stapled to this document
as pages (7 and 8)
.It is very important that all volunteers answer all of the questions fully, and to the
best of their knowledge.
VOLUNTEERS ARE NOT TO PARTICIPATE IN ANY STUDY UNTIL THE DETAILS
IN THIS COMPLETED FORM HAVE BEEN CHECKED AND COUNTERSIGNED BY
A MEMBER OF THE DEPARTMENT’S TECHNICAL OR ACADEMIC STAFF (PAGE
6)
All information provided is treated as medical-in-confidence (the same as your
personal medical records). Note for questions marked *, please delete as necessary
Participant’s Details
Full Name ………………………………………………………… Telephone Number.
…………………..…….. Date of Birth ………………………………………
Age……………… Email………………………………… Date of completing this
questionnaire………………………………….
For UoP Students Only:
Year of study*: 1 2 3 Masters Student ID Number…………….. Personal
Tutor………………………
64 | P a g e
Q1 How would you describe your current physical fitness status?
Very unfit (sedentary) / Unfit / Moderately Fit / Very Fit (e.g. competitive
sportsperson)*
Q2 Do you undertake regular physical exercise? Yes / No* If Yes Please tell us
what type of exercise?
Light activities: heart beats slightly faster than usual, you can talk/sing while you are
active (walking leisurely, stretching, vacuuming or light gardening)
Moderate activities: your heart beats faster than normal, you can talk while you are
active (fast walking, aerobics, strength training, swimming gently)
Vigorous activities: your heart rate increases a lot, you cannot talk or your talking is
broken up by large breaths while you are active (stair machine, jogging or running,
tennis, squash, badminton, basketball, cycling)
Q3 How frequently do you exercise?
Q4 How often do you undertake exercise of a maximal nature?
Never / Sometimes / Often*
Q5 How would you consider your present body weight?
Underweight / Ideal weight / Slightly overweight / Very overweight*
Q6 Are you a regular smoker? Yes / No* – if yes number per day………
Q7 Are you an occasional smoker? Yes / No* – if yes average per week…….
Q8 Are you a previous smoker? Yes / No* – if yes how long since stopping ..
… years
Q9
Do you drink alcoholic drinks?
Yes / No*
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If yes do you:have the occasional drink? have a drink every day? Yes / No* Yes /
No*
Q10 Have you had to consult your doctor within the last 6 months? Yes / No*
– if yes give details
Q11 Do you have any allergies? Yes / No*
If Yes, please give details. Please include any allergies to dressings e.g.
elastoplasts.
Q12 Are you currently taking any form of medication including both prescribed and
over the counter preparations? Yes / No* – if yes give details
Q13 Have you routinely taken any medication in the past 2 years? Yes / No*
– if yes give details
Q14 Have you ever been told to give up sports because of health problems? Yes /
No* – if yes give details
Q15 Do you get tired more quickly than your friends do during exercise? Yes / No*
– if yes give details
Q16 Have you ever suffered from any of the following?
Asthma Yes / No*
Diabetes Yes / No*
Hypertension (high blood pressure) Yes / No* Any form of heart disorder
Yes / No*
High blood cholesterol Yes / No*
Epilepsy Yes / No*
Have you ever had a seizure Yes / No* If yes to any of the above, please give
details
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Q17 Have you ever been told you have a heart murmur? Yes / No* – if yes give
details
Q18 Have you ever been told you have a heart arrhythmia? Yes / No* – if
yes give details
Q19 Do you have any other history of heart problems? Yes / No* – if yes give
details
Q20 Have you had a severe viral infection (e.g. myocarditis or mononucleosis)
within the last month?
Yes / No* – if yes give details
Q21 Have you ever been told you had rheumatic fever? Yes / No* – if yes give
details
Q22 Have you ever suffered from the following?
Heat stroke, heat exhaustion or sunstroke Yes / No*
Cold Illness or injury (non freezing cold injury or frostbite)