Marketing Concepts Joseph Lewis Aguirre. Internet Nonprofit Center About Slide 12-19 Non-Profit Organizations.

Marketing Concepts

Joseph Lewis Aguirre

InternetNonprofit

Center About

Slide 12-19

Non-Profit Organizations

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AMA Definition of Marketing

Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.

Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.

Marketing

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Exchange is the trade of things of value between buyer and seller so that each is better off after the trade.

Exchange is the trade of things of value between buyer and seller so that each is better off after the trade.

Exchange

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A market consists of people with both the desire and ability to buy a specific product.

A market consists of people with both the desire and ability to buy a specific product.

Market

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The target market consists of one or more specific groups of potential customers toward which an organization directs its marketing program.

The target market consists of one or more specific groups of potential customers toward which an organization directs its marketing program.

Target Market

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The marketing mix consists ofthe marketing manager’s controllable factors—product, price, promotion, and place (the 4Ps)—that can be used to solve a marketing problem.

The marketing mix consists ofthe marketing manager’s controllable factors—product, price, promotion, and place (the 4Ps)—that can be used to solve a marketing problem.

Marketing Mix

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Environmental factors are the uncontrollable factors involving social, economic, technological, competitive, and regulatory forces.

Environmental factors are the uncontrollable factors involving social, economic, technological, competitive, and regulatory forces.

Environmental Factors

Customer value is the unique combination of benefits received by targeted buyers that includes quality, price, convenience, on-time delivery, and both before-sale and after-sale service.

Customer value is the unique combination of benefits received by targeted buyers that includes quality, price, convenience, on-time delivery, and both before-sale and after-sale service.

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Customer Value

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Relationship marketing links the organization to its individual customers, employees, suppliers, and other partners for their mutual long-term benefits.

Relationship marketing links the organization to its individual customers, employees, suppliers, and other partners for their mutual long-term benefits.

Relationship Marketing

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A marketing program is a plan that integrates the marketing mix to providea good, service, or idea to prospective buyers.

A marketing program is a plan that integrates the marketing mix to providea good, service, or idea to prospective buyers.

Marketing Program

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The marketing concept is the idea that an organization should (1) strive to satisfy the perceived needs of consumers (2) while also trying to achieve the organization’s goals.

The marketing concept is the idea that an organization should (1) strive to satisfy the perceived needs of consumers (2) while also trying to achieve the organization’s goals.

Marketing Concept

NOTE: As perceived by the customer

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An organization that has a market orientation focuses its efforts on(1) continuously collecting information about customers’ needs, (2) sharing this information across departments, and(3) using it to create customer value.

An organization that has a market orientation focuses its efforts on(1) continuously collecting information about customers’ needs, (2) sharing this information across departments, and(3) using it to create customer value.

Market Orientation

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Customer relationship management (CRM) is the process of identifying prospective buyers, understanding them intimately, and developing favorable long-term perceptions of the organization and its offerings so that buyers will choose them in the marketplace.

Customer relationship management (CRM) is the process of identifying prospective buyers, understanding them intimately, and developing favorable long-term perceptions of the organization and its offerings so that buyers will choose them in the marketplace.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

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The societal marketing concept is the view that an organization should satisfy the needs of consumers in a way that provides for society’s well-being.

The societal marketing concept is the view that an organization should satisfy the needs of consumers in a way that provides for society’s well-being.

Societal Capital Marketing

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Macromarketing is the study of the aggregate flow of a nation’s goods and services to benefit society.

Macromarketing is the study of the aggregate flow of a nation’s goods and services to benefit society.

Macromarketing

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Micromarketing is how an individual organization directs its marketing activities and allocates its resources to benefit its customers.

Micromarketing is how an individual organization directs its marketing activities and allocates its resources to benefit its customers.

Micromarketing

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Ultimate consumers are the people who use the goods and services purchased for a household.

Ultimate consumers are the people who use the goods and services purchased for a household.

Ultimate (End Users) Consumers

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Organizational buyers are those manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers,and government agencies that buy goods and services for their own use or for resale.

Organizational buyers are those manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers,and government agencies that buy goods and services for their own use or for resale.

Organizational Buyers

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Utility is the benefits or customer value received by users of the product.Utility is the benefits or customer value received by users of the product.

Utility

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Profit is the reward to a business firm for the risk it undertakes in offering a product for sale. It is also the money left over after a firm’s total expenses are subtracted from its total revenues.

Profit is the reward to a business firm for the risk it undertakes in offering a product for sale. It is also the money left over after a firm’s total expenses are subtracted from its total revenues.

Profit

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The corporate level is the level in an organization where top management directs overall strategy for the entire organization.

The corporate level is the level in an organization where top management directs overall strategy for the entire organization.

Corporate Level

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A business unit is an organization that markets a set of related products to a clearly defined group of customers.

A business unit is an organization that markets a set of related products to a clearly defined group of customers.

Business Unit

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The business unit level is the level in an organization where business unit managers set the direction for their products and markets to exploit value-creating opportunities.

The business unit level is the level in an organization where business unit managers set the direction for their products and markets to exploit value-creating opportunities.

Business Unit Level

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The functional level is the level in an organization where groups of specialists actually create value for the organization.

The functional level is the level in an organization where groups of specialists actually create value for the organization.

Functional Level

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Cross-functional teams are a small number of people from different departments in an organization who are mutually accountable to a common set of performance goals.

Cross-functional teams are a small number of people from different departments in an organization who are mutually accountable to a common set of performance goals.

Cross-functional Teams

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Mission is a statement of the organization’s scope, often identifying its customers, markets, products, technology, and values.

Mission is a statement of the organization’s scope, often identifying its customers, markets, products, technology, and values.

Mission

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Stakeholders are the people who are affected by what the company does and how well it performs.

Stakeholders are the people who are affected by what the company does and how well it performs.

Stakeholders

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Organizational culture is a set of values, ideas, and attitudes that is learned and shared among the members of an organization.

Organizational culture is a set of values, ideas, and attitudes that is learned and shared among the members of an organization.

Organizational Culture

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Goals or objectives convert the mission into targeted levels of performance to be achieved, often by a specific time.

Goals or objectives convert the mission into targeted levels of performance to be achieved, often by a specific time.

Goals or Objectives

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Market share is the ratio of sales revenue of the firm to the total sales revenue of all firms in the industry, including the firm itself.

Market share is the ratio of sales revenue of the firm to the total sales revenue of all firms in the industry, including the firm itself.

Market Share

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Competencies are an organization’s special capabilities, including skills, technologies, and resources that distinguish it from other organizations.

Competencies are an organization’s special capabilities, including skills, technologies, and resources that distinguish it from other organizations.

Competencies

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Competitive advantage is a unique strength relative to competitors, often based on quality, time, cost, or innovation.

Competitive advantage is a unique strength relative to competitors, often based on quality, time, cost, or innovation.

Competitive Advantage

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Quality consists of those features and characteristics of a product that influence its ability to satisfy customer needs.

Quality consists of those features and characteristics of a product that influence its ability to satisfy customer needs.

Quality

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Benchmarking involves discovering how others do something better than your own firm so you can imitate or leapfrog competition.

Benchmarking involves discovering how others do something better than your own firm so you can imitate or leapfrog competition.

Benchmarking

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The strategic marketing process is the approach whereby an organization allocates its marketing mix resources to reach its target markets.

The strategic marketing process is the approach whereby an organization allocates its marketing mix resources to reach its target markets.

Strategic Marketing Process

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A marketing plan is a road map for the marketing activities of an organization for a specified future period of time, such as one year or five years.

A marketing plan is a road map for the marketing activities of an organization for a specified future period of time, such as one year or five years.

Marketing Plan

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Situation analysis involves taking stock of where a firm or product has been recently, where it is now, and where it is headed in terms of the organization’s plans and the external factors and trends affecting it.

Situation analysis involves taking stock of where a firm or product has been recently, where it is now, and where it is headed in terms of the organization’s plans and the external factors and trends affecting it.

Situation Analysis

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SWOT analysis is an acronym describing an organization’s appraisal of its internal Strengths and Weaknesses and its external Opportunities and Threats.

SWOT analysis is an acronym describing an organization’s appraisal of its internal Strengths and Weaknesses and its external Opportunities and Threats.

SWOT Analysis

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Market segmentation involves aggregating prospective buyers into groups, or segments, that (1) have common needs and (2) will respond similarly to a marketing action.

Market segmentation involves aggregating prospective buyers into groups, or segments, that (1) have common needs and (2) will respond similarly to a marketing action.

Market Segmentation

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Points of difference are those characteristics of a product that make it superior to competitive substitutes.

Points of difference are those characteristics of a product that make it superior to competitive substitutes.

Points of Difference

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A marketing strategy is the means by which a marketing goal is to be achieved, usually characterized by a specific target market and a marketing program to reach it.

A marketing strategy is the means by which a marketing goal is to be achieved, usually characterized by a specific target market and a marketing program to reach it.

Marketing Strategy

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Marketing tactics are detailedday-to-day operational decisions essential to the overall success of marketing strategies.

Marketing tactics are detailedday-to-day operational decisions essential to the overall success of marketing strategies.

Marketing Tactics

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Environmental scanning is the process of continually acquiring information on events occurring outside the organization to identify and interpret potential trends.

Environmental scanning is the process of continually acquiring information on events occurring outside the organization to identify and interpret potential trends.

Environmental Scanning

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The social forces of the environment include the demographic characteristicsof the population and its values.

The social forces of the environment include the demographic characteristicsof the population and its values.

Social Forces

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Demographics describes a population according to selected characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, and occupation.

Demographics describes a population according to selected characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, and occupation.

Demographics

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Baby boomers is the generation of children born between 1946 and 1964.Baby boomers is the generation of children born between 1946 and 1964.

Baby Boomers

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Generation X includes the 15% of the U.S. population born between 1965 and 1976.

Generation X includes the 15% of the U.S. population born between 1965 and 1976.

Generation X

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Generation Y includes the 72 million Americans born between 1977 and 1994.Generation Y includes the 72 million Americans born between 1977 and 1994.

Generation Y

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A blended family is a family formed by the merging into a single household of two previously separated units.

A blended family is a family formed by the merging into a single household of two previously separated units.

Blended Family

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Multicultural marketing consists of combinations of the marketing mix that reflect the unique attitudes, ancestry, communication preferences, and lifestyles of different races.

Multicultural marketing consists of combinations of the marketing mix that reflect the unique attitudes, ancestry, communication preferences, and lifestyles of different races.

Multicultural Marketing

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Culture incorporates the set of values, ideas, and attitudes that are learned and shared among the members of a group.

Culture incorporates the set of values, ideas, and attitudes that are learned and shared among the members of a group.

Culture

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Value consciousness is the concern for obtaining the best quality, features, and performance of a product or service for a given price.

Value consciousness is the concern for obtaining the best quality, features, and performance of a product or service for a given price.

Value Consciousness

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The economy pertains to the income, expenditures, and resources that affect the cost of running a business and household.

The economy pertains to the income, expenditures, and resources that affect the cost of running a business and household.

Economy

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Gross income is the total amount of money made in one year by a person, household, or family unit.

Gross income is the total amount of money made in one year by a person, household, or family unit.

Gross Income

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Disposable income is the money a consumer has left after paying taxesto use for food, shelter, clothing, and transportation.

Disposable income is the money a consumer has left after paying taxesto use for food, shelter, clothing, and transportation.

Disposable Income

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Discretionary income is the moneythat remains after paying for taxes and necessities.

Discretionary income is the moneythat remains after paying for taxes and necessities.

Discretionary Income

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Technology refers to inventions or innovations from applied science or engineering research.

Technology refers to inventions or innovations from applied science or engineering research.

Technology

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Marketspace is an information- and communication-based electronic exchange environment mostly occupied by sophisticated computer and telecommunication technologies and digitized offerings.

Marketspace is an information- and communication-based electronic exchange environment mostly occupied by sophisticated computer and telecommunication technologies and digitized offerings.

Marketspace

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Electronic commerce is any activitythat uses some form of electronic communication in the inventory, exchange, advertisement, distribution, and payment of goods and services.

Electronic commerce is any activitythat uses some form of electronic communication in the inventory, exchange, advertisement, distribution, and payment of goods and services.

Electronic Commerce

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An Intranet is an Internet-basednetwork used within the boundariesof an organization.

An Intranet is an Internet-basednetwork used within the boundariesof an organization.

Intranet

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Extranets use Internet-based technologies to permit communication between a company and its suppliers, distributors, and other partners.

Extranets use Internet-based technologies to permit communication between a company and its suppliers, distributors, and other partners.

Extranets

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Competition refers to the alternative firms that could provide a product to satisfy a specific market’s need.

Competition refers to the alternative firms that could provide a product to satisfy a specific market’s need.

Competition

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Barriers to entry are business practices or conditions that make it difficult for new firms to enter the market.

Barriers to entry are business practices or conditions that make it difficult for new firms to enter the market.

Barriers to Entry

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Regulation consists of restrictions state and federal laws place on business with regard to the conduct of its activities.

Regulation consists of restrictions state and federal laws place on business with regard to the conduct of its activities.

Regulation

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Consumerism is a grassroots movement started in the 1960s to increase the influence, power, and rights of consumers in dealing with institutions.

Consumerism is a grassroots movement started in the 1960s to increase the influence, power, and rights of consumers in dealing with institutions.

Consumerism

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Self-regulation is an alternative to government control where where an industry attempts to police itself.

Self-regulation is an alternative to government control where where an industry attempts to police itself.

Self-Regulation

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Ethics

Ethics are the moral principles and values that govern the actions and decisions of an individual or group.

Ethics are the moral principles and values that govern the actions and decisions of an individual or group.

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Laws

Laws are society’s values and standards that are enforceable in the courts.Laws are society’s values and standards that are enforceable in the courts.

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Caveat Emptor

Caveat emptor is the legal concept of “let the buyer beware” that was pervasive in American business culture prior to the 1960s.

Caveat emptor is the legal concept of “let the buyer beware” that was pervasive in American business culture prior to the 1960s.

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Consumer Bill of Rights (1962)

The Consumer Bill of Rights (1962)is a law that codified the ethics of exchange between buyers and sellers, including the rights (1) to safety,(2) to be informed, (3) to choose, and(4) to be heard.

The Consumer Bill of Rights (1962)is a law that codified the ethics of exchange between buyers and sellers, including the rights (1) to safety,(2) to be informed, (3) to choose, and(4) to be heard.

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Economic Espionage

Economic espionage is the clandestine collection of trade secrets or proprietary information about a company’s competitors.

Economic espionage is the clandestine collection of trade secrets or proprietary information about a company’s competitors.

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Code of Ethics

A code of ethics is a formal statement of ethical principles and rules of conduct.A code of ethics is a formal statement of ethical principles and rules of conduct.

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Whistle-blowers

Whistle-blowers are employees who report unethical or illegal actionsof their employers.

Whistle-blowers are employees who report unethical or illegal actionsof their employers.

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Moral Idealism

Moral idealism is a personal moral philosophy that considers certain individual rights or duties as universal, regardless of the outcome.

Moral idealism is a personal moral philosophy that considers certain individual rights or duties as universal, regardless of the outcome.

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Utilitarianism is a personal moral philosophy that focuses on “the greatest good for the greatest number,” by assessing the costs and benefits of the consequences of ethical behavior.

Utilitarianism is a personal moral philosophy that focuses on “the greatest good for the greatest number,” by assessing the costs and benefits of the consequences of ethical behavior.

Utilitarianism

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Social responsibility means that organizations are a part of a larger society and are accountable to that society for their actions.

Social responsibility means that organizations are a part of a larger society and are accountable to that society for their actions.

Social Responsibility

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Green marketing consists of marketing efforts to produce, promote, and reclaim environmentally sensitive products.

Green marketing consists of marketing efforts to produce, promote, and reclaim environmentally sensitive products.

Green Marketing

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ISO 14000 consists of worldwide standards for environmental quality and green marketing practices developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

ISO 14000 consists of worldwide standards for environmental quality and green marketing practices developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

ISO 14000

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Cause marketing occurs when the charitable contributions of a firm are tied directly to the customer revenues produced through the promotion of oneof its products.

Cause marketing occurs when the charitable contributions of a firm are tied directly to the customer revenues produced through the promotion of oneof its products.

Cause Marketing

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A social audit is a systematic assessment of a firm’s objectives, strategies, and performance in terms of social responsibility.

A social audit is a systematic assessment of a firm’s objectives, strategies, and performance in terms of social responsibility.

Social Audit

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Sustainable development involves conducting business in a way that protects the natural environment while making economic progress.

Sustainable development involves conducting business in a way that protects the natural environment while making economic progress.

Sustainable Development

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Consumer Behavior

Consumer behavior consists of the actions a person takes in purchasing and using products and services, including the mental and social processes that come before and after these actions.

Consumer behavior consists of the actions a person takes in purchasing and using products and services, including the mental and social processes that come before and after these actions.

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Purchase Decision Process

The purchase decision process is the stages a buyer passes through in making choices about which products and services to buy.

The purchase decision process is the stages a buyer passes through in making choices about which products and services to buy.

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Evaluative Criteria

Evaluative criteria are the factors which represent both the objective attributes of a brand and the subjective ones a consumer uses to compare different products and brands.

Evaluative criteria are the factors which represent both the objective attributes of a brand and the subjective ones a consumer uses to compare different products and brands.

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Consideration Set

A consideration set is the group of brands that a consumer would consider acceptable from among all the brands in the product class of which he or she is aware.

A consideration set is the group of brands that a consumer would consider acceptable from among all the brands in the product class of which he or she is aware.

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Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of postpurchase psychological tension or anxiety consumers may experience when faced with two or more highly attractive alternatives.

Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of postpurchase psychological tension or anxiety consumers may experience when faced with two or more highly attractive alternatives.

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Involvement

Involvement consists of the personal, social, and economic significance of the purchase to the consumer.

Involvement consists of the personal, social, and economic significance of the purchase to the consumer.

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Situational Influences

Situational influences consist of the five aspects of the purchase situation that impacts the consumer’s purchase decision process: (1) the purchase task, (2) social surroundings, (3) physical surroundings, (4) temporal effects, and (5) antecedent states.

Situational influences consist of the five aspects of the purchase situation that impacts the consumer’s purchase decision process: (1) the purchase task, (2) social surroundings, (3) physical surroundings, (4) temporal effects, and (5) antecedent states.

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Motivation

Motivation is the energizing force that stimulates behavior to satisfy a need.Motivation is the energizing force that stimulates behavior to satisfy a need.

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Personality

Personality refers to a person’s consistent behaviors or responses to recurring situations.

Personality refers to a person’s consistent behaviors or responses to recurring situations.

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Self-Concept

Self-concept is the way people see themselves and the way they believe otherssee them.

Self-concept is the way people see themselves and the way they believe otherssee them.

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Perception

Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world.

Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information to create a meaningful picture of the world.

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Subliminal Perception

Subliminal perception is seeing or hearing messages without being awareof them.

Subliminal perception is seeing or hearing messages without being awareof them.

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Perceived Risk

Perceived risk represents the anxieties felt because the consumer cannot anticipate the outcomes of a purchasebut believes that there may be negative consequences.

Perceived risk represents the anxieties felt because the consumer cannot anticipate the outcomes of a purchasebut believes that there may be negative consequences.

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Learning

Learning refers to those behaviors that result from (1) repeated experience and (2) reasoning.

Learning refers to those behaviors that result from (1) repeated experience and (2) reasoning.

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Brand Loyalty

Brand loyalty is a favorable attitude toward and consistent purchase of asingle brand over time.

Brand loyalty is a favorable attitude toward and consistent purchase of asingle brand over time.

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Attitude

An attitude is a “learned predisposition to respond to an object or class of objects in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way.”

An attitude is a “learned predisposition to respond to an object or class of objects in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way.”

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Beliefs

Beliefs are a consumer’s subjective perception of how a product or brand performs on different attributes based on personal experience, advertising, and discussions with other people.

Beliefs are a consumer’s subjective perception of how a product or brand performs on different attributes based on personal experience, advertising, and discussions with other people.

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Lifestyle is a mode of living that is identified by how people spend their time and resources, what they consider important in their environment, and what they think of themselves and the world around them.

Lifestyle is a mode of living that is identified by how people spend their time and resources, what they consider important in their environment, and what they think of themselves and the world around them.

Lifestyle

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Opinion leaders are individuals who exert direct or indirect social influence over others.

Opinion leaders are individuals who exert direct or indirect social influence over others.

Opinion Leaders

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Word of mouth is the influencing of people during conversations.Word of mouth is the influencing of people during conversations.

Word of Mouth

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Reference groups are people to whoman individual looks as a basis forself-appraisal or as a source of personal standards.

Reference groups are people to whoman individual looks as a basis forself-appraisal or as a source of personal standards.

Reference Groups

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Consumer socialization is the processby which people acquire the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to function as consumers.

Consumer socialization is the processby which people acquire the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to function as consumers.

Consumer Socialization

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The family life cycle describes the distinct phases that a family progresses through from formation to retirement, each phase bringing with it identifiable purchasing behaviors.

The family life cycle describes the distinct phases that a family progresses through from formation to retirement, each phase bringing with it identifiable purchasing behaviors.

Family Life Cycle

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Social class is the relatively permanent, homogeneous divisions in a society into which people sharing similar values, interests, and behavior can be grouped.

Social class is the relatively permanent, homogeneous divisions in a society into which people sharing similar values, interests, and behavior can be grouped.

Social Class

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Subcultures are subgroups within the larger, or national, culture with unique values, ideas, and attitudes.

Subcultures are subgroups within the larger, or national, culture with unique values, ideas, and attitudes.

Subcultures

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Business Marketing

Business marketing is the marketingof goods and services to companies, governments, or not-for-profit organizations for use in the creation of goods and services that they can produce and market to others.

Business marketing is the marketingof goods and services to companies, governments, or not-for-profit organizations for use in the creation of goods and services that they can produce and market to others.

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Organizational Buyers

Organizational buyers are those manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and government agencies that buy goods and services for their own use or for resale.

Organizational buyers are those manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and government agencies that buy goods and services for their own use or for resale.

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Industrial Firms

Industrial firms are organizational buyers that in some way reprocesses a product or service they buy before selling it again to the next buyer.

Industrial firms are organizational buyers that in some way reprocesses a product or service they buy before selling it again to the next buyer.

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Resellers

Resellers are wholesalers and retailers that buy physical products and resell them again without any processing.

Resellers are wholesalers and retailers that buy physical products and resell them again without any processing.

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Government Units

Government units are the federal, state, and local agencies that buy goods and services for the constituents they serve.

Government units are the federal, state, and local agencies that buy goods and services for the constituents they serve.

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North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

The NAICS provides common industry definitions for Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which makes easier the measurement of economic activity in the three member countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

The NAICS provides common industry definitions for Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which makes easier the measurement of economic activity in the three member countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

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Derived Demand

Derived demand means the demandfor industrial products and services is driven by, or derived from, demand for consumer products and services.

Derived demand means the demandfor industrial products and services is driven by, or derived from, demand for consumer products and services.

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Organizational Buying Criteria

Organizational buying criteria arethe objective attributes of the supplier’s products and services and the capabilities of the supplier itself.

Organizational buying criteria arethe objective attributes of the supplier’s products and services and the capabilities of the supplier itself.

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ISO 9000

ISO 9000 consists of standards for registration and certification of a manufacturer’s quality managementand assurance system based on anon-site audit of practices and procedures developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

ISO 9000 consists of standards for registration and certification of a manufacturer’s quality managementand assurance system based on anon-site audit of practices and procedures developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

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Reverse Marketing

Reverse marketing involves the deliberate effort by organizational buyers to build relationships that shape suppliers’ products, services, and capabilities to fit a buyer’s needs and those of its customers.

Reverse marketing involves the deliberate effort by organizational buyers to build relationships that shape suppliers’ products, services, and capabilities to fit a buyer’s needs and those of its customers.

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Reciprocity

Reciprocity is an industrial buying practice in which two organizationsagree to purchase each other’s products and services.

Reciprocity is an industrial buying practice in which two organizationsagree to purchase each other’s products and services.

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Supply Partnership

A supply partnership exists when a buyer and its supplier adopt mutually beneficial objectives, policies, and procedures for the purpose of lowering the cost or increasing the value of products and services delivered to the ultimate consumer.

A supply partnership exists when a buyer and its supplier adopt mutually beneficial objectives, policies, and procedures for the purpose of lowering the cost or increasing the value of products and services delivered to the ultimate consumer.

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Buying Center

A buying center is the group of peoplein an organization who participate in the buying process and share common goals, risks, and knowledge important to a purchase decision.

A buying center is the group of peoplein an organization who participate in the buying process and share common goals, risks, and knowledge important to a purchase decision.

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Buy Classes

Buy classes consist of three typesof buying situations: straight rebuy; modified rebuy; and new buy.

Buy classes consist of three typesof buying situations: straight rebuy; modified rebuy; and new buy.

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Organizational Buying Behavior

Organizational buying behavior isthe decision-making process that organizations use to establish the needfor products and services and identify, evaluate, and choose among alternative brands and suppliers.

Organizational buying behavior isthe decision-making process that organizations use to establish the needfor products and services and identify, evaluate, and choose among alternative brands and suppliers.

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Make-Buy Decision

A make-buy decision is an evaluation of whether components and assemblies will be purchased from outside suppliers or built by the company itself.

A make-buy decision is an evaluation of whether components and assemblies will be purchased from outside suppliers or built by the company itself.

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Value Analysis

Value analysis is a systematic appraisal of the design, quality, and performance of a product to reduce purchasing costs.

Value analysis is a systematic appraisal of the design, quality, and performance of a product to reduce purchasing costs.

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Bidder’s List

A bidder’s list is a list of firms believed to be qualified to supply a given item.A bidder’s list is a list of firms believed to be qualified to supply a given item.

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E-marketplaces are online trading communities that bring together buyers and supplier organizations to make possible the real time exchange of information, money, products, and services.

E-marketplaces are online trading communities that bring together buyers and supplier organizations to make possible the real time exchange of information, money, products, and services.

E-Marketplaces

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A traditional auction is an online auction in which a seller puts an item up for sale and would-be buyers are invited to bid in competition with each other.

A traditional auction is an online auction in which a seller puts an item up for sale and would-be buyers are invited to bid in competition with each other.

Traditional Auction

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A reverse auction is an online auction in which a buyer communicates a need for a product or service and would-be suppliers are invited to bid in competition with each other.

A reverse auction is an online auction in which a buyer communicates a need for a product or service and would-be suppliers are invited to bid in competition with each other.

Reverse Auction

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Countertrade

Countertrade is the practice of using barter rather than money for making global sales.

Countertrade is the practice of using barter rather than money for making global sales.

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Gross Domestic Product

Gross domestic product is the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country during one year.

Gross domestic product is the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country during one year.

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Balance of Trade

Balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of a nation’s exports and imports.

Balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of a nation’s exports and imports.

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Economic Espionage Act (1996)

The Economic Espionage Act (1996) isa law that makes the theft of trade secrets by foreign entities a federal crime in the United States.

The Economic Espionage Act (1996) isa law that makes the theft of trade secrets by foreign entities a federal crime in the United States.

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Protectionism

Protectionism is the practice of shielding one or more industries within a country’s economy from foreign competition through the use of tariffs or quotas.

Protectionism is the practice of shielding one or more industries within a country’s economy from foreign competition through the use of tariffs or quotas.

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Tariffs

Tariffs are a government tax on goodsor services entering a country, primarily serving to raise prices on imports.

Tariffs are a government tax on goodsor services entering a country, primarily serving to raise prices on imports.

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Quota

A quota is a restriction placed on the amount of of a product allowed to enteror leave a country.

A quota is a restriction placed on the amount of of a product allowed to enteror leave a country.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a permanent institution that sets rules governing trade between its members through panels of trade experts who decide on trade disputes between members and issue binding decisions.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a permanent institution that sets rules governing trade between its members through panels of trade experts who decide on trade disputes between members and issue binding decisions.

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Global Competition

Global competition exists when firms originate, produce, and market their products and services worldwide.

Global competition exists when firms originate, produce, and market their products and services worldwide.

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Strategic Alliances

Strategic alliances are agreements among two or more independent firmsto cooperate for the purpose of achieving common goals.

Strategic alliances are agreements among two or more independent firmsto cooperate for the purpose of achieving common goals.

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Multidomestic Marketing Strategy

A multidomestic marketing strategy is used by multinational firms that have as many different product variations, brand names, and advertising programs as countries in which they do business.

A multidomestic marketing strategy is used by multinational firms that have as many different product variations, brand names, and advertising programs as countries in which they do business.

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Global Marketing Strategy

A global marketing strategy is usedby transnational firms that employ the practice of standardizing marketing activities when there are cultural similarities and adapting them when cultures differ.

A global marketing strategy is usedby transnational firms that employ the practice of standardizing marketing activities when there are cultural similarities and adapting them when cultures differ.

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Global Brand

A global brand is a brand marketedunder the same name in multiple countries with similar and centrally coordinated marketing programs.

A global brand is a brand marketedunder the same name in multiple countries with similar and centrally coordinated marketing programs.

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Global Consumers

Global consumers consist of customer groups living in many different countries or regions of the world who have similar needs or seek similar features and benefits from products or services.

Global consumers consist of customer groups living in many different countries or regions of the world who have similar needs or seek similar features and benefits from products or services.

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Cross-Cultural Analysis

Cross-cultural analysis involves the study of similarities and differences among consumers in two or more nations or societies.

Cross-cultural analysis involves the study of similarities and differences among consumers in two or more nations or societies.

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Values

Values is a society’s personally or socially preferable modes of conductor states of existence that tend to persist over time.

Values is a society’s personally or socially preferable modes of conductor states of existence that tend to persist over time.

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Customs

Customs are what is considered normal and expected about the way people do things in a specific country.

Customs are what is considered normal and expected about the way people do things in a specific country.

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The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) is a law, amended by the International Anti-Dumping and Fair Competition Act (1998), that makes it a crime for U.S. corporations to bribe an official of a foreign government or political party to obtain or retain businessin a foreign country.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) is a law, amended by the International Anti-Dumping and Fair Competition Act (1998), that makes it a crime for U.S. corporations to bribe an official of a foreign government or political party to obtain or retain businessin a foreign country.

Foreign Corrupt PracticesAct (1977)

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Cultural symbols are things that represent ideas or concepts.Cultural symbols are things that represent ideas or concepts.

Cultural Symbols

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Semiotics are a field of study that examines the correspondence between symbols and their role in the assignment of meaning for people.

Semiotics are a field of study that examines the correspondence between symbols and their role in the assignment of meaning for people.

Semiotics

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Back translation is when a translated word or phrase is retranslated into the original language by a different interpreter to catch errors.

Back translation is when a translated word or phrase is retranslated into the original language by a different interpreter to catch errors.

Back Translation

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Consumer ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that it is inappropriate, indeed immoral, to purchase foreign-made products.

Consumer ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that it is inappropriate, indeed immoral, to purchase foreign-made products.

Consumer Ethnocentrism

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A currency exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency expressed in terms of another country’s currency.

A currency exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency expressed in terms of another country’s currency.

Currency Exchange Rate

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Exporting is producing goods in one country and selling them in another country.

Exporting is producing goods in one country and selling them in another country.

Exporting

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A joint venture is when a foreign country and a local firm invest together to create a local business.

A joint venture is when a foreign country and a local firm invest together to create a local business.

Joint Venture

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Direct investment entails a domestic firm actually investing in and owning a foreign subsidiary or division.

Direct investment entails a domestic firm actually investing in and owning a foreign subsidiary or division.

Direct Investment

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Dumping is when a firm sells a product in a foreign country below its domestic price or below its actual cost.

Dumping is when a firm sells a product in a foreign country below its domestic price or below its actual cost.

Dumping

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A gray market is a situation where products are sold through unauthorized channels of distribution. Also called parallel importing.

A gray market is a situation where products are sold through unauthorized channels of distribution. Also called parallel importing.

Gray Market

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Marketing Research

Marketing research is the processof defining a marketing problem and opportunity, systematically collectingand analyzing information, and recommending actions.

Marketing research is the processof defining a marketing problem and opportunity, systematically collectingand analyzing information, and recommending actions.

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Decision

A decision is a conscious choice from among two or more alternatives.A decision is a conscious choice from among two or more alternatives.

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Measures of Success

Measures of success are criteria or standards used in evaluating proposed solutions to a problem.

Measures of success are criteria or standards used in evaluating proposed solutions to a problem.

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Constraints

Constraints in a decision are the restrictions placed on potential solutions to a problem.

Constraints in a decision are the restrictions placed on potential solutions to a problem.

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Sampling

Sampling involves selecting representative elements from a population.

Sampling involves selecting representative elements from a population.

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Probability Sampling

Probability sampling involves using precise rules to select the sample such that each element of the population has a specific known chance of being selected.

Probability sampling involves using precise rules to select the sample such that each element of the population has a specific known chance of being selected.

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Nonprobability Sampling

Nonprobability sampling involves using arbitrary judgments to select the sample so that the chance of selecting a particular element may be unknown or 0.

Nonprobability sampling involves using arbitrary judgments to select the sample so that the chance of selecting a particular element may be unknown or 0.

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Statistical Inference

Statistical inference involves drawing conclusions about a population from a sample taken from that population.

Statistical inference involves drawing conclusions about a population from a sample taken from that population.

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Data

Data are the facts and figures relatedto the problem, and are divided into two main parts: secondary data and primary data.

Data are the facts and figures relatedto the problem, and are divided into two main parts: secondary data and primary data.

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Secondary Data

Secondary data are facts and figuresthat have already been recorded before the project at hand.

Secondary data are facts and figuresthat have already been recorded before the project at hand.

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Primary Data

Primary data are facts and figuresthat are newly collected for the project.Primary data are facts and figuresthat are newly collected for the project.

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Observational Data

Observational data are the facts and figures obtained by watching, either mechanically or in person, how people actually behave.

Observational data are the facts and figures obtained by watching, either mechanically or in person, how people actually behave.

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Questionnaire Data

Questionnaire data are the facts and figures obtained by asking people about their attitudes, awareness, intentions, and behaviors.

Questionnaire data are the facts and figures obtained by asking people about their attitudes, awareness, intentions, and behaviors.

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Information Technology

Information technology involves a computer and communication system to satisfy an organization’s needs for data storage, processing, and access.

Information technology involves a computer and communication system to satisfy an organization’s needs for data storage, processing, and access.

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Data Mining

Data mining is the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases.

Data mining is the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases.

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Market Segments

Market segments are the relatively homogeneous groups of prospective buyers that result from the market segmentation process.

Market segments are the relatively homogeneous groups of prospective buyers that result from the market segmentation process.

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Product Differentiation

Product differentiation is a strategythat involves a firm’s using different marketing mix activities to help consumers perceive the product asbeing different and better thancompeting products.

Product differentiation is a strategythat involves a firm’s using different marketing mix activities to help consumers perceive the product asbeing different and better thancompeting products.

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Market-Product Grid

A market-product grid is a framework to relate the market segments of potential buyers to products offered or potential marketing actions by the firm.

A market-product grid is a framework to relate the market segments of potential buyers to products offered or potential marketing actions by the firm.

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Synergy

Synergy is the increased customer value achieved through performing organizational functions more efficiently.

Synergy is the increased customer value achieved through performing organizational functions more efficiently.

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Usage Rate

Usage rate is the quantity consumed or patronage (store visits) during a specific period of time.

Usage rate is the quantity consumed or patronage (store visits) during a specific period of time.

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80/20 Rule

The 80/20 rule is a concept that suggests 80 percent of a firm’s sales are obtained from 20 percent of its customers.

The 80/20 rule is a concept that suggests 80 percent of a firm’s sales are obtained from 20 percent of its customers.

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Product Positioning

Product positioning refers to the place an offering occupies in consumers’ minds on important attributes relative to competitive products.

Product positioning refers to the place an offering occupies in consumers’ minds on important attributes relative to competitive products.

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Product Repositioning

Product repositioning involveschanging the place an offeringoccupies in a consumer’s mindrelative to competitive products.

Product repositioning involveschanging the place an offeringoccupies in a consumer’s mindrelative to competitive products.

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Perceptual Map

A perceptual map is a means of displaying or graphing in two dimensions the location of products or brands in the minds of consumers to enable a manager to see how consumers perceive competing products or brands relative to its own and then take marketing actions.

A perceptual map is a means of displaying or graphing in two dimensions the location of products or brands in the minds of consumers to enable a manager to see how consumers perceive competing products or brands relative to its own and then take marketing actions.

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Market Potential

Market potential is the maximum total sales of a product by all firms to a segment during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and marketing efforts of the firm. Also called industry potential.

Market potential is the maximum total sales of a product by all firms to a segment during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and marketing efforts of the firm. Also called industry potential.

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Industry Potential

Industry potential is the maximum total sales of a product by all firms to a segment during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and marketing efforts of the firm. Also called market potential.

Industry potential is the maximum total sales of a product by all firms to a segment during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and marketing efforts of the firm. Also called market potential.

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Sales Forecast

A sales forecast refers to the total sales of a product that a firm expects to sell during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and its own marketing efforts. Also called company forecast.

A sales forecast refers to the total sales of a product that a firm expects to sell during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and its own marketing efforts. Also called company forecast.

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Company Forecast

A company forecast refers to the total sales of a product that a firm expects to sell during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and its own marketing efforts. Also called sales forecast.

A company forecast refers to the total sales of a product that a firm expects to sell during a specified time period under specified environmental conditions and its own marketing efforts. Also called sales forecast.

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Direct Forecast

A direct forecast involves estimating the value to be forecast without any intervening steps.

A direct forecast involves estimating the value to be forecast without any intervening steps.

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Lost-Horse Forecast

A lost-horse forecast involves making a forecast using the last known value and modifying it according to positive or negative factors expected in the future.

A lost-horse forecast involves making a forecast using the last known value and modifying it according to positive or negative factors expected in the future.

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Survey ofBuyers’ Intentions Forecast

A survey of buyers’ intentions forecast involves asking prospective customers if they are likely to buy the product during some future time period.

A survey of buyers’ intentions forecast involves asking prospective customers if they are likely to buy the product during some future time period.

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Salesforce Survey Forecast

A salesforce survey forecast involves asking the firm’s salespeople to estimate sales during a coming period.

A salesforce survey forecast involves asking the firm’s salespeople to estimate sales during a coming period.

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Trend Extrapolation

Trend extrapolation involves extending a pattern observed in past data into the future.

Trend extrapolation involves extending a pattern observed in past data into the future.

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Linear Trend Extrapolation

Linear trend extrapolation involves using a straight line to extend a pattern observed in past data into the future.

Linear trend extrapolation involves using a straight line to extend a pattern observed in past data into the future.

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Product

A product is a good, service, or idea consisting of a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes that satisfies consumers and is received in exchange for money or some other unit of value.

A product is a good, service, or idea consisting of a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes that satisfies consumers and is received in exchange for money or some other unit of value.

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Product Line

A product line is a group of productsthat are closely related because they satisfy a class of needs, are used together, are sold to the same customer group, are distributed through the same type of outlets, or fall within a given price range.

A product line is a group of productsthat are closely related because they satisfy a class of needs, are used together, are sold to the same customer group, are distributed through the same type of outlets, or fall within a given price range.

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Product Mix

The product mix is the number of product lines offered by a company.The product mix is the number of product lines offered by a company.

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Consumer Goods

Consumer goods are products purchased by the ultimate consumer.Consumer goods are products purchased by the ultimate consumer.

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Business Goods

Business goods are products that assist directly or indirectly in providing products for resale. Also called as B2B goods, industrial goods, or organizational goods.

Business goods are products that assist directly or indirectly in providing products for resale. Also called as B2B goods, industrial goods, or organizational goods.

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Convenience Goods

Convenience goods are items thatthe consumer purchases frequently, conveniently, and with a minimumof shopping effort.

Convenience goods are items thatthe consumer purchases frequently, conveniently, and with a minimumof shopping effort.

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Shopping Goods

Shopping goods are items for which the consumer compares several alternatives on criteria, such as price, quality, or style.

Shopping goods are items for which the consumer compares several alternatives on criteria, such as price, quality, or style.

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Specialty Goods

Specialty goods are items that a consumer makes a special effort tosearch out and buy.

Specialty goods are items that a consumer makes a special effort tosearch out and buy.

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Unsought Goods

Unsought goods are items that the consumer either does not know about or knows about but does not initially want.

Unsought goods are items that the consumer either does not know about or knows about but does not initially want.

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Production Goods

Production goods are items used in the manufacturing process that become part of the final product.

Production goods are items used in the manufacturing process that become part of the final product.

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Support Goods

Support goods are items used to assist in producing other goods and services.Support goods are items used to assist in producing other goods and services.

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Protocol

A protocol is a statement that, before product development begins, identifies: (1) a well-defined target market;(2) specific customers’ needs, wants,and preferences; and (3) what theproduct will be and do.

A protocol is a statement that, before product development begins, identifies: (1) a well-defined target market;(2) specific customers’ needs, wants,and preferences; and (3) what theproduct will be and do.

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New-Product Process

The new-product process consists of seven stages a firm goes through to identify business opportunities and convert them to a salable good or service.

The new-product process consists of seven stages a firm goes through to identify business opportunities and convert them to a salable good or service.

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New-Product Strategy Development

New-product strategy development is the stage of the new-product process that defines the role for a new product in terms of the firm’s overall corporate objectives.

New-product strategy development is the stage of the new-product process that defines the role for a new product in terms of the firm’s overall corporate objectives.

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Six Sigma

Six Sigma is a means to “delight the customer” by achieving quality througha highly disciplined process to focus on developing and delivering near-perfect products and services.

Six Sigma is a means to “delight the customer” by achieving quality througha highly disciplined process to focus on developing and delivering near-perfect products and services.

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Idea Generation

Idea generation is the stage of the new-product process that involves developing a pool of concepts as candidates for new products.

Idea generation is the stage of the new-product process that involves developing a pool of concepts as candidates for new products.

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Screening and Evaluation

Screening and evaluation is the stageof the new-product process that involves internal and external evaluations of the new-product ideas to eliminate thosethat warrant no further effort.

Screening and evaluation is the stageof the new-product process that involves internal and external evaluations of the new-product ideas to eliminate thosethat warrant no further effort.

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Business Analysis

Business analysis is the stage of thenew-product process that involves specifying the product features and marketing strategy and makingnecessary financial projections neededto commercialize a product.

Business analysis is the stage of thenew-product process that involves specifying the product features and marketing strategy and makingnecessary financial projections neededto commercialize a product.

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Development

Development is the stage of the new-product process that involves turningthe idea on paper into a prototype.

Development is the stage of the new-product process that involves turningthe idea on paper into a prototype.

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Market Testing

Market testing is the stage of thenew-product process that involves exposing actual products to prospective consumers under realistic purchase conditions to see if they will buy.

Market testing is the stage of thenew-product process that involves exposing actual products to prospective consumers under realistic purchase conditions to see if they will buy.

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Commercialization

Commercialization is the stage of the new-product process that involves positioning and launching a new product in full-scale production and sales.

Commercialization is the stage of the new-product process that involves positioning and launching a new product in full-scale production and sales.

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Slotting Fee

A slotting fee is a payment a manufacturer makes to place anew item on a retailer’s shelf.

A slotting fee is a payment a manufacturer makes to place anew item on a retailer’s shelf.

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Failure Fee

A failure fee is a penalty payment a manufacturer makes to compensate a retailer for sales its valuable shelf space failed to make.

A failure fee is a penalty payment a manufacturer makes to compensate a retailer for sales its valuable shelf space failed to make.

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Product Life Cycle

The product life cycle describes the stages a new product goes through in the marketplace: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.

The product life cycle describes the stages a new product goes through in the marketplace: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.

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Product Class

A product class is the entire product category or industry.A product class is the entire product category or industry.

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Product Form

The product form pertains to variations of a product within the product class.The product form pertains to variations of a product within the product class.

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Product Modification

Product modification involves alteringa product’s characteristic, such as its quality, performance, or appearance, to try to increase the product’s sales.

Product modification involves alteringa product’s characteristic, such as its quality, performance, or appearance, to try to increase the product’s sales.

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Market Modification

Market modification is a strategy in which a company tries to find new customers, increase a product’s use among existing customers, or createnew use situations.

Market modification is a strategy in which a company tries to find new customers, increase a product’s use among existing customers, or createnew use situations.

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Trading Up

Trading up involves adding value toa product (or line) through additional features or higher-quality materials.

Trading up involves adding value toa product (or line) through additional features or higher-quality materials.

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Trading Down

Trading down involves reducing the number of features, quality, or price.Trading down involves reducing the number of features, quality, or price.

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Downsizing

Downsizing involves reducing the content of packages without changing package size and maintaining or increasing the package price.

Downsizing involves reducing the content of packages without changing package size and maintaining or increasing the package price.

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Branding

Branding is a basic decision in marketing products in which an organization uses a name, phrase, design, or symbols, or combination of these to identify its products and distinguish them from those of competitors.

Branding is a basic decision in marketing products in which an organization uses a name, phrase, design, or symbols, or combination of these to identify its products and distinguish them from those of competitors.

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Brand Name

A brand name is any word, device (design, shape, sound, or color), or combination of these used to distinguish a seller’s goods or services.

A brand name is any word, device (design, shape, sound, or color), or combination of these used to distinguish a seller’s goods or services.

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Trade Name

A trade name is a commercial, legal name under which a company does business.

A trade name is a commercial, legal name under which a company does business.

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Trademark

A trademark identifies that a firm has legally registered its brand name or trade name so the firm has its exclusive use, thereby preventing others from using it.

A trademark identifies that a firm has legally registered its brand name or trade name so the firm has its exclusive use, thereby preventing others from using it.

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Brand Personality

A brand personality is a set of human characteristics associated with a brand name.

A brand personality is a set of human characteristics associated with a brand name.

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Brand Equity

Brand equity is the added value a given brand name gives to a product beyond the functional benefits provided.

Brand equity is the added value a given brand name gives to a product beyond the functional benefits provided.

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Brand Licensing

Brand licensing is a contractual agreement whereby one company (licensor) allows its brand name(s) or trademark(s) to be used with products or services offered by another company (licensee) for a royalty or fee.

Brand licensing is a contractual agreement whereby one company (licensor) allows its brand name(s) or trademark(s) to be used with products or services offered by another company (licensee) for a royalty or fee.

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Multiproduct Branding

Multiproduct branding is a branding strategy in which a company uses one name for all its products in a product class.

Multiproduct branding is a branding strategy in which a company uses one name for all its products in a product class.

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Co-Branding

Co-branding is a branding strategy that involves the practice of the pairing of two brand names of two manufacturers on a single product.

Co-branding is a branding strategy that involves the practice of the pairing of two brand names of two manufacturers on a single product.

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Multibranding

Multibranding is a branding strategy that involves giving each product a distinct name when each brand is intended for a different market segment.

Multibranding is a branding strategy that involves giving each product a distinct name when each brand is intended for a different market segment.

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Private Branding

Private branding is a branding strategy used when a company manufactures products but sells them under the brand name of a wholesaler or retailer. Also called private labeling or reseller branding.

Private branding is a branding strategy used when a company manufactures products but sells them under the brand name of a wholesaler or retailer. Also called private labeling or reseller branding.

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Mixed Branding

Mixed branding is a branding strategy where a firm markets products under its own name(s) and that of a reseller because the segment attracted to the reseller is different from its own market.

Mixed branding is a branding strategy where a firm markets products under its own name(s) and that of a reseller because the segment attracted to the reseller is different from its own market.

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Packaging

Packaging is a component of a product that refers to any container in which it is offered for sale and on which label information is conveyed.

Packaging is a component of a product that refers to any container in which it is offered for sale and on which label information is conveyed.

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Label

A label is an integral part of the package that typically identifies the product or brand, who made it, where and when it was made, how it is to be used, and package contents and ingredients.

A label is an integral part of the package that typically identifies the product or brand, who made it, where and when it was made, how it is to be used, and package contents and ingredients.

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Warranty

A warranty is a statement indicating the liability of the manufacturer for product deficiencies.

A warranty is a statement indicating the liability of the manufacturer for product deficiencies.

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Services

Services are intangible activities or benefits that an organization providesto consumers in exchange money or something else of value.

Services are intangible activities or benefits that an organization providesto consumers in exchange money or something else of value.

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Four I’s of Service

The four I’s of service are the four unique elements to services: intangibility, inconsistency, inseparability, and inventory.

The four I’s of service are the four unique elements to services: intangibility, inconsistency, inseparability, and inventory.

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Idle Production Capacity

Idle production capacity occurs when the service provider is available but there is no demand.

Idle production capacity occurs when the service provider is available but there is no demand.

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Service Continuum

The service continuum is a range from the tangible to the intangible or good-dominant to service-dominant offerings available in the marketplace.

The service continuum is a range from the tangible to the intangible or good-dominant to service-dominant offerings available in the marketplace.

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Gap Analysis

Gap analysis is a type of analysis that identifies the differences between a consumer’s expectations about and experiences with a service based on dimensions of service quality.

Gap analysis is a type of analysis that identifies the differences between a consumer’s expectations about and experiences with a service based on dimensions of service quality.

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Customer Contact Audit

A customer contact audit is a flowchart of the points of interaction between a consumer and a service provider.

A customer contact audit is a flowchart of the points of interaction between a consumer and a service provider.

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Internal Marketing

Internal marketing is the notion thata service organization must focus on its employees, or internal market, before successful programs can be directed at customers.

Internal marketing is the notion thata service organization must focus on its employees, or internal market, before successful programs can be directed at customers.

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Capacity Management

Capacity management involves integrating the service component of the marketing mix with efforts to influence consumer demand.

Capacity management involves integrating the service component of the marketing mix with efforts to influence consumer demand.

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Off-Peak Pricing

Off-peak pricing consists of charging different prices during different timesof the day or days of the week to reflect variations in demand for the service.

Off-peak pricing consists of charging different prices during different timesof the day or days of the week to reflect variations in demand for the service.

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Price (P)

Price (P) is the money or other considerations (including other goods and services) exchanged for the ownership or use of a good or service.

Price (P) is the money or other considerations (including other goods and services) exchanged for the ownership or use of a good or service.

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Barter

Barter is the practice of exchanging goods and services for other goods and services rather than for money.

Barter is the practice of exchanging goods and services for other goods and services rather than for money.

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Value

Value is the ratio of perceived benefitsto price; or Value = (Perceived benefits divided by Price).

Value is the ratio of perceived benefitsto price; or Value = (Perceived benefits divided by Price).

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Value-Pricing

Value-pricing is the practice of simultaneously increasing product and service benefits while maintaining or decreasing price.

Value-pricing is the practice of simultaneously increasing product and service benefits while maintaining or decreasing price.

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Profit Equation

A firm’s profit equation is as follows: Profit = Total revenue − Total cost; or Profit = (Unit price × Quantity sold)− Total cost.

A firm’s profit equation is as follows: Profit = Total revenue − Total cost; or Profit = (Unit price × Quantity sold)− Total cost.

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Pricing Objectives

Pricing objectives involve specifyingthe role of price in an organization’s marketing and strategic plans.

Pricing objectives involve specifyingthe role of price in an organization’s marketing and strategic plans.

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Pricing Constraints

Pricing constraints involve factors that limit the range of prices a firm may set.Pricing constraints involve factors that limit the range of prices a firm may set.

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Demand Curve

A demand curve is a graph relating the quantity sold and price, which shows the maximum number of units that will be sold at a given price.

A demand curve is a graph relating the quantity sold and price, which shows the maximum number of units that will be sold at a given price.

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Demand Factors

Demand factors are factors that determine consumers’ willingness and ability to pay for goods and services.

Demand factors are factors that determine consumers’ willingness and ability to pay for goods and services.

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Total Revenue (TR)

Total revenue (TR) is the total money received from the sale of a product.Total revenue (TR) = unit price (P)× the quantity sold (Q) or TR = P × Q.

Total revenue (TR) is the total money received from the sale of a product.Total revenue (TR) = unit price (P)× the quantity sold (Q) or TR = P × Q.

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Average Revenue (AR)

Average revenue (AR) is the average amount of money received for sellingone unit of a product, or simply theprice of that unit.

Average revenue (AR) is the average amount of money received for sellingone unit of a product, or simply theprice of that unit.

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Marginal Revenue (MR)

Marginal revenue (MR) is the change in total revenue that results from producing and marketing one additional unit.

Marginal revenue (MR) is the change in total revenue that results from producing and marketing one additional unit.

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Price Elasticity of Demand

Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded relative to a percentage change in price.

Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded relative to a percentage change in price.

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Total Cost (TC)

Total cost (TC) is the total expense incurred by a firm in producing and marketing a product. Total cost (TC) equals the sum of fixed cost (FC) and variable cost (VC) or TC = FC + VC.

Total cost (TC) is the total expense incurred by a firm in producing and marketing a product. Total cost (TC) equals the sum of fixed cost (FC) and variable cost (VC) or TC = FC + VC.

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Fixed Cost (FC)

Fixed cost (FC) is the sum of the expenses of the firm that are stableand do not change with the quantityof a product that is produced and sold.

Fixed cost (FC) is the sum of the expenses of the firm that are stableand do not change with the quantityof a product that is produced and sold.

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Variable Cost (VC)

Variable cost (VC) is the sum of the expenses of the firm that vary directly with the quantity of a product that is produced and sold.

Variable cost (VC) is the sum of the expenses of the firm that vary directly with the quantity of a product that is produced and sold.

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Unit Variable Cost (UVC)

Unit variable cost (UVC) is variable cost expressed on a per unit basis.Unit variable cost (UVC) is variable cost expressed on a per unit basis.

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Marginal Cost (MC)

Marginal cost (MC) is the change in total cost that results from producingand marketing one additional unit of a product.

Marginal cost (MC) is the change in total cost that results from producingand marketing one additional unit of a product.

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Marginal Analysis

Marginal analysis is a continuing, concise trade-off of incremental costs against incremental revenues.

Marginal analysis is a continuing, concise trade-off of incremental costs against incremental revenues.

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Break-Even Analysis

Break-even analysis is a technique that analyzes the relationship between total revenue and total cost to determine profitability at various levels of output.

Break-even analysis is a technique that analyzes the relationship between total revenue and total cost to determine profitability at various levels of output.

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Break-Even Point (BEP)

Break-even point (BEP) is the quantity at which total revenue and total cost are equal or BEP = (FC ÷ (P−UVC)).

Break-even point (BEP) is the quantity at which total revenue and total cost are equal or BEP = (FC ÷ (P−UVC)).

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Break-Even Chart

Break-even chart is a graphic presentation of the break-even analysis that shows when total revenue and total cost intersect to identify profit or lossfor a given quantity sold.

Break-even chart is a graphic presentation of the break-even analysis that shows when total revenue and total cost intersect to identify profit or lossfor a given quantity sold.

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Skimming Pricing

Skimming pricing involves setting the highest initial price that customers really desiring the product are willing to pay.

Skimming pricing involves setting the highest initial price that customers really desiring the product are willing to pay.

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Penetration Pricing

Penetration pricing involves setting a low initial price on a new product to appeal immediately to the mass market.

Penetration pricing involves setting a low initial price on a new product to appeal immediately to the mass market.

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Prestige Pricing

Prestige pricing involves setting a high price so that quality- or status-conscious consumers will be attracted to the product and buy it.

Prestige pricing involves setting a high price so that quality- or status-conscious consumers will be attracted to the product and buy it.

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Price Lining

Price lining involves setting a the price of a line of products at a number of different specific pricing points.

Price lining involves setting a the price of a line of products at a number of different specific pricing points.

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Odd-Even Pricing

Odd-even pricing involves setting prices a few dollars or cents under an even number.Odd-even pricing involves setting prices a few dollars or cents under an even number.

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Target Pricing

Target pricing involves estimating the price that the ultimate consumer would be willing to pay for a product, working backward through markups taken by retailers and wholesalers to determine what price is charged to wholesalers, and then deliberately adjusting the composition and features of a product to achieve the target price to consumers.

Target pricing involves estimating the price that the ultimate consumer would be willing to pay for a product, working backward through markups taken by retailers and wholesalers to determine what price is charged to wholesalers, and then deliberately adjusting the composition and features of a product to achieve the target price to consumers.

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Bundle Pricing

Bundle pricing involves the marketing of two or more products in a single package price.

Bundle pricing involves the marketing of two or more products in a single package price.

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Yield Management Pricing

Yield management pricing involves the charging of different prices to maximize revenue for a set amount of capacity at any given time.

Yield management pricing involves the charging of different prices to maximize revenue for a set amount of capacity at any given time.

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Standard Markup Pricing

Standard markup pricing involves adding a fixed percentage to the cost of all items in a specific product class.

Standard markup pricing involves adding a fixed percentage to the cost of all items in a specific product class.

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Cost-Plus Pricing

Cost-plus pricing involves summing the total unit cost of providing a product or service and adding a specific amount to the cost to arrive at a price.

Cost-plus pricing involves summing the total unit cost of providing a product or service and adding a specific amount to the cost to arrive at a price.

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Experience Curve Pricing

Experience curve pricing is a method of pricing based on the learning effect, which holds that the unit cost of many products and services declines by 10 percent to 30 percent each time a firm’s experience at producing and selling them doubles.

Experience curve pricing is a method of pricing based on the learning effect, which holds that the unit cost of many products and services declines by 10 percent to 30 percent each time a firm’s experience at producing and selling them doubles.

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Target Profit Pricing

Target profit pricing involves setting an annual target of a specific dollar volume of profit.

Target profit pricing involves setting an annual target of a specific dollar volume of profit.

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Target Return-On-Sales Pricing

Target return-on-sales pricing involves setting a price to achieve a profit that is a specified percentage of the sales volume.

Target return-on-sales pricing involves setting a price to achieve a profit that is a specified percentage of the sales volume.

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Target Return-On-Investment Pricing

Target return-on-investment pricing involves setting a price to achieve an annual target return-on-investment (ROI).

Target return-on-investment pricing involves setting a price to achieve an annual target return-on-investment (ROI).

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Customary Pricing

Customary pricing involves setting a price that is dictated by tradition, a standardized channel of distribution,or other competitive factors.

Customary pricing involves setting a price that is dictated by tradition, a standardized channel of distribution,or other competitive factors.

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Above-, At-, or Below-Market Pricing

Above-, at-, or below-market pricing involves setting a market price for a product or product class based on a subjective feel for the competitors’ price or market price as the benchmark.

Above-, at-, or below-market pricing involves setting a market price for a product or product class based on a subjective feel for the competitors’ price or market price as the benchmark.

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Loss-Leader Pricing

Loss-leader pricing involves deliberately selling a product below its customary price, not to increase sales, but to attract customers’ attention in hopes that they will buy other products as well.

Loss-leader pricing involves deliberately selling a product below its customary price, not to increase sales, but to attract customers’ attention in hopes that they will buy other products as well.

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One-Price Policy

A one-price policy involves setting one price for all buyers of a product or service. Also called fixed pricing.

A one-price policy involves setting one price for all buyers of a product or service. Also called fixed pricing.

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Flexible-Price Policy

A flexible-price policy involves setting different prices for products and services depending on individual buyers and purchase situations. Also called dynamic pricing.

A flexible-price policy involves setting different prices for products and services depending on individual buyers and purchase situations. Also called dynamic pricing.

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Product Line Pricing

Product line pricing involves setting the price of a line of products at a number of different specific pricing points.

Product line pricing involves setting the price of a line of products at a number of different specific pricing points.

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Price War

A price war involves successive price cutting by competitors to increase or maintain their unit sales or market share.

A price war involves successive price cutting by competitors to increase or maintain their unit sales or market share.

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Quantity Discounts

Quantity discounts are reductions in unit costs for a larger order.Quantity discounts are reductions in unit costs for a larger order.

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Promotional Allowances

Promotional allowances are cash payments or extra amount of “free goods” awarded sellers in the channel of distribution for undertaking certain advertising or selling activities to promote a product.

Promotional allowances are cash payments or extra amount of “free goods” awarded sellers in the channel of distribution for undertaking certain advertising or selling activities to promote a product.

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Everyday Low Pricing

Everyday low pricing is the practice of replacing promotional allowances with lower manufacturer list prices.

Everyday low pricing is the practice of replacing promotional allowances with lower manufacturer list prices.

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FOB Origin Pricing

FOB origin pricing is the price the seller quotes that includes the cost of loading the product onto the vehicle. The seller names the location (factory or warehouse) where the loading is to occur. The buyer becomes responsible for picking the specific mode of transportation and paying for all transportation and handling costs.

FOB origin pricing is the price the seller quotes that includes the cost of loading the product onto the vehicle. The seller names the location (factory or warehouse) where the loading is to occur. The buyer becomes responsible for picking the specific mode of transportation and paying for all transportation and handling costs.

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Uniform Delivered Pricing

Uniform delivered pricing is the price the seller quotes includes all transportation costs.

Uniform delivered pricing is the price the seller quotes includes all transportation costs.

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Basing-Point Pricing

Basing-point pricing involves selecting one or more geographical locations (basing point) from which the list price for products plus freight expenses are charged to the buyer.

Basing-point pricing involves selecting one or more geographical locations (basing point) from which the list price for products plus freight expenses are charged to the buyer.

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Price Fixing

Price fixing involves a conspiracy among firms to set prices for a product.Price fixing involves a conspiracy among firms to set prices for a product.

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Price Discrimination

Price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices to different buyers for goods of like grade and quality.

Price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices to different buyers for goods of like grade and quality.

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Predatory Pricing

Predatory pricing is the practice of charging a very low price for a product with the intent of driving competitorsout of business.

Predatory pricing is the practice of charging a very low price for a product with the intent of driving competitorsout of business.

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Marketing Channel

A marketing channel consists of individuals and firms involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by consumers or industrial users.

A marketing channel consists of individuals and firms involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by consumers or industrial users.

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Direct Channel

A direct channel is a marketing channel where a producer and ultimate consumers deal directly with each other.

A direct channel is a marketing channel where a producer and ultimate consumers deal directly with each other.

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Indirect Channels

Indirect channels are marketing channels where intermediaries are inserted between the producer and consumers and perform numerous channel functions.

Indirect channels are marketing channels where intermediaries are inserted between the producer and consumers and perform numerous channel functions.

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Industrial Distributor

An industrial distributor is an intermediary that performs a variety of marketing channel functions, including selling, stocking, delivering a full product assortment, and financing.

An industrial distributor is an intermediary that performs a variety of marketing channel functions, including selling, stocking, delivering a full product assortment, and financing.

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Electronic Marketing Channels

Electronic marketing channels employ the Internet to make goods and services available for consumption or use by consumers or business buyers.

Electronic marketing channels employ the Internet to make goods and services available for consumption or use by consumers or business buyers.

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Direct Marketing Channels

Direct marketing channels allow consumers to buy products by interacting with various advertising media without a face-to-face meeting with a salesperson.

Direct marketing channels allow consumers to buy products by interacting with various advertising media without a face-to-face meeting with a salesperson.

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Dual Distribution

Dual distribution is an arrangement whereby a firm reaches different buyers by employing two or more different types of channels for the same basic product.

Dual distribution is an arrangement whereby a firm reaches different buyers by employing two or more different types of channels for the same basic product.

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Strategic Channel Alliances

Strategic channel alliances is a practice whereby one firm’s marketing channel is used to sell another firm’s products.

Strategic channel alliances is a practice whereby one firm’s marketing channel is used to sell another firm’s products.

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Merchant Wholesalers

Merchant wholesalers are independently owned firms that take title to the merchandise they handle.

Merchant wholesalers are independently owned firms that take title to the merchandise they handle.

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Manufacturer’s Agents

Manufacturer’s agents are agents who work for several producers and carry noncompetitive, complementary merchandise in an exclusive territory. Also called manufacturer’s representatives.

Manufacturer’s agents are agents who work for several producers and carry noncompetitive, complementary merchandise in an exclusive territory. Also called manufacturer’s representatives.

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Selling Agents

Selling agents are agents who representa single producer and are responsible for the entire marketing function of that producer.

Selling agents are agents who representa single producer and are responsible for the entire marketing function of that producer.

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Brokers

Brokers are independent firms or individuals whose principal function isto bring buyers and sellers together to make sales.

Brokers are independent firms or individuals whose principal function isto bring buyers and sellers together to make sales.

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Vertical Marketing Systems

Vertical marketing systems are professionally managed and centrally coordinated marketing channels designed to achieve channel economies and maximum marketing impact.

Vertical marketing systems are professionally managed and centrally coordinated marketing channels designed to achieve channel economies and maximum marketing impact.

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Franchising

Franchising is a contractual arrangement between a parent company (a franchisor) and an individual or firm (a franchisee) that allows the franchisee to operate a certain type of business under an established name and according to specific rules.

Franchising is a contractual arrangement between a parent company (a franchisor) and an individual or firm (a franchisee) that allows the franchisee to operate a certain type of business under an established name and according to specific rules.

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Channel Partnership

A channel partnership consists of agreements and procedures among channel members for ordering and physically distributing a producer’s products through the channel to the ultimate consumer.

A channel partnership consists of agreements and procedures among channel members for ordering and physically distributing a producer’s products through the channel to the ultimate consumer.

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Intensive Distribution

Intensive distribution is a level of distribution density whereby a firm tries to place its products and services in as many outlets as possible.

Intensive distribution is a level of distribution density whereby a firm tries to place its products and services in as many outlets as possible.

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Exclusive Distribution

Exclusive distribution is a level of distribution density whereby only one retail outlet in a specific geographical area carries the firm’s products.

Exclusive distribution is a level of distribution density whereby only one retail outlet in a specific geographical area carries the firm’s products.

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Selective Distribution

Selective distribution is a level of distribution density whereby a firm selects a few retail outlets in a specific geographical area to carry its products.

Selective distribution is a level of distribution density whereby a firm selects a few retail outlets in a specific geographical area to carry its products.

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Channel Conflict

Channel conflict arises when one channel member believes another channel member is engaged in behavior that prevents it from achieving its goals.

Channel conflict arises when one channel member believes another channel member is engaged in behavior that prevents it from achieving its goals.

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Disintermediation

Disintermediation is channel conflict that arises when a channel member bypasses another member and sells or buys products direct.

Disintermediation is channel conflict that arises when a channel member bypasses another member and sells or buys products direct.

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Channel Captain

A channel captain is a channel member (producer, wholesaler, or retailer) that coordinates, directs, and supports other channel members.

A channel captain is a channel member (producer, wholesaler, or retailer) that coordinates, directs, and supports other channel members.

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Logistics

Logistics consists of those activities that focus on getting the right amount of the right products to the right place at the right time at the lowest possible cost.

Logistics consists of those activities that focus on getting the right amount of the right products to the right place at the right time at the lowest possible cost.

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Logistics Management

Logistics management is the practice of organizing the cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption to satisfy customer requirements.

Logistics management is the practice of organizing the cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption to satisfy customer requirements.

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Supply Chain

A supply chain is a sequence of firms that perform activities required to create and deliver a good or service to consumers or industrial users.

A supply chain is a sequence of firms that perform activities required to create and deliver a good or service to consumers or industrial users.

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Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management is the integration and organization of information and logistic activities across firms in a supply chain for the purpose of creating and delivering goods and services that provide value to consumers.

Supply chain management is the integration and organization of information and logistic activities across firms in a supply chain for the purpose of creating and delivering goods and services that provide value to consumers.

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Electronic Data Interchanges

Electronic data interchanges (EDIs) combine proprietary computer and telecommunication technologies to exchange electronic invoices, payments, and information among suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers.

Electronic data interchanges (EDIs) combine proprietary computer and telecommunication technologies to exchange electronic invoices, payments, and information among suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers.

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Total Logistics Cost

Total logistics cost consists of expenses associated with transportation, materials handling and warehousing, inventory, stockouts (being out of inventory), order processing, and return goods handling.

Total logistics cost consists of expenses associated with transportation, materials handling and warehousing, inventory, stockouts (being out of inventory), order processing, and return goods handling.

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Customer Service

Customer service is the ability of logistics management to satisfy usersin terms of time, dependability, communication, and convenience.

Customer service is the ability of logistics management to satisfy usersin terms of time, dependability, communication, and convenience.

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Lead Time

Lead time is the lag from ordering an item until it is received and ready for use or sale. Also called order cycle time or replenishment time.

Lead time is the lag from ordering an item until it is received and ready for use or sale. Also called order cycle time or replenishment time.

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Quick Response

Quick response consists of reducing the retailer’s lead time so that inventory levels of customers may be minimized and to make the process of reordering and receiving products as simple as possible. Also called efficient consumer response.

Quick response consists of reducing the retailer’s lead time so that inventory levels of customers may be minimized and to make the process of reordering and receiving products as simple as possible. Also called efficient consumer response.

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Efficient Consumer Response

Efficient consumer response consistsof reducing the retailer’s lead time sothat inventory levels of customers maybe minimized and to make the processof reordering and receiving products as simple as possible. Also called quick response.

Efficient consumer response consistsof reducing the retailer’s lead time sothat inventory levels of customers maybe minimized and to make the processof reordering and receiving products as simple as possible. Also called quick response.

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Third-Party Logistics Providers

Third-party logistics providers are firms that perform most or all of the logistics functions that manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors would normally perform themselves.

Third-party logistics providers are firms that perform most or all of the logistics functions that manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors would normally perform themselves.

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Just-In-Time (JIT) Concept

The just-in-time (JIT) concept is an inventory supply system that operates with very low inventories and requires fast, on-time delivery.

The just-in-time (JIT) concept is an inventory supply system that operates with very low inventories and requires fast, on-time delivery.

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Vendor-Managed Inventory

Vendor-managed inventory (VMI)is an inventory management system whereby the supplier determines the product amount and assortment a customer (such as a retailer) needs and automatically delivers the appropriate items.

Vendor-managed inventory (VMI)is an inventory management system whereby the supplier determines the product amount and assortment a customer (such as a retailer) needs and automatically delivers the appropriate items.

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Reverse Logistics

Reverse logistics is a process of reclaiming recyclable and reusable materials, returns, and reworks from the point of consumption or use for repair, remanufacturing, redistribution, or disposal.

Reverse logistics is a process of reclaiming recyclable and reusable materials, returns, and reworks from the point of consumption or use for repair, remanufacturing, redistribution, or disposal.

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Retailing

Retailing includes all activities involved in selling, renting, and providing goods and services to ultimate consumers for personal, family, or household use.

Retailing includes all activities involved in selling, renting, and providing goods and services to ultimate consumers for personal, family, or household use.

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Form of Ownership

Form of ownership distinguishes retail outlets based on whether individuals, corporate chains, or contractual systems own the outlet.

Form of ownership distinguishes retail outlets based on whether individuals, corporate chains, or contractual systems own the outlet.

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Level of Service

Level of service is the degree of service provided to the customer and includeself-, limited-, and full-service retailers.

Level of service is the degree of service provided to the customer and includeself-, limited-, and full-service retailers.

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Merchandise Line

A merchandise line describes how many different types of products a store carries and in what assortment.

A merchandise line describes how many different types of products a store carries and in what assortment.

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Depth of Product Line

Depth of product line means that the store carries a large assortment of each item.

Depth of product line means that the store carries a large assortment of each item.

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Breadth of Product Line

Breadth of product line refers to the variety of different items a store carries.Breadth of product line refers to the variety of different items a store carries.

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Scrambled Merchandising

Scrambled merchandising involves offering several unrelated product linesin a single store.

Scrambled merchandising involves offering several unrelated product linesin a single store.

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Hypermarket

A hypermarket is a large store (more than 200,000 square feet) that offers consumers everything in a single outlet, eliminating the need to shop at morethan one location.

A hypermarket is a large store (more than 200,000 square feet) that offers consumers everything in a single outlet, eliminating the need to shop at morethan one location.

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Intertype Competition

Intertype competition means there is competition between very dissimilar types of retail outlets.

Intertype competition means there is competition between very dissimilar types of retail outlets.

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Telemarketing

Telemarketing involves using the telephone to interact with and selldirectly to consumers.

Telemarketing involves using the telephone to interact with and selldirectly to consumers.

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Retail Positioning Matrix

The retail positioning matrix is amatrix that positions retail outlets ontwo dimensions: breadth of product line and value added.

The retail positioning matrix is amatrix that positions retail outlets ontwo dimensions: breadth of product line and value added.

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Retailing Mix

The retailing mix includes the activities related to managing the store and the merchandise in the store, which includes retail pricing, store location, retail communication, and merchandise.

The retailing mix includes the activities related to managing the store and the merchandise in the store, which includes retail pricing, store location, retail communication, and merchandise.

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Shrinkage

Shrinkage is the breakage and theftof merchandise by customers and employees.

Shrinkage is the breakage and theftof merchandise by customers and employees.

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Off-Price Retailing

Off-price retailing involves selling brand-name merchandise at lower than regular prices.

Off-price retailing involves selling brand-name merchandise at lower than regular prices.

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Central Business District

The central business district is theoldest retail setting, usually locatedin the community’s downtown area.

The central business district is theoldest retail setting, usually locatedin the community’s downtown area.

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Regional Shopping Centers

Regional shopping centers consistsof 50 to 150 stores that typically attract customers who live or work within a5- to 10-mile range, often containingtwo or three anchor stores.

Regional shopping centers consistsof 50 to 150 stores that typically attract customers who live or work within a5- to 10-mile range, often containingtwo or three anchor stores.

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Community Shopping Center

A community shopping center consists of a retail location that typically has one primary store (usually a department store branch) and often 20 to 40 smaller outlets, serving a population of consumers who are within a 10- to 20-minute drive.

A community shopping center consists of a retail location that typically has one primary store (usually a department store branch) and often 20 to 40 smaller outlets, serving a population of consumers who are within a 10- to 20-minute drive.

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Strip Location

A strip location consists of a cluster of stores to serve people who are within a5- to 10-minute drive.

A strip location consists of a cluster of stores to serve people who are within a5- to 10-minute drive.

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Power Center

A power center consists of a huge shopping strip with multiple anchor(or national) stores.

A power center consists of a huge shopping strip with multiple anchor(or national) stores.

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Category Management

Category management is an approach to managing the assortment of merchandise in which a manager is assigned the responsibility for selecting all products that consumers in a market segment might view as substitutes for each other, with the objective of maximizing sales and profits in the category.

Category management is an approach to managing the assortment of merchandise in which a manager is assigned the responsibility for selecting all products that consumers in a market segment might view as substitutes for each other, with the objective of maximizing sales and profits in the category.

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Wheel of Retailing

The wheel of retailing is a concept that describes how new forms of retail outlets enter the market.

The wheel of retailing is a concept that describes how new forms of retail outlets enter the market.

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Retail Life Cycle

The retail life cycle is the process of growth and decline that retail outlets,like products, experience, whichconsists of the early growth, accelerated development, maturity, and decline stages.

The retail life cycle is the process of growth and decline that retail outlets,like products, experience, whichconsists of the early growth, accelerated development, maturity, and decline stages.

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Multichannel Retailers

Multichannel retailers utilize and integrate a combination of traditional store formats and nonstore formats such as catalogs, television, and online retailing.

Multichannel retailers utilize and integrate a combination of traditional store formats and nonstore formats such as catalogs, television, and online retailing.

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Promotional Mix

The promotional mix consists of the combination of one or more of the communication tools used to: (1) inform prospective buyers about the benefits of the product, (2) persuade them to try it, and (3) remind them later about the benefits they enjoyed by using the product.

The promotional mix consists of the combination of one or more of the communication tools used to: (1) inform prospective buyers about the benefits of the product, (2) persuade them to try it, and (3) remind them later about the benefits they enjoyed by using the product.

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Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)

Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is the concept of designing marketing communications programs that coordinate all promotional activities—advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing—to provide a consistent message across all audiences.

Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is the concept of designing marketing communications programs that coordinate all promotional activities—advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing—to provide a consistent message across all audiences.

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Communication

Communication is the process of conveying a message to others and requires six elements: a source, a message, a channel of communication, a receiver, and the processes of encoding and decoding.

Communication is the process of conveying a message to others and requires six elements: a source, a message, a channel of communication, a receiver, and the processes of encoding and decoding.

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Source

A source is a company or person who has information to convey.A source is a company or person who has information to convey.

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Message

A message is the information sent by a source to a receiver in the communication process.

A message is the information sent by a source to a receiver in the communication process.

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Channel of Communication

A channel of communication is the means (e.g., a salesperson, advertising media, or public relations tools) of conveying a message to a receiver.

A channel of communication is the means (e.g., a salesperson, advertising media, or public relations tools) of conveying a message to a receiver.

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Receivers

Receivers are consumers who read, hear, or see the message sent by a source in the communication process.

Receivers are consumers who read, hear, or see the message sent by a source in the communication process.

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Encoding

Encoding is the process of having the sender transform an idea into a set of symbols.

Encoding is the process of having the sender transform an idea into a set of symbols.

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Decoding

Decoding is the process of having the receiver take a set of symbols, the message, and transform them back to an idea.

Decoding is the process of having the receiver take a set of symbols, the message, and transform them back to an idea.

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Field of Experience

A field of experience is a mutually shared understanding and knowledge that the a sender and receiver apply to a message so that it can be communicated effectively.

A field of experience is a mutually shared understanding and knowledge that the a sender and receiver apply to a message so that it can be communicated effectively.

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Response

A response is the impact the message had on the receiver’s knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors in the feedback loop.

A response is the impact the message had on the receiver’s knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors in the feedback loop.

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Feedback

Feedback is the sender’s interpretationof the response and indicates whether a message was decoded and understoodas intended.

Feedback is the sender’s interpretationof the response and indicates whether a message was decoded and understoodas intended.

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Noise

Noise includes extraneous factors that can work against effective communication by distorting a message or the feedback received.

Noise includes extraneous factors that can work against effective communication by distorting a message or the feedback received.

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Advertising

Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization, good, service, or idea byan identified sponsor.

Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization, good, service, or idea byan identified sponsor.

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Personal Selling

Personal selling is the two-way flowof communication between a buyer and seller, designed to influence a person’sor group’s purchase decision, usually in face-to-face communication between the sender and receiver.

Personal selling is the two-way flowof communication between a buyer and seller, designed to influence a person’sor group’s purchase decision, usually in face-to-face communication between the sender and receiver.

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Public Relations

Public relations is a form of communication management that seeks to influence the feelings, opinions, or beliefs held by customers, prospective customers, stockholders, suppliers, employees, and other publics about a company and its products or services.

Public relations is a form of communication management that seeks to influence the feelings, opinions, or beliefs held by customers, prospective customers, stockholders, suppliers, employees, and other publics about a company and its products or services.

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Publicity

Publicity is a nonpersonal, indirectly paid presentation of an organization, good, or service.

Publicity is a nonpersonal, indirectly paid presentation of an organization, good, or service.

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Sales Promotion

Sales promotion is a short-term inducement of value offered to arouse interest in buying a good or service.

Sales promotion is a short-term inducement of value offered to arouse interest in buying a good or service.

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Direct Marketing

Direct marketing uses direct communication with consumers to generate a response in the form of an order, a request for further information,or a visit to a retail outlet.

Direct marketing uses direct communication with consumers to generate a response in the form of an order, a request for further information,or a visit to a retail outlet.

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Push Strategy

A push strategy consists of directing the promotional mix to channel members to gain their cooperation in ordering and stocking the product.

A push strategy consists of directing the promotional mix to channel members to gain their cooperation in ordering and stocking the product.

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Pull Strategy

A pull strategy consists of directing the promotional mix at ultimate consumers to encourage them to ask the retailer for a product.

A pull strategy consists of directing the promotional mix at ultimate consumers to encourage them to ask the retailer for a product.

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Hierarchy of Effects

The hierarchy of effects is the sequence of stages a prospective buyer goes through from initial awareness of a product to eventual action (either trialor adoption of the product). The stages include awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption.

The hierarchy of effects is the sequence of stages a prospective buyer goes through from initial awareness of a product to eventual action (either trialor adoption of the product). The stages include awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, and adoption.

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Percentage of Sales Budgeting

Percentage of sales budgeting consists of allocating funds to promotion as a percentage of past or anticipated sales,in terms of either dollars or units sold.

Percentage of sales budgeting consists of allocating funds to promotion as a percentage of past or anticipated sales,in terms of either dollars or units sold.

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Competitive Parity Budgeting

Competitive parity budgeting consists of allocating funds to promotion by matching the competitor’s absolute level of spending or the proportion per point of market share. Also called matching competitors or share of market.

Competitive parity budgeting consists of allocating funds to promotion by matching the competitor’s absolute level of spending or the proportion per point of market share. Also called matching competitors or share of market.

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All-You-Can-Afford Budgeting

All-you-can-afford budgeting consists of allocating funds to promotion only after all other budget items are covered.

All-you-can-afford budgeting consists of allocating funds to promotion only after all other budget items are covered.

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Objective and Task Budgeting

Objective and task budgeting consists of allocating Allocating funds to promotion whereby the company(1) determines its promotion objectives, (2) outlines the tasks to accomplish these objectives, and (3) determines the promotion cost of performing these tasks.

Objective and task budgeting consists of allocating Allocating funds to promotion whereby the company(1) determines its promotion objectives, (2) outlines the tasks to accomplish these objectives, and (3) determines the promotion cost of performing these tasks.

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Direct Orders

Direct orders are the result of direct marketing offers that contain all the information necessary for a prospective buyer to make a decision to purchase and complete the transaction.

Direct orders are the result of direct marketing offers that contain all the information necessary for a prospective buyer to make a decision to purchase and complete the transaction.

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Lead Generation

Lead generation is the result of a direct marketing offer designed to generate interest in a product or a service and a request for additional information.

Lead generation is the result of a direct marketing offer designed to generate interest in a product or a service and a request for additional information.

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Traffic Generation

Traffic generation is the outcome of a direct marketing offer designed to motivate people to visit a business.

Traffic generation is the outcome of a direct marketing offer designed to motivate people to visit a business.

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Advertising

Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization, good, service, or idea byan identified sponsor.

Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization, good, service, or idea byan identified sponsor.

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Product Advertisements

Product advertisements are advertisements that focus on selling a good or service and which take three forms: (1) pioneering (or informational), (2) competitive (or persuasive), and(3) reminder.

Product advertisements are advertisements that focus on selling a good or service and which take three forms: (1) pioneering (or informational), (2) competitive (or persuasive), and(3) reminder.

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Institutional Advertisements

Institutional advertisements are advertisements designed to build goodwill or an image for an organization rather than promote a specific good or service.

Institutional advertisements are advertisements designed to build goodwill or an image for an organization rather than promote a specific good or service.

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Reach

Reach is the number of different people or households exposed to an advertisement.

Reach is the number of different people or households exposed to an advertisement.

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Rating

A rating is the percentage of households in a market that are tuned to a particular TV show or radio station.

A rating is the percentage of households in a market that are tuned to a particular TV show or radio station.

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Frequency

Frequency is the average number of times a person in the target audience is exposed to a message or an advertisement.

Frequency is the average number of times a person in the target audience is exposed to a message or an advertisement.

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Gross Rating Points

Gross rating points (GRPs) is a reference number used by advertisersthat is obtained by multiplying reach (expressed as a percentage of the total market) by frequency.

Gross rating points (GRPs) is a reference number used by advertisersthat is obtained by multiplying reach (expressed as a percentage of the total market) by frequency.

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Cost per Thousand

Cost per thousand (CPM) is the cost of reaching 1,000 individuals or households with the advertising message in a given medium (M is the Roman numeral for 1,000).

Cost per thousand (CPM) is the cost of reaching 1,000 individuals or households with the advertising message in a given medium (M is the Roman numeral for 1,000).

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Infomercials

Infomercials are program-length(30-minute) advertisements that take an educational approach to communication with potential customers.

Infomercials are program-length(30-minute) advertisements that take an educational approach to communication with potential customers.

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Pretests

Pretests are tests conducted before the advertisements are placed in any medium to determine whether it communicates the intended message or to select among alternative versions of the advertisement.

Pretests are tests conducted before the advertisements are placed in any medium to determine whether it communicates the intended message or to select among alternative versions of the advertisement.

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Full-Service Agency

A full-service agency is an advertising agency that provides the most complete range of services, including market research, media selection, copy development, artwork, and production.

A full-service agency is an advertising agency that provides the most complete range of services, including market research, media selection, copy development, artwork, and production.

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Limited-Service Agencies

Limited-service agencies are advertising agencies that specialize in one aspect of the advertising process such as providing creative services to develop the advertising copy or buying previously unpurchased media space.

Limited-service agencies are advertising agencies that specialize in one aspect of the advertising process such as providing creative services to develop the advertising copy or buying previously unpurchased media space.

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In-House Agencies

In-house agencies consists of the company’s own advertising staff,which may provide full services or a limited range of services.

In-house agencies consists of the company’s own advertising staff,which may provide full services or a limited range of services.

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Posttests

Posttests are tests conducted after an advertisement has been shown to the target audience to determine whether it accomplished its intended purpose.

Posttests are tests conducted after an advertisement has been shown to the target audience to determine whether it accomplished its intended purpose.

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Consumer-OrientedSales Promotions

Consumer-oriented sales promotions are sales tools used to support a company’s advertising and personal selling directed to ultimate consumers.

Consumer-oriented sales promotions are sales tools used to support a company’s advertising and personal selling directed to ultimate consumers.

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Product Placement

Product placement is a sales promotion tool that uses a brand-name product in a movie, television show, video, or a commercial for another product.

Product placement is a sales promotion tool that uses a brand-name product in a movie, television show, video, or a commercial for another product.

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Trade-oriented sales promotions are a Sales tools used to support a company’s advertising and personal selling directed to wholesalers, distributors, or retailers. Also called trade promotions.

Trade-oriented sales promotions are a Sales tools used to support a company’s advertising and personal selling directed to wholesalers, distributors, or retailers. Also called trade promotions.

Trade-OrientedSales Promotions

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Cooperative Advertising

Cooperative advertising consists of advertising programs by which a manufacturer pays a percentage of the retailer’s local advertising expense for advertising the manufacturer’s products.

Cooperative advertising consists of advertising programs by which a manufacturer pays a percentage of the retailer’s local advertising expense for advertising the manufacturer’s products.

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Publicity Tools

Publicity tools consist of methods of obtaining nonpersonal presentation of an organization, good, or service without direct cost. Examples include news releases, news conferences, and public service announcements.

Publicity tools consist of methods of obtaining nonpersonal presentation of an organization, good, or service without direct cost. Examples include news releases, news conferences, and public service announcements.

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Personal Selling

Personal selling involves the two-way flow of communication between a buyer and seller, designed to influence a person’s or group’s purchase decision, usually in face-to-face communication between the sender and receiver.

Personal selling involves the two-way flow of communication between a buyer and seller, designed to influence a person’s or group’s purchase decision, usually in face-to-face communication between the sender and receiver.

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Sales Management

Sales management involves planningthe selling program and implementing and controlling the personal selling effort of the firm.

Sales management involves planningthe selling program and implementing and controlling the personal selling effort of the firm.

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Relationship Selling

Relationship selling is the practice of building ties to customers based on a salesperson’s attention and commitment to customer needs over time.

Relationship selling is the practice of building ties to customers based on a salesperson’s attention and commitment to customer needs over time.

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Partnership Selling

Partnership selling is the practice whereby buyers and sellers combine their expertise and resources to create customized solutions, commit to joint planning, and share customer, competitive, and company information for their mutual benefit, and ultimately the customer. Also called enterprise selling.

Partnership selling is the practice whereby buyers and sellers combine their expertise and resources to create customized solutions, commit to joint planning, and share customer, competitive, and company information for their mutual benefit, and ultimately the customer. Also called enterprise selling.

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Order Taker

An order taker processes routine orders or reorders for products that were already sold by the company.

An order taker processes routine orders or reorders for products that were already sold by the company.

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Order Getter

An order getter sells in a conventional sense and identifies prospective customers, provides customers with information, persuades customers to buy, closes sales, and follows up on customers’ use of a product or service.

An order getter sells in a conventional sense and identifies prospective customers, provides customers with information, persuades customers to buy, closes sales, and follows up on customers’ use of a product or service.

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Missionary Salespeople

Missionary salespeople are sales support personnel who do not directly solicit orders but rather concentrate on performing promotional activities and introducing new products.

Missionary salespeople are sales support personnel who do not directly solicit orders but rather concentrate on performing promotional activities and introducing new products.

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Sales Engineer

A sales engineer is a salesperson who specializes in identifying, analyzing, and solving customer problems and brings know-how and technical expertise to the selling situation but often does not actually sell products and services.

A sales engineer is a salesperson who specializes in identifying, analyzing, and solving customer problems and brings know-how and technical expertise to the selling situation but often does not actually sell products and services.

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Team Selling

Team selling is the practice of using an entire team of professionals in selling to and servicing major customers.

Team selling is the practice of using an entire team of professionals in selling to and servicing major customers.

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Personal Selling Process

The personal selling process consists of sales activities occurring before and after the sale itself, consisting of six stages:(1) prospecting, (2) preapproach,(3) approach, (4) presentation, (5) close, and (6) follow-up.

The personal selling process consists of sales activities occurring before and after the sale itself, consisting of six stages:(1) prospecting, (2) preapproach,(3) approach, (4) presentation, (5) close, and (6) follow-up.

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Stimulus-Response Presentation

Stimulus-response presentation is a presentation format which assumes that given the appropriate stimulus by a salesperson, the prospect will buy.

Stimulus-response presentation is a presentation format which assumes that given the appropriate stimulus by a salesperson, the prospect will buy.

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Formula Selling Presentation

Formula selling presentation is a presentation format that consists of information that must be provided inan accurate, thorough, and step-by-step manner to inform the prospect.

Formula selling presentation is a presentation format that consists of information that must be provided inan accurate, thorough, and step-by-step manner to inform the prospect.

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Need-Satisfaction Presentation

Need-satisfaction presentation is a presentation format that emphasizes probing and listening by the salesperson to identify needs and interests of prospective buyers.

Need-satisfaction presentation is a presentation format that emphasizes probing and listening by the salesperson to identify needs and interests of prospective buyers.

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Adaptive Selling

Adaptive selling is a need-satisfaction presentation format that involves adjusting the presentation to fit the selling situation, such as knowing when to offer solutions and when to ask for more information.

Adaptive selling is a need-satisfaction presentation format that involves adjusting the presentation to fit the selling situation, such as knowing when to offer solutions and when to ask for more information.

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Consultative Selling

Consultative selling is a need-satisfaction presentation format that focuses on problem identification, where the salesperson serves as an expert on problem recognition and resolution.

Consultative selling is a need-satisfaction presentation format that focuses on problem identification, where the salesperson serves as an expert on problem recognition and resolution.

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Sales Plan

A sales plan is a statement describing what is to be achieved and where andhow the selling effort of salespeople isto be deployed.

A sales plan is a statement describing what is to be achieved and where andhow the selling effort of salespeople isto be deployed.

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Major Account Management

Major account management is the practice of using team selling to focuson important customers so as to build mutually beneficial, long-term, cooperative relationships. Also calledkey account management.

Major account management is the practice of using team selling to focuson important customers so as to build mutually beneficial, long-term, cooperative relationships. Also calledkey account management.

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Workload Method

The workload method is a formula-based method for determining the size of a salesforce that integrates the number of customers served, call frequency, call length, and available selling time to arrive at a figure for the salesforce size.

The workload method is a formula-based method for determining the size of a salesforce that integrates the number of customers served, call frequency, call length, and available selling time to arrive at a figure for the salesforce size.

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Account Management Polices

Account management policies specify whom salespeople should contact, what kinds of selling and customer service activities should be engaged in, and how these activities should be carried out.

Account management policies specify whom salespeople should contact, what kinds of selling and customer service activities should be engaged in, and how these activities should be carried out.

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Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand one’s own emotions and the emotions of people with whom one interacts on a daily basis.

Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand one’s own emotions and the emotions of people with whom one interacts on a daily basis.

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Sales Quota

A sales quota contains specific goals assigned to a salesperson, sales team, branch sales office, or sales district fora stated time period.

A sales quota contains specific goals assigned to a salesperson, sales team, branch sales office, or sales district fora stated time period.

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Salesforce Automation

Salesforce automation (SFA) is theuse of computer, information, communication, and Internet technologies to make the sales function more effective and efficient.

Salesforce automation (SFA) is theuse of computer, information, communication, and Internet technologies to make the sales function more effective and efficient.

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Interactive Marketing

Interactive marketing involvestwo-way buyer-seller electronic communication in a computer-mediated environment in which the buyer controls the kind and amount of information received from the seller.

Interactive marketing involvestwo-way buyer-seller electronic communication in a computer-mediated environment in which the buyer controls the kind and amount of information received from the seller.

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Choiceboard

A choiceboard is an interactive,Internet-enabled system that allows individual customers to design theirown products and services by answeringa few questions and choosing from a menu of product or service attributes(or components), prices, and delivery options.

A choiceboard is an interactive,Internet-enabled system that allows individual customers to design theirown products and services by answeringa few questions and choosing from a menu of product or service attributes(or components), prices, and delivery options.

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Collaborative Filtering

Collaborative filtering is a process that automatically groups people with similar buying intentions, preferences, and behaviors and predicts future purchases.

Collaborative filtering is a process that automatically groups people with similar buying intentions, preferences, and behaviors and predicts future purchases.

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Personalization

Personalization is the consumer-initiated practice of generating content on a marketer’s website that is custom tailored to an individual’s specific needs and preferences.

Personalization is the consumer-initiated practice of generating content on a marketer’s website that is custom tailored to an individual’s specific needs and preferences.

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Permission Marketing

Permission marketing is the solicitation of a consumer’s consent (called “opt-in”) to receive e-mail and advertising based on personal data supplied by the consumer.

Permission marketing is the solicitation of a consumer’s consent (called “opt-in”) to receive e-mail and advertising based on personal data supplied by the consumer.

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Customer Experience

Customer experience is the sum total of the interactions that a customer has witha company’s website, from the initial look at a home page through the entire purchase decision process.

Customer experience is the sum total of the interactions that a customer has witha company’s website, from the initial look at a home page through the entire purchase decision process.

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Online Consumers

Online consumers are the subsegmentof all Internet users who employ this technology to research products and services and make purchases.

Online consumers are the subsegmentof all Internet users who employ this technology to research products and services and make purchases.

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Bots

Bots are electronic shopping agents or robots that comb websites to compare prices and product or service features.

Bots are electronic shopping agents or robots that comb websites to compare prices and product or service features.

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Eight-Second Rule

The eight-second rule a view that customers will abandon their efforts to enter and navigate a website if download time exceeds eight seconds.

The eight-second rule a view that customers will abandon their efforts to enter and navigate a website if download time exceeds eight seconds.

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Customerization

Customerization is the growing practice of not only customizing a product or service but also personalizing the marketing and overall shopping and buying interaction for each customer.

Customerization is the growing practice of not only customizing a product or service but also personalizing the marketing and overall shopping and buying interaction for each customer.

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Web Communities

Web communities are websites that allow people to congregate online and exchange views on topics of common interest.

Web communities are websites that allow people to congregate online and exchange views on topics of common interest.

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Blog

A blog is a webpage that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal foran individual.

A blog is a webpage that serves as a publicly accessible personal journal foran individual.

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Spam

Spam is communications that take the form of electronic junk mail or unsolicited e-mail.

Spam is communications that take the form of electronic junk mail or unsolicited e-mail.

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Viral Marketing

Viral marketing is an Internet-enabled promotional strategy that encourages individuals to forward marketer-initiated messages to others via e-mail.

Viral marketing is an Internet-enabled promotional strategy that encourages individuals to forward marketer-initiated messages to others via e-mail.

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Dynamic Pricing

Dynamic pricing is the practice of changing prices for products and services in real time in response to supply and demand conditions.

Dynamic pricing is the practice of changing prices for products and services in real time in response to supply and demand conditions.

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Portals

Portals are electronic gateways to the Internet that supply a broad array of news and entertainment, information resources, and shopping services.

Portals are electronic gateways to the Internet that supply a broad array of news and entertainment, information resources, and shopping services.

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Cookies

Cookies are computer files that a marketer can download onto the computer of an online shopper who visits the marketer’s website.

Cookies are computer files that a marketer can download onto the computer of an online shopper who visits the marketer’s website.

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Multichannel Marketing

Multichannel marketing consists ofthe blending of different communication and delivery channels that are mutually reinforcing in attracting, retaining, and building relationships with consumers who shop and buy in the traditional marketplace and marketspace.

Multichannel marketing consists ofthe blending of different communication and delivery channels that are mutually reinforcing in attracting, retaining, and building relationships with consumers who shop and buy in the traditional marketplace and marketspace.

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Sales Response Function

A sales response function relatesthe expense of marketing effort to the marketing results obtained.

A sales response function relatesthe expense of marketing effort to the marketing results obtained.

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Share Points

Share points is an analysis that uses percentage points of market share as the common basis of comparison to allocate marketing resources effectively for different product lines within the same firm.

Share points is an analysis that uses percentage points of market share as the common basis of comparison to allocate marketing resources effectively for different product lines within the same firm.

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Generic Business Strategy

A generic business strategy is astrategy that can be adopted by anyfirm, regardless of the product orindustry involved, to achieve a competitive advantage.

A generic business strategy is astrategy that can be adopted by anyfirm, regardless of the product orindustry involved, to achieve a competitive advantage.

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Cost Leadership Strategy

A cost leadership strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategies that focuses on reducing expenses and, in turn, lowers product prices while targeting a broad array of market segments.

A cost leadership strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategies that focuses on reducing expenses and, in turn, lowers product prices while targeting a broad array of market segments.

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Differentiation Strategy

A differentiation strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategies that requires products to have significant points of difference in product offerings, brand image, higher quality, advanced technology, or superior service to charge a higher price while targeting a broad array of market segments.

A differentiation strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategies that requires products to have significant points of difference in product offerings, brand image, higher quality, advanced technology, or superior service to charge a higher price while targeting a broad array of market segments.

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Cost Focus Strategy

A cost focus strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategies that involves controlling expenses and, in turn, lowering product prices targeted at a narrow range of market segments.

A cost focus strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategies that involves controlling expenses and, in turn, lowering product prices targeted at a narrow range of market segments.

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Differentiation Focus Strategy

A differentiation focus strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategiesthat requires products to have significant points of difference to target one or onlya few market segments.

A differentiation focus strategy is one of Porter’s generic business strategiesthat requires products to have significant points of difference to target one or onlya few market segments.

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Product or Program Champion

A product or program champion is a person who is able and willing to cut red tape and move the program forward.

A product or program champion is a person who is able and willing to cut red tape and move the program forward.

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Action Item List

An action item list is an aid to implementing a marketing plan, consisting of three columns: (1) the task, (2) the person responsible for completing that task, and (3) the date to finish the task.

An action item list is an aid to implementing a marketing plan, consisting of three columns: (1) the task, (2) the person responsible for completing that task, and (3) the date to finish the task.

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Line Positions

Line positions are managers who have the authority and responsibility to issue orders to the people who report to them.

Line positions are managers who have the authority and responsibility to issue orders to the people who report to them.

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Staff Positions

Staff positions are people who have the authority and responsibility to advise people in the line positions but cannot issue direct orders to them.

Staff positions are people who have the authority and responsibility to advise people in the line positions but cannot issue direct orders to them.

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Product Line Groupings

Product line groupings are organizational groupings in which aunit is responsible for specific product offerings.

Product line groupings are organizational groupings in which aunit is responsible for specific product offerings.

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Functional Groupings

Functional groupings are organizational groupings that represent the different departments or business activities within a firm.

Functional groupings are organizational groupings that represent the different departments or business activities within a firm.

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Geographical Groupings

Geographical groupings are organization groupings in which sales territories are subdivided according to geographical location.

Geographical groupings are organization groupings in which sales territories are subdivided according to geographical location.

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Market-Based Groupings

Market-based groupings are organizational groupings which utilize specific customer segments.

Market-based groupings are organizational groupings which utilize specific customer segments.

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Sales Analysis

Sales analysis is a tool for controlling marketing programs using the firm’s sales records to compare actual sales with sales goals to identify areas of strength and weakness.

Sales analysis is a tool for controlling marketing programs using the firm’s sales records to compare actual sales with sales goals to identify areas of strength and weakness.

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Sales Component Analysis

Sales component analysis is a tool for controlling marketing programs which traces sales revenues to their sources, such as specific products, sales territories, or customers. Also called microsales analysis.

Sales component analysis is a tool for controlling marketing programs which traces sales revenues to their sources, such as specific products, sales territories, or customers. Also called microsales analysis.

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Profitability Analysis

Profitability analysis is a tool for controlling marketing programs using the profit attributable to the firm’s products, customer groups, sales territories, channels of distribution, and promotions to expand, maintain, or eliminate specific products customer groups, channels, or promotions.

Profitability analysis is a tool for controlling marketing programs using the profit attributable to the firm’s products, customer groups, sales territories, channels of distribution, and promotions to expand, maintain, or eliminate specific products customer groups, channels, or promotions.

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ROI Marketing

ROI marketing is a tool for controlling marketing programs using the application of modern measurement technologies and contemporary organizational design to understand, quantify, and optimize marketing spending.

ROI marketing is a tool for controlling marketing programs using the application of modern measurement technologies and contemporary organizational design to understand, quantify, and optimize marketing spending.