John R. Kasich, Governor Tracy J. Plouck, Director Mark Hurst, M.D., Medical Director Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services 1
John R. Kasich, Governor
Tracy J. Plouck, Director
Mark Hurst, M.D., Medical DirectorOhio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services
1
Prescription Opioids per Capita and Milligram Morphine Equivalents (MME) per Script, Ohio,
2010 - 2014
5
†Calculations are only based on oral solids and transdermal patches. All opioid solutions and most buprenorphine combinations are excluded from the analyses except for Butrans, which is primarily used for pain management. Rates are likely underestimated because data from drugs dispensed at physician offices and the Veteran’s administration are not included in the calculations.
66.3 66.5 66.9 65.6 61.2
52.2
46.5 45.744.5 43.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
MM
E p
er
Scr
ipt
Dose
s per
Capita
Year
Doses per Capita Avg. MME per Script
State Rank in the Age-adjusted Rate of Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths,
Ohio, 2000 - 2014
7
26
18
17
17
16
14
9
8
8
8
7
5
4
3
051015202530
2000
2001
2002
2003†
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Source: CDC WONDER, codes X40-X44†Results are unreliable for 2003
State Rank
Epidemics of unintentional drug overdoses in Ohio, 1979 - 20141,2,3
Source: 1WONDER (NCHS Compressed Mortality File, 1979-1998 & 1999-2005) 22006-2014 ODH Office of Vital Statistics, 3Change from ICD-9 to ICD-10 coding in 1999 (caution in comparing before and after 1998 and 1999)
Prescription drugs led to a larger overdose epidemic than illicit drugs ever have. Prescription
Pain Medication (opioids)
Crack Cocaine
Heroin
Heroin & Rx opioids
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Ye
ar
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
Number of Unintentional Drug Overdoses Involving Selected Drugs by Year, Ohio, 2000 - 2014
9
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
Num
ber
of D
eath
s
Prescription opioids Heroin Benzodiazepines Other/Unspecified drugs only
Source: ODH Vital Statistics
Percentage of all Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Selected Drug by Year, Ohio, 2010 - 20141
10
Source: ODH Vital Statistics: ***No specific drug was identified
Average Unintentional Drug Overdose Death Rate by Age Group, Ohio, 2002-2014
11
Source: ODH Vital Statistics
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Rate
per
100,0
00 P
ers
ons
Age Group
2002-05 2005-07 2007-08 2009-11 2012-14
Fentanyl-related Overdoses, Ohio, 2012 - 2014
12
Source: ODH Vital Statistics: 12014 drug overdose data is based on information listed on death certificates, including for Ohioans who died in other states.
Percentage of AOD Clients with an Opiate Diagnosis, Ohio, SFY 2001 - SFY 2014
14
Source: Multi-agency Community Services Information System (Claims)
7.2% 7.4%8.2% 8.5% 8.6% 9.3% 9.8%
11.8%
14.1%
18.3%
21.3%
25.2%
30.4%
37.0%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Pe
rce
nt
of
Ad
mis
sio
ns
Number of Admissions for Opiate Abuse, Dependence or Poisoning to Emergency
Rooms, Ohio, 2004 - 2013
24
14,222
17,69919,814 20,518
22,541
26,01427,277
32,408
40,564
46,565
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ad
mis
sio
ns
Year
Source: Ohio Hospital Association
Rick Massatti, PhD, MSW, MPH, LSW
Health Services Policy SpecialistOffice of Quality, Planning & Research
Ohio Dept. of Mental Health & Addiction Services
Phone (614) 752-8718Fax (614) 488-4789
25
John R. Kasich, Governor
Tracy J. Plouck, Director
Mark Hurst, M.D., Medical DirectorOhio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services
26
• Alcohol kills 3.3 million worldwide annually• 350,000 die due to illicit drugs (WHO, 2015).• Alcohol and other drug-related conditions
number 1 public health concern in US and unintentional overdoses are now the leading cause of accidental death (CASA, 2011; Warner et al., 2011)
27
• 23 million individuals with substance use disorder in the US
• Cost of SUD in US is estimated at $600 Billion annually due to:
• lost productivity• health care expenditures• criminal justice involvement• Despite high prevalence and about 14,000 treatment
facilities and 100,000 self-help groups meeting weekly in US, only 10% receive some form of help
• A main barrier to seeking and receiving help is stigma (but not the only one)
28
Definition of Addiction
• Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.
• Addiction is characterized by inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death.
(American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2010)
29
All diseases should have:1. Characteristic symptoms (things that a person
complains of)2. Characteristic signs (things that can be seen)3. Predictable course4. Outcomes should be able to be defined5. Defined etiology (what causes it)6. Treatments
30
Characterized by:•Compulsive Behavior/craving•Continued abuse of drugs despite negative consequences•Persistent changes in the brain’s structure and function
31
• Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than the you meant to
• Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to
• Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance
• Cravings and urges to use the substance• Not managing to do what you should at work, home or
school, because of substance use• Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in
relationships• Giving up important social, occupational or recreational
activities because of substance use32
• Using substances again and again, even when it puts the you in danger
• Continuing to use, even when the you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance
• Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance)
• Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance.
2-3 “mild” SUD, 4-5 “moderate SUD, > 6 “Severe” SUD
33
• Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than the you meant to WEAK-WILLED, BAD JUDGEMENT
• Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to WEAK WILLED
• Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance IRRESPONSIBLE
• Cravings and urges to use the substance
• Not managing to do what you should at work, home or school, because of substance use IRRESPONSIBLE
• Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships UNFEELING
*with moral judgments added35
• Giving up important social, occupational or recreational activities because of substance use IRRESPONSIBLE
• Using substances again and again, even when it puts the you in danger RECKLESS, IRRESPONSIBLE
• Continuing to use, even when the you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance IRRESPONSIBLE
• Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance)
• Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance.
36
38
• Cause: “It IS their fault”
• Controllability: They CAN help it”
• Safety: “They ARE dangerous”
Result: Punishment over
treatment
• Cause: “It’s NOT their fault”
• Controllability: “They CAN’T help it”
• Safety: “They AREN’T dangerous”
Result: Treatment over punishment
• All addictive drugs work on our natural neurotransmitter systems and mimic their activities in some manner
• All addictive drugs have effects on our biological reward centers, which gives them their reinforcing effects
• These reward centers are the same areas that are activated when we perform activities that are required for our survival or survival of species
• Drugs of abuse “trick” some of us in to believing their use is necessary for survival (and nothing is
• farther from the truth) 39
Characterized by:• Compulsive Behavior/craving• Continued abuse of drugs despite negative
consequences• Persistent changes in the brain’s structure
and function40
• It has biological and behavioral components, both of which must be addressed during treatment
• Recovery from it--protracted abstinence and restored functioning--is often a long-term process requiring repeated episodes of treatment
• Relapses can occur during or after treatment, and signal a need for treatment adjustment or reinstatement
• Participation in support programs during and following treatment can be helpful in sustaining long-term recovery
Recovery can occur with appropriate treatment and supports
46
Treatment for drug addiction is as effective as treatment for
other chronic illnesses
Type I Diabetes
Drug Addiction
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hypertension Asthma
40
to 6
0%
30
to 5
0%
50
to 7
0%
50
to 7
0%
Per
cen
t o
f P
ati
ents
Wh
o R
ela
pse
McLellan et al., JAMA, 2000. 47
MET
CBT
12-Step
Project MatchFixed Time - Fixed Content – Rehab Oriented
6 12 18 24 30 39
Treatment
TypePost Treatment Evaluations
45% 38% 27%
Diuretic
CCB
ACE
ALLHAT Pre-Specified Criteria – Adjustment Oriented
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Start
27% Control
DURING Treatment Evaluations
42% 55% 64%
MET
CBT
12-Step
Project MatchFixed Time - Fixed Content – Rehab Oriented
6 12 18 24 30 39
Treatment
TypePost Treatment Evaluations
45% 38% 27%
Treating a bio-behavioral disorder like addiction
must treat the whole patient
Pharmacological Treatments
(Medications)
We Need to Treat the
Whole Person!
In Social Context
Behavioral Therapies
Social Services
Medical Services
51
Treatment of Opioid Addicted Patients
•Assessment•Detoxification•Counseling•Support Groups•Medication
52
Why Medication Assisted Therapy?
• The risk of relapse among individuals with Opioid addiction is exceedingly high (up to 90%) over the course of a year without MAT
• Cravings and preoccupation decreases capacity to learn coping skills and change lifestyle
• Medication Assisted Therapy (MAT) can appreciably decrease risk of relapse and and associated morbidity and mortality
• MAT alone is not adequate treatment
53
All MATs improve abstinence
ratesMedication With MAT
(% Opioid Free)Without MAT
(% Opioid Free)NNT
Naltrexone ER 36 % 23 % 7.7
Buprenorphine 20-50 % 6% 7.1-2.3
Methadone 60 % 30 % 3.3
NOTES:• COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS CANNOT BE
DRAWN FROM THIS• ALL MAT WAS PROVIDED ALONG WITH RELAPSE
PREVENTION COUNSELING
References: Krupitsky 2011, Mattick 2009, Fudala 2003, Weiss, 2011
54
MAT Comparisons: Prescribing Considerations
Extended-Release
Injectable Naltrexone Buprenorphine Methadone
Frequency of
Administration Monthly Daily Daily
Route of Administration
Intramuscular injection in the
gluteal muscle by healthcare
professional.
Oral tablet or film is dissolved
under the tongue. Can be taken
at a physician’s office or at home.
Oral (liquid) consumption usually
witnessed at an OTP, until the
patient receives take-home
doses.
Restrictions on Prescribing
or Dispensing
Any individual who is licensed to
prescribe medicine (e.g., physician,
physician assistant, nurse
practitioner) may prescribe and
order; administration by qualified
staff.
Only licensed physicians who are
DEA registered and either work
at an OTP or have obtained a
waiver to prescribe
buprenorphine may do so.
Only licensed physicians who are
DEA registered and who work at
an OTP can order methadone for
dispensing at the OTP.
Abuse and Diversion
Potential No Yes Yes
Additional Requirements None; any pharmacy can fill the
prescription.
Physicians must complete limited
special training to qualify for the
DEA prescribing waiver. Any
pharmacy can fill the
prescription.
For opioid dependence treatment
purposes, methadone can only be
purchased by and dispensed at
certified OTPs or hospitals
Outcomes
Improved social functioning; may
reduce criminal activity more than
other drugs; very high dropout rate
Improved social functioning;
good drug for client retention at
adequate doses; suppresses illicit
opiate use at adequate doses
Improved social functioning; best
drug for client retention;
suppresses illicit opiate use
Source: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Naloxone
• Opioid antagonist that blocks effects of opioid analgesics and reverses the effects of overdose
• No abuse potential
• Can be administered in both healthcare settings and in community
• Project DAWN (Deaths avoided with naloxone)
• Outcomes: Demonstrated to decrease mortality, not cause dose escalation and increase eventual entry into treatment
Heroin Related Deaths in San Francisco
Decreased with Broad Availability of Naloxone
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1993-
1994
1994-
1995
1995-
1996
1996-
1997
1997-
1998
1998-
1999
1999-
2000
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
2004-
2005
2005-
2006
2006-
2007
2007-
2008
2008-
2009
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
Heroin-related deaths
Extended Abstinence is Predictive of Sustained Recovery
It takes a year of abstinence
before less than half relapse
Dennis et al, Eval Rev, 2007
After 5 years – if you are sober, you probably will stay that way.
59
Aspects of dealing with an epidemic
• Prevention– Start Talking
– Prescribing guidelines
• Early intervention – SBIRT
• Treatment– Psychosocial and MAT
• Life-saving measures– Naloxone
60
Summary• Opioid addiction is rampant in Ohio• Addiction is a chronic, biobehavioral
disease• Chronic diseases require chronic
biobehavioral treatment• Appropriate identification and treatment
success requires addressing the biological, and social aspects of the disease in a comprehensive manner and generally require both non-medication and medication treatments
61
Treatment Resources
• Local treatment resources:
– https://prod.ada.ohio.gov/directory/
– Listing by county of licensed/certified treatment resources, with specific services provided
– Specific insurance plan information through their websites
62