Market Need Assessment for Improved Institutional Cook Stove in Addis Ababa

I

Adelegn Aytenew

Market Need Assessment for Improved

Institutional Cook Stove in Addis Ababa

Population Health and Environment Ethiopia Consortium

January 2015

This project has been donated by Center for Disease control (CDC)

and Public Health Institute (PHI)

II

Table of Contents

1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1

2. Materials and Methods............................................................................................... 3

2.1. Methodology.................................................................................................................................... 4

2.2. Needs Assessment: ..........................................................................................................................5

2.3. Methodology used in Operationalization Tables.............................................................................6

2.4. Data Collection Methods .................................................................................................................9

3. RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 13

3.1. Purpose ..........................................................................................................................................13

3.2. Interview ........................................................................................................................................13

3.2.1. Institutions Experience .............................................................................................................13

3.2.2. The perception of the institutions for the demand ..................................................................22

3.3. Document Analysis ........................................................................................................................24

3.4. Survey: ...........................................................................................................................................28

4. Conclusions and Recommendations........................................................................ 29

4.1. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................29

4.2. Recommendations .........................................................................................................................34

5. References.................................................................................................................. 35

6. Appendix.................................................................................................................... 37

6.1. Appendix A: INTEREST SURVEY ......................................................................................................37

6.2. Appendix B: Institutions surveyed .................................................................................................39

III

Table of Tables

Table 1: Operationalization........................................................................................................................... 6



Table of Figure

figure 1: Types Of Institutions .................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 2: Number Of Customer Served In The Interviewed Organization In A Day ................................. 14

Figure 3: Currently Used Cooking Pot Size In Institutions ........................................................................ 14

Figure 4: Capacity Of Stoves Needed By Institutions ................................................................................ 15

Figure 5: Primary Energy Source For Cooking .......................................................................................... 16

Figure 6: Monthly Expense For Firewood.................................................................................................. 17

Figure 7: Other Source Of Energy .............................................................................................................. 18

Figure 8: Stocking Of Dried Firewood ....................................................................................................... 18

Figure 9: Firewood Drying Technique........................................................................................................ 19

Figure 10: Good Features Of Existing Stove That They Like .................................................................... 20

Figure 11: Bad Features Of The Existing Stove That They Dislike ........................................................... 21

Figure 12: Level Of Satisfaction Of The Existing Stove ............................................................................ 21

Figure 13: Interest To Use Improved Biomass Institutional Cook Stove ................................................... 22

Figure 14: Level Of Interest To Use The Instove Prototype Stove............................................................. 23

Figure 15: Level Of Interest In Using Improved Biomass Cookstove........................................................ 28

Figure 16: Level Of Smoke Problem In The Kitchen ................................................................................. 29

Figure 17: Interest On Energy Efficient And Smokeless Cook Stove ........................................................ 30

IV

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this assessment is to explore the need for improved biomass cook stove in Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia. The assessment attempts to show the current cooking system of institutions involved

and the future plan of those institutions in using improved biomass cook stove. It also provides

preliminary data that demonstrates the need for improved biomass cook stove

Methodology: Pillar questions were developed to explore the need for improved biomass cook stove in

Addis Ababa. The methods used include document analysis, analysis of data obtained through the

designed questionnaire, and interviews with key-informants. The key informants were selected

purposely.

Findings: Overall, the findings of the needs assessment showed positive results for the need of improved

biomass cook stove in Addis Ababa. However, the product, as it is indicated by the respondents should be

designed to reduce indoor air pollution and indoor heat, to be thermal and energy efficient, solve the

problem of ash accumulation, fit for different pot size, integrate with bio-fuel production.

Key words: Ethiopia, GTP, MDGs, institutional cook stoves, Indoor air pollution.

1

1. Introduction

Globally more than 2.5 billion people still rely on biomass such as wood, waste or dung for

cooking. Without any policies addressing this challenge this number will increase to more than

2.6 billion by 2015 and to 2.7 by 2030 due to a growing population, mainly in developing

countries. In 2004, the household energy use in developing countries accounted for about 10 per

cent of the world’s primary energy demand, whereas about 7 per cent was directly related to the

use of biomass (IEA & OECD 2006).

In developing countries, cooking stoves account for more than half of the total residential energy

use and in many poor countries more than 80% of the household energy consumption is for the

purpose of cooking (Smith et al. 2000). Policy interventions that target this group of biomass

users through the dissemination of improved biomass cooking stoves are the cheapest way to

save fuel input through improved stove designs, thereby achieving higher levels of energy

efficiency as well as reduced levels of emissions harmful to human beings and the environment.

Biomass cooking stoves are mainly found in developing countries and represent basic ways of

cooking food. Cooking on traditional biomass stoves is mostly related to very low levels of

energy efficiency. The most basic type of cooking with biomass is the so called “three-stone

fire”, which is made by arranging three stones in such way that it is possible to place a pot for

cooking above it. Although this type of biomass cooking is most inefficient and bears serious

risks to human health and the environment, it has been around for thousands of years and is still

the most prevalent way of cooking in the world (Cleveland 2004). Alongside the three-stone fire,

other traditional cooking designs are commonly used in many parts of the world. As most

biomass cooking stoves are not produced using industrial production processes but rather

homemade, many different types and designs of biomass cooking stoves can be found

worldwide. Variations across countries mainly result from historically evolved cultural

preferences, availability of resources, cooking habits and climatic circumstances. Unfortunately

most of these stove designs are disadvantageous in terms of their energy efficiency. On these

grounds, many efforts have been made in order to improve the energy efficiency and reduce risks

for human beings and to the environment related to the cooking of traditional households. These

2

efforts have resulted in a large number of so called “improved biomass cooking stoves” which

again vary in terms of design, performance and costs.

Like many other sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia is highly dependent on biomass energy

sources, such as fuel wood, charcoal, animal dung and crop residues. These biomass energy

sources account for more than 90% of total domestic energy demand, according to Beyene et al,

(2013). The Ethiopian Environmental Protection Agency also further reports that about 95% of

the total population in Ethiopia uses biomass fuels for their main source of energy. Even though

urban households have better access to modern energy than the rural population, the difference in

biomass use is not large — approximately 99% of rural households compared to 94% of urban

households. The heavy dependence and inefficient utilization of biomass resources have

contributed to the depletion of forest resources in Ethiopia. In general, Ethiopians are poor, and

as noted by Geist and Lambin (2003) as well as Vance and Iovanna (2006), poverty and other

socioeconomic factors force people in developing countries, including Ethiopia, to exploit forest

resources for both domestic energy consumption and commercial gains. Given the high levels of

dependence, biomass will continue to dominate energy demand in both rural and urban Ethiopia

in the foreseeable future.

Ethiopian dependence on biomass fuels impacts on the health of its citizens, especially women

and children. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) estimates that fumes from indoor

biomass cook stoves kill 1.6 million women and children in developing countries, each year, and

that the global burden of disease associated with biomass fuel use is 3%. The figures for

Ethiopia, though, are proportionately worse. According to the same WHO report, with 95% of

households using biomass fuels as their primary energy source, 4.9% of the Ethiopian burden of

disease can be attributed to solid fuel use for cooking, heating and lighting; nearly 50,000 deaths

can be attributed to the same cause. Some of those health problems are associated with

particulate matter that arises from fires. Surveys by Bruce et al. (2002), Smith et al. (2004),

Emmelin and Wall (2007) and Fullerton et al. (2008) summarize the strength of association

between indoor air pollution — especially biomass fuel use — and a wide range of illnesses and

diseases. Associations are shown to exist for acute lower respiratory tract infection, low birth

weight, nutritional deficiency, interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive lung disease and lung

cancer, tuberculosis, cardiovascular disease, and cataracts; similar information can be found in

3

WHO (2006). These health problems tend to be greater in areas where traditional cooking

technology is more common, as reported by Smith and Mehta (2003), and Masera et al. (2007).

In order to reduce pressure on forests and plantations and mitigate the adverse impact of indoor

air pollution, the government of Ethiopia has devised a number of strategies. Of particular

relevance to this research are the promotions of alternative modern fuels and support for

improved biomass cook stoves (Cooke-St. Clair et al., 2008).

2. Materials and Methods

Despite the problems associated with traditional use of wood fuels (like energy inefficiency,

deforestation, increasing use of time for collection of fuel, and deleterious health and

environmental effects), hundreds of millions of people, mainly in developing countries, rely on

wood fuels for most of their energy needs. Open fires and traditional stoves tend to be highly

inefficient and lose a large percentage of the fuel energy due to incomplete combustion.

Investments in direct fuel saving solutions are thus needed to combat the unsustainable use of

fuel wood. An important strategy is the use of improved institutional cooking stoves that allow

for significant savings of fuel wood without the need to introduce sophisticated technologies or

to change cooking habits.

Thus the purpose of this paper is to explore the need for improved institutional cook stove in

Addis Ababa. The paper attempts to show the current cooking system of institutions involved

and the future plan of those institutions in using improved institutional cook stove. This paper

provides preliminary data that demonstrates the need for improved institutional cook stove.

The study collects data that demonstrates the need for improved institutional cook stove using

pillar questions. These pillar questions were developed to explore the institutions need for

improved institutional cook stove.

There are two pillar questions and sub-questions associated with each of the two pillar questions.

The pillar questions have two different foci. The first question looks the current cooking system

of institutions involved and seeks to determine whether there are needs for improved institutional

cook stove. The second question focuses on the future plan of those institutions in using

4

improved institutional cook stove. The two pillar questions and their sub-questions are listed

below.

Pillar Questions

Question 1:

What is the need for improved institutional cook stove?

Sub- Questions

1a) what is the current cooking system of institutions involved?

1b) Is there a need for improved institutional cook stove in the institutions involved?

Question 2:

What considerations about institutions should product developers make?

Sub-Questions:

2a) Would institutions seek improved institutional biomass cook stove for reducing Indoor Air

Pollution (IAP)?

2b) Would institutions seek improved institutional biomass cook stove for only fuel wood

saving?

2c) Would institutions need improved institutional biomass cook stove for its thermal

efficiency?

2.1. Methodology

Document analysis, survey research, website analysis, and interviews were used within this

needs assessment to collect data. Each method is explained and connected to the pillar questions

indicated above.

5

2.2. Needs Assessment:

In the array of possible research methodologies, a needs assessment about a specific need is very

close to a case study. “A case study is an idiographic examination of a single individual, group,

or society” (Babbie, 1999). Schwab (1999) maintains that “cases may also be individuals

interacting in organizations, such as customers, patients, or students, who agree to be studied”. A

needs assessment can be considered a special kind of case study. Hereafter the case study

approach will be referred to as a needs assessment.

Within both needs assessments and case studies, the use of multiple sources is very appropriate.

According to Yin (2003), “any finding or conclusion in a case study is likely to be much more

convincing and accurate if it is based on several sources of information”. Therefore, several data

collection methods were used in this needs assessment. Document analysis of the Growth and

Transformation plan (GAT) and documents from Ministry of Water and Energy in the nation was

used. Survey research was also used to document the interest of institutions. Lastly, structured

interviews were used to document the opinions of key informants in the selected

organizations/institutions. Purposive sample method were used to select the institutions.

6

2.3. Methodology used in Operationalization Tables

Table 1: Operationalization

No. Pillar Question Research

Method

Interview

Questions

Sample

1. What is the need for improved institutional cook stove?

1a) what is the

current cooking

system of your

institutions?

Interview 1. Roughly for how many people do you cook in a day?

2. 2a) What capacity stoves do you use now?

2b) What capacity stoves do you need for your requirement?

3. What is your primary energy source for cooking?

4. If your answer for Question #3 is wood, how much firewood are you consuming (in

track, tones, or in Birr) at present per month?

5. If the answer for Question #3 is other than firewood, what other cooking fuels do

you use and which one of them is your major cooking fuel?

6. If you use firewood for cooking, do you stock dried firewood?

7. If the answer for the question # 6 is ‘Yes’; what is the method you used to dry your

firewood?

8. What type of stoves you are using currently for cooking?

9. What aspect of your present cooking stove did you like the most and the least?

10. Are you satisfied with the performance of the stove you are currently using?

11. What measures have you taken in order to improve your organizations’ cooking

stoves?

Owners

Administrators

or managers

7


Pillar Question Research

Method

Evidence Sources

1. What is the need for improved institutional biomass cook stove?

1b) Is there a need for

Institutional improved

biomass cook stove in

Addis Ababa?

Document

Analysis

Data showing there is a

need for Institutional

improved biomass

cook stove.

Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11-

2014/15

Documents from Ministry of Water and Energy

1c) Is there a national need for

improved Institutional

biomass cook stove?

Document

Analysis

Data showing there is a

need for Institutional

improved biomass

cook stove nationally.

Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11-

2014/15

Documents from Ministry of Water and Energy

What the experience of institution’s reveal about the

Institutional improved biomass cook stove.

The status of Institutional improved biomass cook

stove in institutions.

1b) Is there a need

for improved

Institutional cook

stove in Addis

Ababa?

Interview 1. Are you willing to try other better performance stoves that use wood as a source of

energy?

2. If yes; what particular feature of the stoves you want in them to be improved?

3. Are you interested in using improved, energy-efficient and smokeless cooking

stoves??

4. If your answer is yes, how much do you pay for it?

Owners

Administrators

or managers

8


Pillar Question Survey Questions Possible Responses

2. What considerations about institutions or organization should product developers make?

2a) Is there an institution or organization interested

in using Institutional improved biomass cook

stove?

I would be interested in using improved

institutional biomass cook stove.

No or Yes

2b) Would an institution or organization seek

Institutional improved biomass cook stove for

reducing Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)?

Does your cooking stove have Indoor Air

Pollution (IAP) problem, if yes how do

you rate the problem?

A. Severe

B. Moderately severe

C. Very severe

D. Free of Smoke

2c) Would an institution or organization seek

improved, energy-efficient and smokeless

cooking stove?

Are you interested in using improved,

energy-efficient and smokeless cooking

stoves?

Yes or No

9

The operationalization tables are organized by pillar questions Tables 1 and 2 and deal with the

potential institutions environment. Document analysis is used to answer pillar questions 1b, and

1c. Documents such as the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11-2014/15,) and other

related documents are analyzed to determine the need for improved institutional biomass cook

stove in Addis Ababa.

Because documents tell only the existing need and cannot give a sense of future demand for

improved institutional cook stove in Addis Ababa, interviews with key informants such as

owners, and managers in Public Universities, Hotels and Restaurants in Addis Ababa are

included in the data collection (Table 3). Interviews with key informants are used to answer

pillar questions 1a and 1b (Table 1).

The second pillar question deals with product considerations (Table 3). Survey research will be

used to determine the need for improved institutional cook stove in Addis Ababa. Survey

research will be used to answer pillar question 2a-c.

2.4. Data Collection Methods

A. Document Analysis

Document analysis is the first research method used to explore the need for improved

institutional cook stove at Addis Ababa. Document analysis in needs assessments allows for the

opportunity to use many different sources of evidence. Document analysis is used to answer the

first pillar question and its sub-questions (1b and 1c). In each case, document analysis will

provide evidence of data showing the need for improved institutional biomass cook stove in

Addis Ababa.

Sample: Document Analysis

Documents such as the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11-2014/15, the national

Environment and Energy Policy, energy-proclamation, and publications from Ministry of Water

and Energy will be used to answer pillar question 1b and 1c. Combined, these documents reveal

the need for improved institutional biomass cookstove in Addis Ababa.

10

B. Structured Interviews

One-on-one structured interviews with key informants are used to gather opinions about the need

for improved institutional biomass cookstove in Addis Ababa Public Universities, Hospitals,

Hotels and Restaurants, charity organization (for kids and old people) and prison. According to

Witkin and Altschuld (1995), “interviews offer more perceived anonymity, and possibly more

validity, because persons often respond to interviews freely once the interviewer establishes

rapport”. The interview responses are used to address pillar question 1a and 1b.

Interview Population

There are three common types of interview methods: structured/directed interviews – have a

formal set of objectives and a corresponding list of questions to guide the interview

process. Unstructured interviews/ non-directed – questions are not listed in advance. Rather, a

list of objectives and topics to be covered during the interview is used. Finally, scripted

interviews – the entire contents of an interview are written out, rehearsed, or practiced in

advance are used.

Structured interview method was used for this research because it allowed respondents to answer

listed questions with the ability to add individual opinions about the need for improved

institutional biomass cook stove in Addis Ababa.

The key informants are “a selected group of people who hold or have access to most, if not all, of

the information needed to evaluate the product” (Soriano, 1995). Thirty-five (Figure 1)

informants were chosen purposely to address pillar question 1a and 1b.

The key informants (pillar question 1a) are a combination of owners, and managers in Bar,

Hotels and Restaurants, Hospitals, Charity organization, Prison, and Public Universities, in

Addis Ababa. Such informants are good candidates to explain the needs for improved

institutional biomass cookstove. In addition, managers in Hotels and Restaurants have

specialized knowledge about the needs for improved institutional biomass cookstove. The

interview responses provide a clue for the need for improved institutional biomass cookstove in

Addis Ababa.

11

Figure 1: Types of Institutions

In the second instances (pillar question 1b) are kitchen managers in Bar, Hotels and Restaurants,

Hospitals, Charity organization, Prison, and Public Universities. The selected population was

chosen purposely because of their experience and expertise on improved institutional biomass

cookstove affairs. These people have direct knowledge about the need for improved institutional

biomass cookstove within their organizations. They also know whether the improved

institutional biomass cookstove is in need or an added bonus to assist in organization

advancement. The interview responses by these people help determine the need for improved

institutional biomass cookstove in the interviewed institutions in particular and in Addis Ababa

in general.

C. Survey Research

Survey research is used to get the perspective of prospective demand on improved institutional

cook stove. Surveys are one of the most common methods for conducting needs assessments. It

is “probably the best method available to the social scientist interested in collecting original data

for describing a population too large to observe directly” (Babbie, 1999). Surveys are also an

easy and cost-effective way to collect information from a large number of individuals.

Bar, Restaurantand Hotel20 (57%)

Hospital3 (9%)

Charityorganization

4(11%)

Prison1 (3%)

University7 (20%)

12

Sample: Survey

The survey contains questions that explore the need for improved institutional biomass

cookstove at Addis Ababa. Survey research is the best method to answer specific questions

product developers should consider about future demand. Specifically, respondents will be asked

closed-ended questions about their general interest in improved institutional biomass cookstove

at their organization.

The population who are selected purposely for this survey research is again owners, and

managers in public universities, hospitals, hotels and restaurants, charity organization (for kids

and old people) and prison in Addis Ababa. This population was selected intentionally because

they are some of the likely candidates for beneficiary of the intended improved institutional

biomass cookstove products. This population will give product developers a general idea of how

many people are interested in the proposed product and what considerations about product

development should be made.

The human subjects used for this exploratory study are 1) key-informants, who are asked

questions about the need for improved institutional biomass cookstove in Addis Ababa and 2)

key-informants who are surveyed about their interests in improved institutional biomass

cookstove product in Addis Ababa.

13

3. RESULTS

3.1. Purpose

As stated earlier, the purpose of this paper is to explore the need for improved institutional

biomass cookstove in Addis Ababa. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the results

generated from all the data collection methods.

3.2. Interview

Interviews were conducted with key informants to answer pillar questions 1a and 1b. Question

1a pertains to the condition of the product and question 1b to the need for improved institutional

biomass cookstove in the interviewed institutions in particular and in Addis Ababa in general. To

answer both 1a and 1b pillar questions thirty-five informants in the manager or administrator

position from public universities, hospitals, hotels and restaurants, charity organization and

prison were purposely selected and interviewed.

3.2.1. Institutions Experience

Pillar question; 1a) what is the current cooking system of your institutions?

Stove size is dependant on pot capacity, which is dependent on the number of people served. The

larger stoves are designed for 10 to 150 liter capacity and although stoves are made up to 300

liter capacities, the cooking vessels then become very heavy to handle. Therefore, large

institutions often prefer to use a larger number of smaller stoves. To serve more people, for

example, 5 or 6 stoves could be used in most institutes.

While small institutions (having <200 customers in a day) constitute 42.86% of the organization

interviewed, medium (having between 200-1000 customers in a single day) and large institutions

(having 1000-5000 customers) occupy 25.71% and 22.85% of the organization interviewed

respectively. Figure 2 depicts the number of people served in the institutions that was analyzed.

This gives an indication of the rough distribution of small, medium and large institutions in the

interviewed sample.

14

Figure 2: Number of Customer Served in the Interviewed Organization in a day

In response to the question on the capacity of stoves, the majority of the respondents (68.57%)

said that they are using below 100 liters of stove capacity (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Currently Used Cooking Pot Size in Institutions

20%

22.8%

8.5%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9N

umbe

r of

Org

aniz

atio

n

1 (2.8%)

1 (2.8%)

0 1 2

15 liter

20 liter

30 liter

40 liter

60 liter

100 liter

150 liter

200 liter

400 liter

Unknown

capa

city

of

Stov

es (i

n L

iter

)

14





8.5%

11.4%

5.7% 5.7% 5.7%

8.5%

2.8%

Number of customer

2 (5.7%)

3 (8.5%)

2 (5.7%)

2 (5.7%)

6 (17.1%)

1 (2.8%)

6 (17.1%)

1 (2.8%)

3 (8.5%)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Number of Institutions

14





2.8%

8.5%

9 (25.7%)

9 10

15

About twenty-three percent of the respondents use more than 100 liter stove. The remaining

8.57% said that they didn’t know the capacity of their stoves (Figure 3).

Respondents gave a wide range of answers into what capacity of stoves they need for their

requirement. Figure 4 shows that over one-fourth (25.7%) of the organizations interviewed they

would be very much interested if they have a cooking stove of having a capacity of 200 liter and

almost nearly one-fourth (22.9%) say they would be interested if they have a cooking stove of

having a capacity of 100 liters. 14.3% of the respondents said nothing about their requirements,

however, the rest of the respondents (37.1%) indicated various requirements, such as 60 liters,

10,15, and 20, >200 liter, 150 liter, and less than 40 liters. In most cases there is a positive

relationship between the number of customers and the capacity of stoves that an institution is

using. As the result most of the public universities, hospitals and the prison selected for this

interview use greater than 100 liter stove capacity. Hotels and restaurants use a stove capacity

below 100 liter. Charity organizations selected for this research also use both below and above

100 liter capacity cook stove.

Figure 4: Capacity of Stoves Needed by Institutions

1 (2.9%

1 (2.9%

0 1

60

100

150

200

>40

>200

10, 15, 20

Unknown

Cap

acit

y of

Sto

ves

15
















6 (17.1%)

8 (22.9%)

1 (2.9%

1 (2.9%

2 (5.7%)

3 (8.6%)

5 (14.3%)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Number of Institutions

15
















8 (22.9%)

9 (25.7%)

9 10

16

Cooking in large catering establishments such as public universities, hospitals, hotels and

restaurants require the use of high amount of energy. In many parts of the developing world this

cooking is fuelled primarily by wood - gas and electricity supplies being unavailable, unreliable

or too expensive. In this regard, respondents were asked to indicate their primary source of

energy for cooking.

Figure 5: Primary energy source for cooking

Figure 5, shows that more than one-third (37.1%) of the respondents say that their main source of

energy is wood, and in the same way 37.1% of them revealed that electricity is their major

source of energy. Some respondents also noted that the recent move by Ethiopian Electricity and

Power Corporation (EEPCo) of increasing electric bills as consumption increases created a

negative impact. In the past EEPCo was charging less as consumption increased which

encourage people to convert to electric power. But now it is the reverse, and could be due to

pressure from leading institutions. In addition to this the current situation also seems to be a

negative incentive for people to switch to high capacity electric power, i.e., increasing the cost of

switching to high capacity electric power.

The rest of respondents indicated that they use gas and charcoal independently as a source of

energy and accounted for 17.1% and 8.6% respectively.

Gas 17.1% (6)

Wood 37.1%(13)

16





energy for cooking.













Charcoal 9%(3)

Electric 37.1%(13)

Gas 17.1% (6)

16





energy for cooking.













Electric 37.1%(13)

17

The responses to this question reveal that most institutions use electricity and wood as major

source of energy. From this it can be observed that there need to be a system of fuel wood

consumption where by it can be efficiently utilized and the cooking system can be safe and

health working environment, in which the key-informants do see a need for improved

institutional cookstove.

The cost of firewood can be 15 – 20% of the kitchen budget for most institutions and restaurants

so by using wood more efficiently significant running cost savings can be made (DFID, 1999).

So institutions were also asked the cost of firewood that they spend (in birr) per month.

Table 6, shows that 25.7% of the respondents said that their cost for firewood is zero (the reason

for this is that their main source of energy is either electricity or gas, kerosene.), while more than

one third (42.9%) of the respondents consume a certain amount of Ethiopian birr between 1000

to 10000. 17.1% of the institutions spend over 20000 birr per month and 8.6% between 10000 to

20000 birr. Only 5.7% of the total did not respond.

Figure 6: Monthly Expense for Firewood

Institutions also use other source of energy. As the result they were also asked to identify their

source of energy other than wood. Accordingly, more than forty percent (45.7%) of the

institutions said that kerosene and cylinder gas are their second prominent source of energy for

their institution, followed by wood which accounted for 34.3% (Figure 7).

0.00 5.00

0

1000-10000

10000-20000

above 20000

Uknown

Cos

t

17



















25.71% (9)

42.86% (15)

8.57% (3)

17.14% (6)

5.71% (2)

5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

Percent

17



















42.86% (15)

40.00 45.00

18

Figure 7: Other source of energy

The rest of respondents indicated that they use electricity and charcoal as secondary energy

source and accounted for 14.3% and 5.7% respectively.

Those institutions that use wood as a source of energy were asked if they stock dried firewood or

not. In response to this question, nearly half (48.6%) of the respondents responded affirmatively,

however 11.4% of the respondents answered No. The rest of the respondents (40%) said nothing

about this question. The reason is that their major source of energy is electricity and gas (Figure

8).

Figure 8: Stocking of Dried Firewood

5.71% (2)

14.29% (5)

45.71% (16)

34.29% (12)

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00

Charcoal

Electricity

Gas

Wood

Percent

Oth

er S

ourc

e of

Ene

rgy

48.6% (17)

11.4% (4)

40.0% (14)

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

Yes

No

No Answer

Percent

Res

pons

e

19

When the level of drying of wood is broken down into different methods’ drying as presented in

Figure 9, it is found that over one- fourth or 25.7% of the total respondents buy fire wood that is

already dried, and 17.1% of the respondents use fire wood splitting and storing as a method of

drying. Only 8.6% institutions use air and sun as a method of drying firewood. The rest of the

respondents (48.6%) did not respond to the question.

Figure 9: Firewood Drying Technique

When it comes to the stoves that the institutions are using, there are different types of stoves that

are used in different places and institutions. Such stoves include; a chimney to remove smoke

from the kitchen, an enclosed fire to retain the heat, careful design of pot holder to maximize the

heat transfer from fire to pot, baffles to create turbulence and hence improve heat transfer,

dampers to control and optimize the air flow, a ceramic insert to minimize the rate of heat loss, a

grate to allow for a variety of fuel to be used and ash to be removed, metal casing to give

strength and durability, and multi pot systems to maximize heat use and allow several pots to be

heated simultaneously. Based on this institutions were asked which type of cooking stove are

they using.

Respondents gave a wide range of answers into what type of cooking stove that their institution

is using now. Some of the answers of the respondents include: Steam based stove, electric stove,

17.14% (6)

25.71% (9)

8.57% (3)

48.57% (17)

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

splitting and storing

buy dried wood

on air and sun

No answer

Percent

Res

pons

es

20

three-stone fire, constructing a barrier around three-stone fire to shield the fire, lakech, improved

rocket stove, metal charcoal stove, Circular metal constructed with bricks,

Respondents also asked what aspects of their cooking stove do they like most, fifteen out of the

total respondents mentioned that lack of indoor air pollution (lack of smoke) is the quality of

their stove. Eleven respondents also indicated that the speed of their stove is the best for them

(Figure 10).

The Figure below also shows that eight of the surveyed institutions said that thermal efficiency is

the best that they like from their stoves. Others like the less contact with fire (2), portability (1)

and upright operation condition (1) of their stoves. However, four of the respondents don’t like

any aspects of their stoves.

Figure 10: Good features of Existing Stove that they like

In the same way informants also asked to identify the aspects of the stove that they dislike.

1

15

2

8

1

11

4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Uprightly operated

No smoke

no direct contact with the fire

thermal efficiency

portable

speed

We don't like everything

Number

Res

pons

es

21

Figure 11: Bad Features of the Existing Stove that they dislike

As the result respondents indicated that indoor air pollution (smoke) (6), indoor heat (4), high

fuel consumption (4), lack of speed (3), ash removal problem (2) and fragile wood holder (1).

However, some of the respondents didn’t like their stove at all and some others didn’t have any

aspect of their stove that they dislike (Figure 11).

However, when their level of satisfaction among the different existing cooking stoves that they

have is analyzed, 48.6% institutions responded affirmatively, while 51.4% responded negatively

(Table 5). It is because of their major source of energy, (i.e. Electricity and Gas,) which reduces

indoor air pollution, that almost 49% of the institutions responded affirmatively (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Level of Satisfaction of the Existing Stove

4

6

4

3

1

2

4

8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The heat

Smoke

High fuel consumption

Lack of speed

Fragile wood holder

Ash problem

All

None

Number

resp

onds

48.6% (17)

51.4% (18)

100% (35)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Yes

No

Total

Percent

Res

pons

es

22

As the result, most of the respondents tried to improve their stoves by; maintaining the chimney

to reduce the indoor air pollution, use additional stove to increase the speed of cooking; buy GIZ

product, report the problem to their bosses in order to change the cooking stove, etc,.

Overall, the responses from the key informants towards the need for improved institutional cook

stove in Addis Ababa were positive.

3.2.2. The perception of the institutions for the demand

Pillar Question

1b) Is there a need for improved biomass cookstove in Addis Ababa?

In response to the question “Are you willing to try other better performance stoves that use wood

as a source of energy?”, the majority of the respondents answered yes (25 out of 35 responses).

Only ten of the respondents said no (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Interest to Use Improved Biomass Institutional Cook Stove

Their evidence to this question includes a need for more stoves that has better performance and

uses wood as a source of energy. This is attributed by the awareness of the respondents towards

the negative impact of the traditional cooking stove in terms of environmental and health impact.

As most of the respondents pointed out that the traditional cooking technologies is one source of

71.43% (25)

28.57% (10)

100% (35)

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00

Yes

No

Total

Percent

Res

pons

es

23

inefficient utilization of biomass resources, as well as a source of indoor air pollution and ill

health. However, those who responded negatively use electricity as their main source of energy.

Overall, respondents were optimistic and supported the need for better performance stoves that

use wood as a source of energy. The range of responses to support this need was very broad.

Respondents gave a wide range of answers to what qualities an institutional cook stove should

bear. Their answer included: a stove that is designed to be operated in a standing position; a

cooking stove that can use firewood efficiently to mitigate the negative impacts of firewood

harvesting on forests; a cooking stove that can reduce indoor heat and indoor air pollution; a

stove that can easily be removed its ashes; a stove with a strong firewood holder capacity,

energy-efficient; a stove with least cost, portable, occupies small space and a stove that has

speed.

Again institutions also asked if they are interested to use improved, energy-efficient and

smokeless cooking stoves. In response to this question more than three fourth (77.1%) of the

respondents would be interested to use improved, energy-efficient and smokeless cooking stoves

in the future and 22.9% of the respondents would not be interested to use it in their institution

(Figure 14).

Figure 14: Level of Interest to Use the Instove Prototype Stove

Reasons on the future need for using improved, energy-efficient and smokeless cooking stoves in

selected institutions varied widely. Most of them commented on the future need. Lists of

77.1% (27)

22.9% (8)

100% (35)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Yes

No

Total

Percent

Res

pons

es

24

responses are: to have a better cook stove; power interruption, energy efficiency, speed,

smokeless stove to reduce green house gas emission and high cost of kerosene. However, some

of them could not answer the future need because they could not provide evidence.

Questioned further the price that they can afford; only seven out of the twenty seven yes

respondents indicated a price that they can afford to pay for it (between 450 to 10,000 Ethiopian

Birr). However, the majority of the yes respondents could make no comment on the question

because they did not have the necessary information to set the price that they need.

3.3. Document Analysis

Pillar question

1a) Is there a need for improved institutional biomass cook stove in Addis Ababa?

Pillar question

1b) Is there a national need for improved institutional biomass cookstove?

The first document analyzed to answer pillar question 1a was the Growth and Transformation

Plan (GTP) (2010/11-2014/15) of the nation. The plan, which was prepared by the Federal

Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MOFED),

indicates the key priority areas for alternative energy development and promotion in the last five

years. It also addresses the disseminating and uses of improved alternative energy technologies

can minimize deforestation, reduce indoor air pollution that creates health problem and

additionally it can contribute on saving working time of women’s and children which is caused

by searching, collecting and transporting wood fuels. This creates spare time for families to use

for other production works. By providing capacity building for regional implementers and other

stakeholders the development of alternative energy technology and resource can be made

sustainable that makes the community beneficial (GTP, 2010/11-2014/15).

According to the document if the nation does not ensure access to an effective and fuel efficient

cooking stove that can minimize deforestation, reduce indoor air pollution that creates health

problem and additionally it can contribute on saving working time of women’s and children

25

which is caused by searching, collecting and transporting wood fuels at all levels, it will not

achieve its’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

The country has also taken a bold and ambitious decision to set its vision to achieve middle-

income status by 2025 while developing a green economy. Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green

Economy (CRGE) vision and strategy emanated from the Constitution of Ethiopia and the

Environment Policy of Ethiopia approved in 1994 and 1997 respectively.

As it is indicated in the national report of Ethiopia on United Nations Conference on Sustainable

Development (Rio+20) in the year 2012, Global circulation models predict a 1.7-2.1ºC rise in

Ethiopia's mean temperature by 2050. This could cause food insecurity, outbreak of diseases

such as malaria, dengue fever, cholera and dysentery, malnutrition, land degradation and damage

to infrastructure. To protect its citizens from such impending catastrophe and to attain its vision

of becoming a middle income country by 2025 the government of Ethiopia has adopted a climate

resilient green economy strategy.

The CRGE strategy focuses on four pillars that will support Ethiopia in developing green

economy:

1. Adoption of agricultural and land use efficiency measures

2. Increased GHG sequestration in forestry, i.e., protecting and re-establishing forests for their

economic and ecosystem services including carbon stocks

3. Deployment of renewable and clean power generation

4. Use of appropriate advanced technologies in industry, transport, and buildings.

In general four initiatives for fast-track implementation have been selected under the CRGE:

i) exploiting Ethiopia’s vast hydropower potential;

ii) large-scale promotion of advanced rural cooking technologies;

iii) efficiency improvements to the livestock value chain; and

iv)Reducing emissions from deforestation and Forest degradation (REDD).

26

Again, the environmental policy document of the nation also indicates the ten energy policy of

the nation which mainly targets meeting MDGs.

a) To adopt an inter-sectoral process of planning and development which integrates energy

development with energy conservation, environmental protection and sustainable utilization

of renewable resources;

b) To promote the development of renewable energy sources and reduce the use of fossil energy

resources both for ensuring sustainability and for protecting the environment, as well as for

their continuation into the future;

c) To make institutions and industries which consume large amounts of wood fuel establish

their own plantations or make contractual arrangements with plantations to meet their wood

requirements;

d) To encourage Government leases for private entrepreneurs to plant fuel woodlots in peri-

urban areas;

e) To ensure that feasibility studies for hydroelectricity facilities and other significant

generating facilities include rigorous environmental impact assessments to allow informed

decision-making that maximizes benefits to the community and to the country at large and

eliminates or at least minimizes damage to the natural resources base and/or to environmental

well-being;

f) To review current institutional, pricing and regulatory arrangements in the energy sector to

suggest reforms that will better meet community energy needs and maximize the

opportunities for private commercial and community sector initiatives to develop and market

environmentally sound energy sources;

g) To recognize that water resources play an important role to meet Ethiopia's energy demand

and that, by generating power cause no pollution on the environment;

h) To focus extension programmes on farm and homestead tree planting to ensure that each

homestead grows enough trees to satisfy its wood requirements; and

i) To locate, develop, adopt or adapt energy sources and technologies to replace biomass fuels.

27

Evidence: Closing the Gaps by 2015

Objective 2: ‘Close the Gaps in Participation by 2015’ was used to provide evidence to answer

pillar question 1a and 1b. Specifically, the objective entails “by 2015, Ethiopia should

disseminate 9 million improved cook stoves, for 4.5 million households, through building

sustainable and vibrant market for improved cook stoves and institutional capacity for the

attainment of the MDGs.” In order to attain this objective and attain the Millennium

Development Goal, the nation through the national improved cookstoves program which was

implemented by Ministry of Water and Energy in partnership with UNDP, BARR Foundation,

Global Alliance for Clean Cook stoves and others, will have to disseminate 9 million improved

cookstoves, to save ca. 2.1 tons woody biomass per year per household; a total abatement

potential of 14MTof CO2 e; avoidance of 1000-2000 deaths per year due to indoor pollution; and

to enable in creating 5000 private sector jobs largely in rural areas.

Therefore, in order to achieve the above indicated strategies and policy, more improved

institutional cooking stoves, in terms of energy efficiency cooking stoves, are required. To attain

the strategies and objectives of protecting, re-establishing forests for their economic and

ecosystem services, deploying of renewable and clean power generation, large-scale promotion

of advanced urban cooking technologies, making institutions and industries which consume large

amounts of wood fuel establish their own plantations or make contractual arrangements with

plantations to meet their wood requirements; it is obvious that there will be a demand for

improved institutional cook stoves.

Generally, Ethiopia must produce and increase the number of improved institutional cooking

stove users significantly by the end of 2015 to keep up with the demand of the economy. If

Ethiopia does not take the necessary steps to decrease the level of deforestation which is caused

by fuel wood collection for cooking, the state’s economy will be at risk and the nation again will

not meet the MDGs. Currently, Ethiopia is profiting from a diverse, vibrant and rapid growing

economy. Yet this prosperity could turn to crisis if steps are not taken quickly to ensure the

availability of improved institutional biomass cooking stoves for the future.

28

To sum up the document analysis, improved biomass cooking stoves can help to close the gaps

in success and participation. Undoubtedly, there is a need of improved biomass cooking stove

particularly in Addis Ababa and generally in the nation as a whole. Therefore, improved biomass

cooking stoves are very relevant to meeting the targets of the GTP.

3.4. Survey:

Survey research was conducted to answer pillar question 2. Thirty five institutions were

contacted.

Pillar Question

2a) Is there an institution or organization interested in using improved biomass cook stove?

In response to the question “Would you be interested in using improved biomass cook stove?”,

almost three fourth of the population (71.4%) would be very much interested in using the

improved biomass cookstove. However, nearly one-fourth (28.6%) would not interested to use

the stove (Figure 15).

Figure 15: Level of Interest in Using Improved Biomass Cookstove

The responses to the survey reveal that a significant portion of the respondents are very much

interested in using the stove. Although the sample cannot be considered as representative, the

result gives an indication that there is a substantial amount of demand in the product.

71.43% (25)

28.57% (10)

100% (35)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Yes

No

Total

29

Pillar Question

2b) Would an institution or organization seek improved biomass cookstove for reducing

Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)?

In response the question “how do you rate the IAP problem in your kitchen?” 40 % of the

respondents think Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) problem is ‘moderately severe’ or ‘very severe’

whilst 5.7% think ‘severe’ (Figure 16). However, 54.3% respondents think that IAP is not their

stove problem.

Figure 16: Level of Smoke Problem in the Kitchen

Responses to this question reveal that 45.7% the surveyed institutions would be interested in the

design of the product to incorporate the IAP problem. This shows that if initiated product

developers should keep customers interest in mind when developing the improved institutional

cook stove.

Pillar Question

2c) Would an institution or organization seek improved, energy-efficient and smokeless

cooking stove?

5.7% (2)

34.3% (12)

5.7% (2)

54.35% (19)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Severe

Moderately Severe

Very Severe

Free of smoke

Percent

Res

pons

es

30

When it comes to their interest in using improved, energy-efficient and smokeless cooking stoves

27 out of thirty five respondents would be interested to use improved, energy-efficient and

smokeless cooking stoves and eight would not interested to use it in their institution (Figure 17).

Figure 17: Interest on Energy Efficient and Smokeless cook stove

Again responses to this question reveal that if initiated product developers should keep customer

interests (improved, energy-efficient and smokeless) in mind when developing the product.

77.1% (27)

22.9% (8)

Yes

No

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Res

pons

es

Percent

31

4. Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1. Conclusions

Pillar Question 1a

When it comes to the need for improved institutional biomass cook stove in Addis Ababa (pillar

question 1a), the document analyzed -GTP-highlighted the key priority areas for alternative

energy development to minimize deforestation, reduce indoor air pollution that creates health

problem and additionally it can contribute on saving working time of women’s and children

which is caused by searching, collecting and transporting wood fuels for the attainment of the

MDGs. This requires the need for improved biomass cooking stoves (IBCS).

The national report of Ethiopia on United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

(Rio+20) in the year 2012, also another evidence for the need of improved institutional cook

stove not only for the capital but also for the nation-wide. The report indicated that global

circulation models predict a 1.7-2.1ºC rise in Ethiopia's mean temperature by 2050, which could

cause food insecurity, outbreak of diseases, land degradation and damage to infrastructure. To

protect its citizens from such impending catastrophe and to attain its vision of becoming a middle

income country by 2025 the government of Ethiopia has adopted a climate resilient green

economy strategy. This strategy document described a need for more deployment of renewable

and clean power generation, large-scale promotion of advanced rural and urban cooking

technologies, which entails the need for improved institutional cook stoves.

The most important evidence that did support a need for more improved institutional cook stoves

was found in the environmental policy document of the nation The document described a need

for improved institutional cook stoves to adopt an inter-sectoral process of planning and

development which integrates energy development with energy conservation, environmental

protection and sustainable utilization of renewable resources.

Generally, we can say that both documents support the need for improved institutional cook

stoves.

32

Pillar Question 1b

In the same way, when it comes to the need for improved institutional cook stoves nationally and

(pillar question 1b), the first document analyzed - Ministry of Water and Energy document-

indicates that by 2015, Ethiopia should disseminate 9 million improved cook stoves, for 4.5

million households, through building sustainable and vibrant market for improved cook stoves

and institutional capacity for the attainment of the MDGs. If Ethiopia does not take the necessary

steps to ensure this, the state’s economy will be at risk and the nation again will not meet the

MDGs.

Therefore, even though it was not explicitly indicated in the document, for rapidly growing

economy - 11% annually - more energy efficient stoves not only in Addis Ababa but in other

parts of the nation are needed in order to protect the environment, to reduce risks related to

indoor air pollution etc.

Therefore, from the analysis of the above documents we can conclude that there is big demand

for improved institutional cook stoves in the nation in general and in Addis Ababa in particular.

Interviews with key-informants to answer pillar question 1a showed that the majority of

respondents (25 of 35) agreed that there was a need for improved institutional cook stoves in

Addis Ababa.

Respondents gave a wide range of answers to provide evidence for this need. Such evidence

includes; problem of indoor pollution, high fuel consumption, lack of speed, etc. Although most

of the interviewed population agreed, and provided some-kind of evidence, that there is a need

for more improved institutional cook stoves, only seven of the respondents provide the price that

they can afford.

Pillar Question 1a

Interviews with key informants were used to explore the current cooking system of their

institutions (pillar question 1a). In most institutions evidence of using and advancement trends

within their organizations did show a need for improved institutional cook stoves. For example

33

only 8.5% and 17.1% of the respondents use charcoal and gas as the main source of energy

respectively. However, 37.1% of those interviewed said that wood is the main source of energy.

In the same way 37.1% of the respondents use electricity as their major source of energy. Lastly,

twenty-seven of the thirty-five respondents agreed that there is a need for improved institutional

cook stoves.

Pillar Question 2

Survey research was used to explore what considerations about institutions need product

developers should make (pillar question 2). Accordingly, there are a large percentage of people

interested in the product. Around 77.1% percent of key informants were very interested and only

22.9% respondents said no in using the improved institutional cook stove.

In the same way informants also asked if their stove have indoor air pollution problem. The

responses to this question disclosed that 34.3% of the respondents say that the problem is

moderately sever and 5.7% sever, again 5.7% very sever and 54.3% the respondents say indoor

air pollution is not their problem.

The majority of the respondents (77.1%) said that they are willing to use improved, energy-

efficient and smokeless cooking stoves for their institution, and the rest of the respondents (22.9)

say they are not interested to use improved, energy-efficient and smokeless cooking stove.

Overall, product developers should know that there is a large population of customers potentially

interested in using improved biomass cooking stove. Since respondents show different interest in

using the stove, product developers should keep customer interests in mind when developing the

product, i.e. increasing the thermal efficiency, reducing the smoke, portable, solving ash

accumulation problem etc. The survey research showed that there is a significant institutions

interested in using the improved institutional cook stove. It also gives product developers good

ideas of what decisions should be made about product development.

Cumulatively, none of the documents analyzed provided quantitative evidence to support a need

for improved institutional cook stove in the capital.

34

Finally, the results of the interviews with key informants in the Universities, Restaurants and

Hotels did show the need for more improved institutional cook stove. Although some of the

respondents did provide a variety of good responses pertaining to the need, none of them had

quantitative evidence to support their reasons.

4.2. Recommendations

Since, this research was able to produce an obvious market need for improve institutional cook

stove, it is not important for product developers to find another more evidence that such a

product is needed in the capital Addis Ababa.

From the survey, and interview responses, it can be concluded that improve biomass cook stoves

are needed to improve thermal efficiency, reduce indoor air pollution, protect the forests by

producing energy efficient stove, increase the speed of the stove, and improve ash accumulation

problems.

Also, from this research it was concluded that most of the institutions are more interested in

buying and using the product. From this evidence, product developers should create a product to

fulfill this need and accommodate the demands of the users. This product, as it is indicated by

the respondents should be designed to reduce indoor air pollution and indoor heat, to be thermal

and energy efficient, solve the problem of ash accumulation, fit for different pot size, integrate

with bio-fuel production etc.

35

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Company.

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Sequestration and REDD+: Some Evidence from Ethiopia,” Environment for

Development/RFF Discussion paper Series, EfD DP 13-07.

Bruce, N., R. Perez-Padilla, and R. Albalak. (2002), The health effects of indoor air pollution

exposure in developing countries. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Cleveland, C. J. (2004): Encyclopedia of Energy.

Department for International Development (UK) (DFID), (1999), Commercial production of

energy efficient biomass stoves for the commercial/institutional sector in East Africa:

Manual for producers, promoters and users.

Emmelin, A., and S. Wall. (2007), ‘Indoor air pollution: A poverty-related cause of mortality

among the children of the world’, Chest 132: 1615-1623.

Environmental Protection Authority; 2012; National Report of Ethiopia; United Nations

Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).

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smoke is a major health concern in the developing world’, Transactions of the Royal Society

of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102: 843-851.

Geist, H. and E. Lambin. (2003),‘Is poverty the cause of deforestation?’, The International

Forestry Review 5(1): 64-67.

Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11-2014/15, Federal Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MOFED).

IEA; OECD (2006): World Energy Outlook 2006. Outlook.

36

Masera, O.R., R. Edwards, C. Armendáriz, V. Berrueta, M. Johnson, L. Rojas, and H. Riojas-

Rodríguez. (2007),‘Impact of “Patsari” improved cookstoves on indoor air quality in

Michoacan, Mexico’, Energy for Sustainable Development 8(3): 53-59.

Schwab, Donald P. 1999. Research methods for organizational studies. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence

Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Smith, K.R., and S. Mehta.(2003), ‘The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in

developing countries: Comparison of estimates’, International Journal of Hygiene and

Environmental Health 206(4-5): 279-289.

Smith, K.R., S. Mehta, and M. Maeusezahl-Feuz. (2004), ‘Indoor air pollution from solid fuel

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Selected Major Factors. Geneva: World Health Organization, pp. 1435-1493.

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Organization, Geneva, pp. 1435 -1494.

Vance, C., and R. Iovanna. (2006), ‘Analyzing spatial hierarchies in remotely sensed data:

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Sage Publications.

37

6. Appendix

6.1. Appendix A: INTEREST SURVEY

1. Roughly for how many people do you cook in a day?

________________________________________________________________________

2. A. What capacity stoves do you use now?

A. 60 liter B. 100 liter C. Other ______

B. What cooking stove capacity is needed by your institution?

________________________________________________________________________

3. What is your primary energy source for cooking?

________________________________________________________________________

4. If your answer for Question 3 is wood, how much firewood are you consuming (in track,

tones, or in Birr) at present per month?

________________________________________________________________________

5. If the answer for Question #3 is other than firewood, what other cooking fuels do you use and

which one of them is your major cooking fuel?

A. Yes B. No (we buy dry woods)

6. If your answer for Question #5 is yes, how does your institution dry the firewood?

________________________________________________________________________

7. If your answer for Question #3 is not firewood, what is the primary source of energy for

cooking in your institution?

________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the type of cooking stove that your institution is using now?

_______________________________________________________________________

9. Does your cooking stove have Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) problem, if yes how do you rate the

problem?

A. Severe B. Very severe C. Moderately severe D. Not severe

10. What aspect of your present cooking stove did you like the most?

________________________________________________________________________

38

11. What aspect of your present cooking stove did you like the least?

________________________________________________________________________

12. Is your institution happy by all aspects of the available cooking stove?

A. Yes B. No

13. Are you willing to try other better performance stoves that use wood as a source of energy?

A. Yes B. No

14. A. If your answer for question #13 is ‘Yes’; what particular feature of the stoves you want in

them to be improved?

_____________________________________________________________________

B. Based on your institution, from the listed feature of cooking stove which three are very

important?

No. Feature Select the top three feature1 Energy Saving2 Speed (Fast Cooking)3 Thermal efficiency4 Security5 Clean/easy to clean6 Smokeless7 Good Combustion8 Convenience9 Durability

10 Attractive11 Portable12 Affordable13 Preserve test of food

15. Have you used improved, smokeless and energy-efficient cooking stoves recently?

______________________________________________________________________

16. What are the measures/modifications you took and implemented to improve the performance

of your stove?

______________________________________________________________________

17. Would you interested in improved, smokeless and energy-efficient cooking stoves?

A. Yes B. No

18. If your answer for Question 17 is yes, how much do you pay for it?

________________________________________________________________________

39

6.2. Appendix B: Institutions surveyed

No Institutions Name Representative Mobile

1 Addis Ababa University (Sidist Kilo) Ato Asefa 0911253946

2 Addis Ababa University (Amist Kilo) Senayet Tegegn 0911677230

3 Addis Ababa University (Arat Kilo) Leyuworke Hailu 0913165149

4 Nedeyan Support Association Zewdenesh Erkeayehu 0910983192

5 Kechene Children Elenie Kebede 0911623061

6 Abebech Gobena Mulu 0911766227

7 Momo Mago Prison Mamo 0920973903

8 Gandi Memorial Hospital

9 Black lion Hospital

10 Zewditu Hospital

11 Woreda 17/17 Aster Demessie 0913253829

12 Missionary Charity Ayele Mazenegya 0911652208

13 Hot water Service Organization Kalkidan Asress 0911468248

14 Woreda 11 Recreation Ato Ephrem Birhanu 0911177043

15 Addis Ababa Science & Technology Ato Girma Bekele 0911313568

16 Civil Service University Ato Sherife Muzeyen 0911020031

17 Ethiopian Institute of ABC Ato Anagaw Tadesse 0911523309

18 Kotebe University College Ato Merawe Ligedi 0911369579

19 Spot Bar & Restaurant Ato Wondwesen Tefera 0911382111

20 Woreda 6 Recreation Ato Alebachew Kassa 0913042802

21 Radiyone 1 and 2 W/o Sara deko 0911721871

22 Enkutatash Menafesh W/o Enkutatash Asefa 0911886614

23 Zemo Bar and Restaurant Ato Eliyas Amiga 0911763889

24 Kidist Selassie Bar and Restaurant Ato Getanehe Terefie 0912430681

25 Ethiopia Hotel Ato Desalegn derese 0115517400

26 Mini Coca Kaffe & Restaurant W/o Addis Abebe 0911118701

27 Bella Mezenanga Ato Esayas Tefera 0911186571

28 A.H. Bar and Restaurant W/o Hanna Ali 0910712980

29 Habesh Sinima Ato Teshager Sileshi 0911312898

30 Ambasader Parke Bar and Restaurant Ato Kibrome Habitie 0911403463

31 Hut Bar and Restaurant W/o Kidist shekure 0913649092

32 Getachew & Lijochu Bar & Restaurant W/o Amsalu Getachew 0911600231

33 Yenache Bar and Restaurant Aynalem 0913714140

34 Green Valley Hotel W/o Lekeyelesh Teferi 0910296910

35 Elenie Fiseha Bar and Restaurant Ato Melaku Terfie 0913422746