Marketing Appraisal of Aquatic Production Peri-urban ... · iv Summary Peri-urban areas of Phnom Penh city, the capital of Cambodia, are very important sites for producing and supplying

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INCO: International Scientific Cooperation Projects (1998-2002) Contact number: ICA4-CT-2002-10020

Marketing Appraisal of Aquatic Production Peri-urban Systems in

Phnom Penh (Cambodia) By Mr. Chhouk Borin Mr. Thak Kuntheang Mr. Srey Saman Miss. Sok Daream Miss. Chhim Rummuny Royal University of Agriculture Keywords: PCA, participatory community assessment, peri-urban aquatic food production, Southeast Asia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Project homepage: http://www.ruaf.org/papussa

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Contract number : ICA4-CT-2002-10020 TITLE : PRODUCTION IN AQUATIC PERI-URBAN SYSTEMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA COORDINATOR Univers i ty of St ir l ing Inst i tute of Aquacul ture FK9 4LA Stir l ing Scot land

DR. David Lit t le E-M : d .c . l i t t le@stir .ac .uk TEL : +44 01786 467923 FAX : +44 01786 451462

CONTRACTORS Royal Veter inary and Agr icul tural Universi ty Department of Veter inary Microbio logy Bulowsvej 17 1870 Frederiksberg C Denmark

DR. Anders Dalsgaard E-M : [email protected] TEL : +45 35282720 FAX : +45 35282757

National Inst i tu te of Hygiene and Epidemiology 1 Yersin Street 4000 Hanoi Vie tnam

PROF. Phung Dac Cam E-M : [email protected] TEL : +84 4 8219074 FAX : +84 4 9719045

Universi ty of Durham Department of Geography South Road DH1 3LE Durham England

DR. Jonathan Rigg E-M : J [email protected] TEL : +44 0191 374 7305 FAX : +44 0191 3742456

Research Ins t i tu te for Aquaculture No. 1 Binh Bang Tu Son, Bac Ninh Vietnam

DR. Pham Anh Tuan E-M : pa tuan@fpt .vn TEL : +84 4 8781084 FAX : +84 4 8785748

Universi ty of Agr icul ture and Forestry Facul ty of Fisher ies Thu Duc Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

DR. Le Thanh Hung E-M : l [email protected] TEL : +84 8 8963343 FAX : +84 4 7220733

Royal Univers i ty of Agr icul ture Facul ty of Fisher ies Chamcar Daung, Dangkor Distr ic t PO Box 2696 Phnom Penh Kingdom of Cambodia

Chhouk Borin E-M : 012898095@mobitel .com.kh TEL : +855 12 898 095 FAX : +855 23 219 690

Kasetsar t Univers i ty Department of Aquaculture , Facul ty of Fisher ies Bangkhen, Chatujak 10900 Bangkok Thai land

DR. Ruangvi t Yoonpundh E-M : f f [email protected] . th TEL : +662 579 2924 FAX : +662 561 3984

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Glossary Acronyms and terms INCO : International Scientific Cooperation Projects PAPUSA : Production in Aquatic Peri-urban Systems in Southeast Asia RUA : Royal University of Agriculture

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Summary I . Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Background .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Objectives .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.3 Kinds of products .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.4 Decryptions of Market levels and locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.4.1 Market level 1 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.4.2 Market level 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4.3 Market level 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4.4 Market level 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

II. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 III. Data processing and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 IV. Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.1.General information about market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.1.1 Market actors interviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4.1.2 Gender of market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1.3 Age of market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1.4 Experience of market actors working in the business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.2 Market channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2.1 Flow of goods within market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2.2 Buyers of market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.3 Form of products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.4 Transportation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.5 Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.6 Market administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.6.1 License requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.6.2 Types of administration fee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

4.7 Requirement of additional labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 4.8 Problems and recommendations addressed by market actors . . . . . . . . . . . .11 V. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 VI. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Appendix Appendix1: Questionnaire for wholesalers/ producers/ retailers Appendix2: Questionnaire for consumers

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List of Tables page numbers Table2.1: Name of markets and number of interviewees .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 List of Figures page numbers Figure 1.1: Map of location of markets of aquatic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 4.1: Market actors in 4 market levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 4.2: Market actors by role and gender .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 4.3: Age of market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 4.4: Duration of market actors working in the business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 4.5: From whom the market actors go to buy products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 4.6: Market Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 4.7: Form of products sold in markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 4.8: Types of transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 4.9: Transportation cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 4.10: Marketing cost of fish products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 4.11: Marketing cost of aquatic plant products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 4.12: License requirement by market levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 4.13: License requirement by market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Figure 4.14: Types of administration fee by market levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Figure 4.15: Additional labor required for the business .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Figure 4.16: Problems of market actors and producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Figure 4.17: Recommendations of market actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

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Summary Peri-urban areas of Phnom Penh city , the capital of Cambodia, are very important sites for producing and supplying food produced from agriculture. The numerous aquatic food production sites located around peri-urban wetlands are one of the most important locations for cultivating aquatic plants and fish for the city and other areas of Cambodia. This Marketing Assessment of Aquatic Production in Peri-urban Systems in Phnom Penh, Cambodia is primarily concerned with fish (Pangasius, clarius catfish and Big snakehead) and aquatic vegetables/plants (morning glory and water mimosa) which are frequently sold in the markets of Phnom Penh. The overall objective of this study is to better understand the marketing of peri-urban aquatic food products in Phnom Penh as well as the roles and activities of those people involved in it . The Market survey was conducted between 21st July to the 5th September 2003 by using two questionnaires (see Appendix) one for all market traders eg wholesalers, retailers,and those who transport and sell the aquatic produce, and another questionnaire for consumers. In total 233 people were interviewed consisting of wholesalers/collectors, producers/wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. For the purposes of our study Phnom Penh’s 13 markets were divided up into 4 levels. The findings from our survey concluded that the commonest age range of the actors involved was 16-45 years old. I t is mostly females who dominate the different activit ies within the markets, with a smaller proportion of males who mainly are involved in transportation. Besides consumers, half of the market actors we surveyed have been involved in working in/with the markets for between 1-5 years. Wholesalers buy both fish and aquatic plants from producers and they sell to retailers, who then make them available to consumers. Besides selling to wholesalers collectors and retailers the producers also sell directly to consumers. The majority of fish are sold fresh (alive) with a smaller amount sold dead. Transportation costs of sending products to the markets are higher for fish than for aquatic plants. The main problems which are encountered by all market actors are small profits, price fluctuation, and health. In addition, necessary recommendations from sellers are that the government actively looks for infrastructure improvement of the market, lower tax security and improved market/trading facilit ies.

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I. Introduction 1.1. Background This report is based on a marketing appraisal of aquatic production peri-urban systems in Phnom Penh (Cambodia). This research is part of Work Package1 of the PAPUSSA project, which is funded by The European Union (EU).

1.2. Objectives The overall objective of this study is to understand the market systems of peri-urban aquatic food production in Phnom Penh. Sub-objectives are as below:

- To understand the types of aquatic products which are frequently sold in markets

- To understand general information about market actors such as occupation, age, and experience/longevity in trading.

- To understand market structure or channels for selling aquatic products - To understand markets administration relating to aquatic products - To understand problems and recommendations addressed by market actors.

1.3. Kinds of products Marketing appraisal was focused on aquatic animals and aquatic plants from the peri urban area, which have been sold in the Phnom Penh’s markets. The aquatic animals are made up of many categories, however the more frequently sold aquatic products sold in Phnom Penh’s markets include fish such as pangasius, clarias catfish, and big snakehead and the aquatic plants primarily morning glory, and water mimosa.

1.4. Description of Market levels and locations In our study, 13 markets were selected which were divided into 4 levels depending on size, product sold of each market and also marketing structure.

1.4.1. Market level 1

Market level 1 are local markets which sell either Aquatic plants or fish close to the location where they are produced. Thus market locations were selected as below:

a) Boeung Cheung Ek . Boeung Cheung Ek in Dangkor District, Phnom Penh.is a widespread area producing and selling aquatic plants such as morning glory and mimosa. Traders often sell the plants in front of their houses or close to where the harvesting from the lake takes place to wholesalers and collectors. However some producers bring their produce directly to sell in other markets.

b) Boeung Kok

Boeung Kok is an area located close to the center of Phnom Penh which produces and sells fish such as Pangasius. Normally the fish are raised in waste water from Phnom Penh city. These fish farmers always sell their f ish directly from their farms or houses to wholesalers and middlemen/collectors from Phnom Penh as well as other provinces. Generally most of their fish production is sold outside of the city to the provinces such as Kompong Speu, Kampong Cham, Takeo and so on.

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c) Prek Phnauv In Prek Phnauv there are two locations for the markets. Fish farms produce and sell pangasius, walking catfish, and big snakehead. They generally sell these fish at their farms to collectors/middlemen, whilst some producers also take them to another nearby market close to the Tonle Sap river. . Collectors who transport the fish also trade in local wild caught fish as well as fish originating from the provinces outside Phnom Penh.. Prek Phnauv is located in peri-urban Phnom Penh, Prek Phnauv commune, Por Ngieleu district, Kandal province.

d) Chba Ampov Normally middlemen/collectors obtain fish from both fish culture and the wild and take them to this market which is similiar to Prek Phnauv above. This market is located in Sangkat Chba Ampauv, Khan Mean Choeuy, Phnom Penh.

1.4.2. Market level 2

Market Level 2 consist of medium sized markets: 3 markets were selected as following:

a) Orussey Orussey market is located in the centre of Phnom Penh and sells both aquatic plants and fish. Here retailers sell products directly to consumers with some of the retailers also being involved in producing the fish or plants as well.

b) Demkor

Demkor market also sells both aquatic plants and fish. It is located in Sangkat Demkor, Khan Toul Kok,west of Phnom Penh city close to aquatic vegetable farming areas. Here there are many market actors such as producers, wholesalers, collectors, retailers and consumers. The market is popular for wholesalers where most kind of fresh vegetables and fruits are gathered there.

c) Kandal Kandal is similar to Orussey market in selling both aquatic plants and fish also. It is located in Sangkat Phsa Kandal, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh close to the Royal Palace.

1.4.3. Market level 3 Market level 3 is smaller/lower in scale than market levels 2 and 1 above. Fish and aquatic plants are sold in these more district level markets. Retailers and consumers play an important role in each markets – 3 markets were selected at this level:

a) Chash: : located in Sangkat Phsa Chash, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh,

close to center of the city. b) Toul Tompoung: : located in Sangkat Toul Tompong II, Kan Chamkarmon,

Phnom Penh. It is about half way from the aquatic plant farming areas and the center of city.

c) Sammaki: : located in Sangkat Tektla I, Khan Toul Kok, Phnom Penh, about 2 kms northwest of the city.

(see map or location of markets in Figure 1)

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1.4.4. Market level 4

Market level 4 are small street markets where both fish and aquatic plants are sold Quantities of products sold are smaller since it is all individual household consumers who are buying. 3 markets were selected:

a) Kilo Lekbuon: located in Sangkat Tek Sloak II , Khan Toul Kok, west of the city

b) Kab Kor: : located in Sangkat Tonleu Basacc, Khan Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh

c) Moin Aing: : located in Sangkat Boeung Kork, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh

Figure1.1. Map of location of market of aquatic products

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II. Methodology The market survey was conducted at 4 market levels and consisted of 13 markets throughout Phnom Penh. The market questionnaires were used to interview market actors consisting of wholesalers/collectors and wholesales/ producers, retailers and consumers who were involved in buying and selling of aquatic plant products (morning glory and mimosa) and aquatic animal products (Pangasius, clarias catf ish and big snakehead fish).

The following numbers of persons were interviewed in the market survey:-

- Market level 1 had 54 interviewees: 24 interviewees of Boeung Cheung Ek, 12 interviewees of Boeung Kok, 5 interviewees of Chba Ampov, and 13 interviewees of Prek Phnov.

- Market level 2 had 72 interviewees: 16 interviewees of Orussey market, 36 interviewees of Demkor market, and 20 interviewees of Kandal market.

- Market level 3 had 59 interviewees: 20 interviewees of Phsa Chash market, 17 interviewees of Toul Tompong, and 22 interviewees of Sammaki market

- Market level 4 had 48 interviewees: 17 interviewees of Kilo Lekboung market, 15 interviewees of Kab Kour market, and 16 interviewees of Moin Aing

Therefore in total 233 market actors were interviewed.

Table 2.1: Name of markets and number of interviewees

Market levels Name of markets Number of interviewees

(person) Boeung Cheung Ek 24 Boeung Kok 12 Chba Ampov 5

Level 1

Prek Phnov 13 Oreussey 16 Demkor 36

Level 2

Kandal 20 Chash 21 Toul Tompoung 17

Level 3

Sammaki 22 Kilo Lekbuon 17 Kab Kour 15

Level 4

Moin Aing 16 Total 233

III. Data processing and analysis All data from the questionnaire were processed, entered and analyzed in Microsoft Excel program by using descriptive and cross tab statistics.

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IV. Result 4.1. General Information about market actors

4.1.1. Market actors interviewed 233 Market actors were interviewed of which 10% were wholesalers/collectors, 16% producers/wholesalers, 38% retailers and 36% consumers.

Figure 4.1: Market actors in 4 Market levels

10%16%

38%

36%Wholesalers/collectors

Producters/wholesalers

Retailers

Consumers

4.1.2. Gender of market actors Mostly it is women who are involved working in the markets. For instance consumers and most retailers are female compared to wholesalers/collectors and producers/wholesalers. Wholesalers/collectors and producers/wholesalers are more equally distributed between men and women.

Market actors by role and gender

0

10

20

30

40

Wholesalers/collectors

Producters/wholesalers RetailersConsumers

Role

num

ber o

f act

ors

FemaleMale

Figure 4.2.Market Actors by role and gender

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4.1.3. Age of market actors Most people working in the market system range from 16-45 years old. Wholesalers are not less than 25 years old, but there some consumers and retailers

4.1.4. Experience of market actors working in the business Other than consumers 151 market actors were interviewed. Most of them have been involved in the business from between 1-10 years. Most commonly retailers and producers/wholesalers have been involved in market trading from 1-5 years.

Figure 4.4: Duration of market actors working in the business (n: 151)

05

832

15

7

0

9

28

16

7

05

1015202530

<1 1-5 6-10 >10dration (year)

Market actors (%)

Wholesalers/collectorsProducters/wholesalersRetailers

4.2. Market channels

4.2.1. Flows of goods within market actors Most wholesalers/collectors buy their products from the producers/farmers themselves, but a small amount of wholesalers also buy from collectors who specialize in transporting goods. Retailers also buy directly from producers and collectors however they also go to buy small amounts from wholesalers.

Figure 4.3: Age of market actors

0 0

3 4

1 20 0

4 5 4 33

810

7

3

78

14

4 42 3

02468

10121416

<15 16-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 >55 age (year)

Market actors (%)

Wholesalers/collectors Producters/wholesalersRetailers Consumers

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Figure 4.5: From whom the market actors go to buy products

19

2 00 0 0

46

29

4

01020304050

Producers Collectors Wholesalers market ators

buyi

ng fr

om

who

m (%

)

Wholesalers/collectorsProducters/wholesalersRetailers

4.2.2. Buyers of market actors Normally retailers go to buy products from wholesalers and small amount of producers/wholesalers and sell these products directly to consumers. Moreover, consumers buy from producers too, because the products are grown nearby to their houses.

Figure 4.6: Market channels – flows of aquatic produce

4.3. Form of products Most freshwater fish are sold live or freshly dead ( 90 % of market sales) in Phnom Penh markets.

Figure 4.7: Form of products sold in markets

37%

2%9%

52%Live fish DeadLive/dead Fresh

Producers

Wholesalers/collectors

Retailers

Consumers

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4.4. Transportation Most products are transported by motor bike taxi (94% for fish products and 77 % for vegetable products). There are 6% of collectors with their own motor bike to pick up the fish and 17% of those who own motor bikes to transport aquatic plant products especially morning glory. Motor cart and truck are found to be used only to transport aquatic plant products but not fish products.

Figure 4.8: Types of transportation

94

6 0 0

77

175 1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Motor taxi Own moto Motor cart Truck

Types of transportation

Transportation (%)

Fish Aquatic plants

Production areas for aquatic plants are not far from market places (5-6km). For fish products, Pangasius and walking catfish are cultivated about 9-10 km from market places, but big snakehead is grown closer to the markets at around 4 km. Transportation cost of pangasius and walking catfish is in the range of 3300-3900 riel/time, while it is about 2700-2750 riel/time for big snake head and morning glory, and about 1550 riel/time for mimosa.

Figure 4.9: Transportation cost

32943885

2750 2715

1538

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Panga

sis

Walking

catfis

h

Big sn

akeh

ead

Morning

glory

Mimos

akind of products

Transportation cost (riel/time)

Transportation Cost

4.5. Prices For the fish products, snakehead have the highest prices but walking catfish have the highest mark up and pangasius have the lowest prices and mark up.

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Water mimosa has a much higher price and also a higher mark up in riel than morning glory. By comparing the mark up prices between fish and aquatic plants , fish have higher mark up (in riels) than aquatic plants – however the % increase compared to the original farm gate price between fish and plants are more similar ( 40-50%).

Figure 4.10: Marketing cost of fish products

2496

39094630

3550

5455 5650

10541546

1020

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Pangasis Walking catfish Big snakehead

kind of fish

Fish

pric

e (ri

el/k

g)

Farm gate priceMarket priceMarket cost

Figure 4.11: Marketing cost of aquatic plant products

134

569

252

831

118

256

0100200300400500600700800900

Morning glory Mimosa

kind of products

Aqu

atic

pla

nt p

rodu

cts

(riel

/buc

h) Farm gate priceMarket price Marketing cost

4.6. Market administration 4.6.1. License

Only 3 % out of the market actors we interviewed had licenses. These were wholesalers and collectors which were all at market level 1.

Figure 4.12: License requirement by market levels

0

10

20

30

40

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Market levels

(%)

YesNone

10

Figure 4.13: License requirement by market actors

010203040506070

Who

lesa

lers

/Co

llect

ors

Prod

ucer

s/w

hol

esal

ers

Ret

aile

rs

Market actors

(%)

YesNone

4.6.2. Types of administration fee At market levels 1, 2 and 3, 84% of the sellers are paying rent for their places/sell ing space , at the market level 1 the sellers are in addition paying rent for electricity and other associated services – eg cleaning etc. On a daily basis fee payment costs them in range 1000- 2000 riel/day for sanitation service and daily tax when their products sold in all market level.

Figure 4.14: Types of administraction fee by market Levels

010203040

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Market levels

(%)

RentRent&electicity Rent, eclectrice & others

4.7. Requirement of additional labor Wholesalers and producers require additional labor to help them (about 28 % of market actors). Producers require 21 % more additional labor for particular activit ies especially harvesting. Labor cost is in range 18,000- 70,000 riel/month with average of 30,000 riel/month.

Figure 4.15: Additional Labour Requirement

0

10

20

30

40

50

producer/collector wholesaler retailer

type of market actors

% o

f res

pond

ents

11

4.8. Problems and recommendations addressed by market actors From our survey most traders are worried about the small profits (70% of all market traders), price fluctuation (52%) and health problem caused by bad environment (56%). Producers also have problems associated with technical aspects such as lack of aquaculture technique, fish disease, poor water quality, high input cost, no investment, insect damage, weather, theft, and with high land rent.

Figure 4.16: Problems of market traders and producers

0

20

40

60

80

100

healt

h

small

profi

t

price

fluctu

ation

high i

nput

cost

lack o

f cap

ital

poor

water q

uality

fish d

iseas

e

problems

%

Necessary recommendations are to improve product trading conditions and lowering taxes because when they sell products in markets, they receive small profits.. Consequently, they make suggestion to government to find market for product trading and command to market governor to reduce tax and improve market place security and facilities. .

Figure 4.17: Recomendatons by market actors

0

10

20

30

40

50

Low

er ta

x

Impr

ovin

gin

frast

ruct

ure

Impr

ovin

gw

ater

qua

lity

and

supp

ly

Impr

ove

Pro

duct

tradi

ng

Hea

lth c

ente

r

Bus

ines

sse

curit

y an

dfa

cilit

ies

(%)

12

V. Conclusions

- Women were found mostly involved working in markets. Majority of them are retailers.

- Consumers and retailers were younger than wholesalers who were not less than 25 years old.

- Most commonly retailers and producers/wholesalers have been involved in market trading from 1-5 years.

- Normally retailers go to buy products from wholesalers and small amount of producers/wholesalers and sell these products directly to consumers. Moreover, consumers buy from producers too, because the products are grown nearby to their houses

- Most freshwater fish are sold live or freshly dead( 90 % of market sales) in Phnom Penh markets.

- Most of both fish and plant products are transported by motor bike taxi, only a few of them use their own motor bike and trucks were found only to be used with plant products.

- The farming/production sites are all located in peri-urban areas of a small city (Phnom Penh, distance from market to the production site range from about 5 to 10 km.

- By comparing the mark up prices between fish and aquatic plants , fish have higher mark up (in riels) than aquatic plants – however % increase compared to the original farm gate price between fish and plants are more similar ( 40-50%).

- Main problems for those involved are small profits, price fluctuation, and heath affected by bad environment. In addition, necessary recommendations are product trading improvement, lowering tax and also improvements in market place security and facilities.

VI. Recommendations

- The government ie the Ministry of commerce should intervene and help

develop their product trading by finding new markets/consumers for them - Manager of market should provides help by lowering tax (rental

rates),improving market place security, market facilities and infrastructure - In association with food safety/ food hygiene concerns the government should

help with investment in district /village health centers and improving water quality and supply.

.

13

APPENDIX

Appendix 1: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR AQUATIC FOOD MARKETING SYSTEMS BASE ON PHNOM PENH (WHOLESALERS/PRODUCERS/RETAILERS)

Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Market’s name. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name of interviewer …………………...……………………..Date……………………………… Age ( ) 18-25 ( ) 26-30 ( ) 31-35 ( ) 36-40 ( ) 41-45 ( ) 46-50 ( ) over 51 Sex ( ) Male ( ) Female Area of l iving……………………………………………...Phone number………………………. Section I : General Information 1 .1 Production that sale in the market ( ) a . Fresh water fish ( ) b. Aquatic plants ( ) Culture ( ) Wild fish ( ) Both 1 .2 Do you buy this product? ( ) Yes ( ) No If yes, from who? ( ) Farmer ( ) Collectors ( ) Others……………………………. 1 .3 How long that you taken this business? ( ) 1-5 months ( ) 6-10 months ( ) 1-5 years ( ) 6-10 years ( ) Over 10 years Section II : Production Sales 2 .1 Sources and type of aquatic products that you bring to sale at the market

Transportation Where Sources Types of

A/P Capture

Culture

Quanti ty( k g / d a y )

Farm gate price

(R i e l / k g o r b u n c h )

Market Price

(R i e l / k g o r b u n c h )

Type

Cost (R i e l /t i m e )

Dis tance (Km)

Aquatic animals

1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-

Aquatic Plants

1- 2- 3- 4-

5-

14

6- 2 .2. How to make good quality of the productions

Aquatic Animals Aquatic Plants

Long term Short term Long term Short term

2.3. What kinds of production is most preference for the customer?

Where and Source Type of A/P

1 2 3 4 Nature Culture

Aquatic Animals

Aquatic Plants

1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-

Others Note : 1 4 ( Very popular less popular)

2 .3. Do you have license in your business? ( ) Yes ( ) No 2 .4. What type of administrat ion fee do you have to pay in this market? ( ) Rent a space ( ) Electric ( ) Others ……………. 2.5. Total fee per wholesaler …………….(Riel /month) 2 .6. Who are you buyer ( ) Retailer ( ) Consumer ( ) Others……………… 2 .7. How many contracts do you have? Permanent……………..Temporary……………

15

2.8. How many labors do you have? . . . . .……… Cost per/ day for hired…………………. 2.9. What factors affecting the price determination? ( ) 1. Quali ty , how ………………………………….. ( ) 2. Size, how ……………………………………... ( ) 3. Season, how …………………………………... ( ) 4. Price, how……………………………………... ( ) 5. Others, specif ied ……………………………… 2 .10. Others specials/ Problems, constraints and recommendation for this business

1. ……………………………………………………….. 2. ……………………………………………………….. 3. ……………………………………………………….. 4. ……………………………………………………….. 5. ………………………………………………………..

16

Appendix 2: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR AQUATIC FOOD MARKETING SYSTEMS BASE ON PHNOM PENH (CONSUMERS)

Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Market’s name. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name of interviewer …………………………………………..Date……………………………… Age ( ) 18-25 ( ) 26-30 ( ) 31-35 ( ) 36-40 ( ) 41-45 ( ) 46-50 ( ) over 51 Sex ( ) Male ( ) Female Occupation………………………………………………………….……………………………….. Area of l iving………………………………………..Phone number…………….………………. Section I: General information 1.1 What kind of productions do you buy? ( ) a . Fresh water fish ( ) b. Aquatic plants ( ) Culture ( ) Wild fish ( ) Both 1 .2 Please add more detai l information

Where source Kind of A/P

Price (R i e l / Kg o r

b u n ch )

Quantity ( k g / t im e )

FrequencyCapture Cul ture Others

Aquatic animals

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

Aquatic plants

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

17

1.3 What kinds of production are most important to you when you decide to buy and eat?

Where and Source Type of A/P

1 2 3 4 Nature Culture

Aquatic Animals

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

Aquatic Plants

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

Note : 1 4 ( Very important less important)

1 .4 How important is i t to you that these productions satisfy you on the following characterist ics?

Characterist ics Most important Important Unimportant Most Unimportant

Taste of product Quality Price Variety Others