Maritime English Exercises

MARITIME ENGLISH

EXERCISES

Index

UNIT 1. FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK .............................................................................................................................................................. 1

UNIT 2. DEADWEIGHT AND FREIGHT CARRYING CAPACITY ................................................................................................................................... 3

UNIT 3. THEORETICAL MEAN DRAUGHT “DH” AND DRAUGHT MARKS ................................................................................................................ 4

UNIT 4. SHIP STABILITY .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

UNIT 5. FREE SURFACE EFFECT ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

UNIT 6. HULL STRENGTH ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

UNIT 7. STEERING SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

UNIT 8. STEERING GEARS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

UNIT 9. RUDDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

UNIT 10. ANCHORING EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15

UNIT 11. MOORING WINCHES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

UNIT 12. MOORING GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

UNIT 13. HATCH COVERS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

UNIT 14. CARGO CRANES ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23

UNIT 15. LIFEBOATS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

UNIT 16. LIFERAFTS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

UNIT 17. RESCUE BOATS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

UNIT 18. GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................................. 31

UNIT 19. PROPULSION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 32

UNIT 20. INTEGRATED PROPULSION SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

UNIT 21. DIESEL- ELECTRIC PROPULSION .............................................................................................................................................................. 36

UNIT 22. AZIMUTHING PROPULSORS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 37

UNIT 23. PODDED PROPULSORS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 39

UNIT 24. VOITH-SCHNEIDER PROPELLER (VSP) ..................................................................................................................................................... 40

UNIT 26. DIESEL ENGINES ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 43

UNIT 27. CONSTRUCTION OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINE ............................................................................................................................................. 45

UNIT 28. FUEL OIL SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 47

UNIT 29. FUEL OIL SEPARATION PROCESS ............................................................................................................................................................. 49

UNIT 30. ALFA LAVAL FUEL CONDITIONING MODULE .......................................................................................................................................... 52

UNIT 31. FILTERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54

UNIT 32. COMMON-RAIL INJECTION SYSTEM OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINES ...................................................................................................... 56

UNIT 33. GARBAGE DISPOSAL ................................................................................................................................................................................... 58

UNIT 34. BILGE WATER SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................................................................ 59

UNIT 35. OILY WATER SEPARATOR ............................................................................................................................................................................ 60

UNIT 36. TANK CLEANING IN PRODUCT TANKER ................................................................................................................................................... 62

UNIT 37. INERT GAS SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 63

Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz

MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl

Index

1 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz


Go to Index

UNIT 1. FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK

1.1 Vocabulary – study definitions below and label sketches.

Block coefficient – The block coefficient of a ship at any particular draught is the ratio of its underwater volume to the volume of a rectangular block having the same overall length, breadth and depth.Draught – The vertical distance from the moulded baseline to the waterline.

Moulded breadth Bmld - The maximum breadth of a ship with a metal shell measured amidships to the moulded line of the frame.Moulded depth Dmld - The vertical distance measured from the moulded baseline to the top of the free-board deck beam at side.

Sheer – The longitudinal curve of the vessel deck in a vertical plane.



109,5 mm

Go to Index

1.2 Translate into your native language:

1. For the Panama Canal the air draught is to be no greater than 57.91m.2. The freeboard deck is normally the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and sea.3. A superstructure is a decked structure on the freeboard deck, extending from side to side of the ship or

with the side plating not being inboard of the shell plating more than 4% of the breadth B.4. A flush deck ship is one which has no superstructure on the freeboard deck.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Load lines markPhoto J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 2. DEADWEIGHT AND FREIGHT CARRYING CAPACITY

2.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook. Use your dictionary to check the meaning.

2.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below.

Displacement – It is the mass of water displaced by the vessel at any waterline. It is the product of the volume of its underwater portion and the density of water in which it floats.

Displacement = Lightship mass + Deadweight

Lightship mass – This is the mass of the ship itself when completely empty.Deadweight - This is the mass that a ship carriers. It can be made up of fuel oil, fresh water, ballast water, stores, crew, lashing equipment and cargo.


1. In order to decrease the lightship mass, hull structure should be designed with great care, and light, com-pact equipment installed.

2. Lightship mass is evaluated by conducting a draught survey normally just prior to delivery of the new ves-sel.

3. Loose equipment such as loose lashing, removable tweendeck panels, strong beams are not part of the lightship mass.

4. The actual weight of a ship and location of the centre of gravity depends on her loading condition.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 3. THEORETICAL MEAN DRAUGHT “dH” AND DRAUGHT MARKS


Centre of flotation (LCF) – The geometrical centre of the waterplane. It may be aft, forward or even at amidships. LCF is the point about which the ship trims.Hydrostatic data – The various items of hydrostatic information.Trim - The difference between the draught at the forward perpendicular (FP) and the draught at the aft perpendicular (AP).

3.2 Translate into your native language:1. The theoretical mean draught “dH” does not change if the vessel is trimmed by shifting weights fore

and aft.2. The mean draught amidships “dM” changes with trim unless the centre of flotation is at amidships.3. Theoretical draught is used mainly by naval architects. Draught extreme is used mainly by masters, mates,

port authorities and dry-dock personnel.4. When a ship moves from water of one density to the water of another density, without there being

a change in her mass, the draught will change. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Draught marks amidships and “All Seasons Load Lines” mark as used for vessels with enlarged freeboard

Shell plating

Fender

Underwater part

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 4. SHIP STABILITY



Metacentric height GM – The vertical distance between the centre of gravity G and the metacentre M.GM = KB + BM – KG

Vertical centre of buoyancy KB and metacentric radious BM depends on geometrical form of ship, vertical centre of gravity KG depends on loading of ship.

Stiff ship – A stiff ship is one with very large GM. The ship will return to the upright very quickly causing excessive strain on cargo lashings. Such ship is uncomfortable for crew.Tender ship – A tender ship is one with a very small GM caused by KG being too large.

4.3 Match the words with correct definition.

Angle of heel - _________________________________________________________________________Angle of list - ___________________________________________________________________________Angle of loll - __________________________________________________________________________

The angle at which a ship with negative initial metacentric height will lie •at rest in still water.The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an external force, such as wind or waves.•The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an internal force.•


1. The height of metacentrum M above the base plane depends on geometry of ship.2. The mass and location of the centre of gravity KG of loaded ship are calculated by summing up the masses

of the empty ship, cargoes, stores, spare parts, lashing etc., and ballast water and their moments about a horizontal, transverse and longitudinal plane.

3. Ships under ballast and ships loaded with steel have a large metacentric height GM. The result is such ships are “stiff”: they have short roll period and will roll quickly and violently. Such a condition is not desirable.

4. When the GM is too small, for example 0.16m to 0.20m the ship has the long roll period (25 to 35 second) and is said to be “tender”. As before, this condition is not desirable and steps should be taken to increase the GM. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 5. FREE SURFACE EFFECT



1. For all loading conditions, the initial metacentric height and the righting lever curve should be corrected for the effect of free surfaces of liquids in tanks.

2. Free surface effects should be considered whenever the filling level in tank is less than 98% of full condi-tion.

3. Where water ballast tanks are to be filled or discharged during the course of a voyage, the free surface effects should be calculated to take account of the most onerous transitory stage relating to such opera-tions.

4. When ballasting the vessel only one transverse pair or a single centerline ballast tank shall be filled up. At sea, as far as possible, ballast tanks shall be 100% full or empty. When ballasted wide double bottom tanks must be always 100% full.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

5.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1. If the tank is partially filled, the position of the centre of gravity ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. A liquid in partially filled tank always decreases ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

3. The free surface effect can ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

the initial metacentric height, the righting lever and the range of stability.•lead to a negative metacentric height.•of the liquid will change as the ship is inclined.•



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 6. HULL STRENGTH



Midship section – A drawing showing standard cross sections of the hull at, or near, amidships and pre-senting the scantling of the primary structural members.Sheer strake – The top strake of a ship side shell plating.Shell expansion – A plan showing the seams and butts, thickness and associated welding of all plates.

6.3 Choose the correct words or phrases and label marked components: Inner bottom, Tranverse bulkhead, Floor, Longitudinal bulkhead, Sheer strake, Bilge plating

Transverse section in way of cargo hold

1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________

4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 5 _______________________

1

2

6

5

4

3

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index


1. The total buoyant force is equal to the total weight but the distribution of the weight and buoyancy along the length of the ship are not similar.

2. The difference between the weight and buoyancy at any point is the load at that point.3. In some cases the load is an excess of weight over buoyancy and in others an excess of buoyancy over

weight.4. If the buoyancy amidships exceeds the weight, the ship will hog.5. If the weight amidships exceeds the buoyancy the ship will sag.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 7. STEERING SYSTEM


7.2 Choose the correct words or phrases and label marked components: Flap, Heading box, Rudder blade, Rudder stock, Rotary vane steering gear, CP propeller

7.3 Match the words with correct definitions.

Steering gear – ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Rudder blade – ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Rudder carrier – _______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Rudder stock – ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

A pivoting structure which acts as a control surface to direct a ship’s movement in a horizontal plane.•The shaft which connects the rudder blade to the steering gear.•A bearing which carries the whole weight of the rudder blade and the tiller.•The machinery which provides a movement of the rudder in response to a signal from the bridge.•

6

45

2

3

1

Picture courtesy of Van der Velden

1 _______________________ _______________________2 _______________________ _______________________3 _______________________ _______________________4 _______________________ _______________________5 _______________________ _______________________6 _______________________ _______________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

Wheelhouse steering workstation

7.4 Manoeuvring information. Translate into your native language.

1. Manoeuvring information contains the pilot card, wheelhouse poster and manoeuvring booklet.2. The pilot card is intended to provide information to the pilot. It should describe the current loading condi-

tion of the ship, propulsion and manoeuvring equipment.3. The wheelhouse poster, describing the manoeuvring characteristics of the ship, should be permanently

displayed in the wheelhouse.4. The manoeuvring booklet should be available on board and should contain details of the ship manoeu-

vring characteristics and other relevant data.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 8. STEERING GEARS


8.2 Choose the correct words or phrases from the terms below and label the photos: Ram-type steering gear, Tiller, Power pack, Rotary vane steering gear

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index


Rudder actuator – ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Rudder horn – _________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Tiller – ________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

A welded construction or a casting providing support for the rudder blade and minimizing •the bending moment in the rudder stock.An arm attached to rudder stock which turns the rudder blade.•A hydraulic cylinder or a hydraulic motor which converts hydraulic pressure into mechanical action to move •the rudder.

8.4 What type of steering gear is being described in each of these sentences?

A hydraulic mechanism which consists of a vaned rotor that moves within a vaned stator. Chambers are formed between the vanes on the rotor and those on the stator. The rotor will move when oil is supplied into appropriate chambers and removed from the others.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

8.5 Rules. Translate to your native language.

1. Steering gear control shall be provided both on the navigational bridge and in the steering gear compart-ment.

2. A means of communication shall be provided between the navigation bridge and the steering gear com-partment.

3. The steering gear compartment shall be readily accessible and, as far as possible, separated from machin-ery spaces.

4. Handrails and gratings or other nonslip surfaces shall be arranged to ensure suitable working conditions in the event of hydraulic fluid leakage.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



Go to Index

UNIT 9. RUDDERS

9.1 Find unknown terms and record them in your vocabulary notebook. Use your dictionary to check the meaning.

9.2 Label the elements marked in the photo.

1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 ________________ 4 ________________

5 ________________ 6 ________________ 7 ________________ 8 ________________


1. The fishtail rudder improves both the course keeping and the vessel control characteristics.2. The semi-spade rudder is supported by a horn.3. The cone coupling is used to fasten the rudder blade to the rudder stock.4. Rudder blade sole should be rounded at the leading edge in order to avoid local cavitation and erosion.5. Rotary steering gears have the rudder carrier integrated.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

4

83

1

27 2

4

5

3

61

Photo J. BabiczPhoto courtesy of Becker Marine Systems



109,5 mm

Go to Index

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

9.4 Match the words with the correct definitions.

Flap rudder – __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Balanced rudder – _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Twisted leading edge rudder - ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Rudder angle indicator – ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

A device used to indicate the actual position of the rudder blade to ship’s personnel and pilots in the wheel-•house, bridge wings and engine control room.A rudder with a part of the blade surface put forward of the axis so the water pressure on this portion counter-•balance that on the aft part.A new type of spade rudder comprising a special asymmetrical section offset to port and starboard at the •leading edge.A high-lift rudder with a pivoting flap installed on the blade trailing edge.•

2

1

1. Rudderstock2. Rudder horn

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 10. ANCHORING EQUIPMENT

10.1 Find unknown terms and record them in your vocabulary notebook. Use your dictionary to check the meaning.

10.2 Label marked elements in this photo.

Combined windlass/mooring winch with split drum

1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________

4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 6 _______________________

7 _______________________ 8 _______________________ 9 _______________________


Anchoring equipment consists of two high-holding power bower anchors, each connected to 495m of 44mm diameter anchor chain cable. The forecastle carries two combined windlass/mooring winches, each with a split drum and a warping head. The aft ship carries one mooring winch and one combined winch for the stern anchor and mooring. The anchor/mooring winch is equipped with a warping head, a mooring drum and a wire drum for the stern anchor. The winches are powered by a high-pressure hydraulic system, of which the power pack is on deck.

7

68

9

3

4

5

1 2

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

10.4 Fill the gaps with the correct words.

1. The mass of ______________ is not to be less than 60% of the total mass of the anchor.2. ______________required by rules is not designed to stop a ship which is moving or drifting.3. Before releasing anchors, a check should be made that no ______________ is under the bow.4. The ______________ shall be bolted down to a substantial foundation.


Cable lifter – __________________________________________________________________________Chain stopper – ________________________________________________________________________Chain locker – _________________________________________________________________________

A device used to hold the anchor cable in place while the ship is at anchor.•A compartment located under the windlass where the anchor chains are stowed.•A steel casting in the form of a barrel with specially shaped “snugs”.•

Windlass Chain stopper

Photos J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 11. MOORING WINCHES


Electric mooring winch with split-type drum on the Forecastle Deck

1 __________________ 2 __________________ 3 __________________ 4 __________________

5 __________________ 6 __________________ 7 __________________ 8 __________________

11.2 Choose the correct words and label the photo. Mooring wire, Reduction gear, Windlass, Storage drum, Cable lifter, Band brake, Tiller, Brake anchor, Warping end, Flange, Mooring line, Tension drum, Power pack


1. Mooring winch with split-type drum can maintain a constant brake holding capacity.2. Winch drum is driven by a motor through a reduction gear.3. For safety reasons, it is highly desirable to lead mooring lines from winch drums directly to the shipside

fairlead.4. The minimum distance between a winch drum and the fairlead should be such that the fleet angle does

not exceed 1.5 degree. This is the maximum angle the line deviates from a direction perpendicular to the drum axis.

3

7

41 5

86

2

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________


Bollard – ______________________________________________________________________________Mooring and Towing Manual - ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Shipboard fittings - ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Supporting hull structure - ______________________________________________________________

A document with index and characteristics of machinery, equipment, shipboard fittings and ropes available •for mooring and towing.Bollards and bitts, fairleads, rollers and chocks used for the normal mooring of the ship and similar compo-•nents used for the normal towing of the ship.A rectangular base upon which two vertical bitts are welded.•The hull structure supporting mooring equipment and fittings (capstans, winches, etc.) used for the normal •towing and mooring operations.

11.5 Vocabulary: mooring lines. Study definitions below and label lines in the sketch.

Breast lines – Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the ship fore and aft line.Head lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.Spring lines – Mooring lines leading on a nearly fore and aft direction to prevent longitudinal movement: headsprings prevent forward motion and backsprings - aft motion.Stern lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the after end of a ship.



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 12. MOORING GUIDELINES


12.2 Read the sentences below and label mooring fittings marked in the photos. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

Bollards are used to secure the mooring lines.Panama-type chocks are either deck mounted or bulwark mounted.The rollers may be mounted near the edge of the deck to serve as a roller fairlead; or they may be mount-ed upon a pedestal (pedestal roller guide) elsewhere on the deck to provide a fair lead to a winch drum or a warping head.Universal roller fairlead consists of several cylindrical rollers.

Mooring fittings

1 ____________________ 2 ____________________ 3 ____________________

4 ____________________ 5 ____________________

2

1

5 3

24

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

12.3 Complete the following sentences:

1. All personnel involved in mooring operations should wear suitable ______________ 2. _____________ lines should be oriented as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.3. Mooring lines should be arranged as symmetrically as possible about ______________4. When the ship is in its final position the mooring lines are secured to ______________ onboard.5. ______________ should be frequently inspected for wear.


Mooring lines – ________________________________________________________________________Breast lines – __________________________________________________________________________Head lines – ___________________________________________________________________________Messenger line – _______________________________________________________________________Spring lines – __________________________________________________________________________

Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.•Ropes or wires used to secure a ship at a berth.•Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.•Mooring lines leading in a nearly fore and aft directions to prevent longitudinal •movement of the ship.A light line attached to the end of a main mooring line and used to assist •in heaving the mooring to the shore.


1. It is recommended to provide closed chocks, associated bollards and warping ends for a number of sec-ondary lines equal to at least 50% of the ship’s primary mooring lines.

2. Mooring fittings require adequate clearance for routine operations, and winches have to be arranged to provide an adequate fleet angle for the drum.

3. The minimum distance between a bollard and fairlead should be 1.8m in order to provide adequate space for the application of rope stoppers.

4. The minimum distance from the drum to the fairlead should be approximately 19 times the drum width.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 13. HATCH COVERS

13.1 Look at the photos and translate the text below into your native language.

The vessel’s two hatches are covered with pontoon-type steel hatch covers designed for a maximum load of 1.75t/m2. The covers have a closed underside in accordance with grain cargo rules and are fitted with stainless steel quick acting cleats. Covers are lifted and stacked by a gantry-type hatch cover crane. The removable grain bulkheads are also handled by the hatch cover crane.

2

1

3

5

4

Photo Hermann Buss GmbH

Photos J. Babicz

1. Pontoon-type hatch covers2. Gantry-type hatch cover crane3. Quick-acting cleat4. Bearing pad5. Hatch coaming top



109,5 mm

Go to Index

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

13.2 Study the illustration and complete the following sentences:

1. The hydraulic cylinders for ______________ of hatch covers are located at the end of hatch coaming.2. The trailing pair is operated by ______________ connected to bell crank arms at the sides of the covers.3. The ______________ are designed to accept container stack loads up to 45t/40ft units.4. Battening of all covers to the coaming is effected by manual ______________

Multi-folding covers operated by external hydraulic cylinders and bell crank arms

Intermediate hinge

Leading pair

Trailing pair

Lifting wheel for trailing pair

Bell crank

External hydraulic cylinder for bell crank

External hydraulic cylinder for leading pair

Link for end hinge

Longitudinal stopper

Illustrations courtesy of MacGREGOR



Go to Index

UNIT 14. CARGO CRANES


14.2 Choose the correct words or phrases and label the photos. Crane house, Jib, Pedestal, Adaptor, Block, Ramshorn hook, Jib support, Cabin

Wire-luffing cranes for handling containers and general cargoes

1 __________________ 2 __________________ 3 __________________ 4 __________________

5 __________________ 6 __________________ 7 __________________ 8 __________________

5

3

6

1

2

3

4

8

7

12

Photos J. Babicz



Go to Index

Crane characteristics: Lifting capacity, Max. working radius, Min. working radius, Hoisting speed, Luffing time, Slewing speed, Slewing angle, Weight

14.3 Vocabulary: crane motions.

Hoisting – Lifting the crane hook.Luffing – A term which denotes the movement of a crane jib or derrick boom to move up or down. I.e. “Luff up” or “Luff down”.Slewing – Rotation about a vertical axis in a horizontal plane.

Hoisting, luffing and slewing motions are independent of each other. This means that at their maximum capacity cranes can operate at full speed using all three movements at the same time.

Cylinder-luffing crane

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 15. LIFEBOATS


15.2 Complete the following sentences with words: buoyant smoke signal, immersion suit, lifeboat, rocket parachute flare, lifejacket.

1. When lowering a __________________ no mechanical assistance apart from gravity is applied.2. Try out the __________________ before an emergency occurs.3. An _______________ designed to be worn without a lifejacket shall be fitted with a light and the whistle.4. The __________________ shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300m.5. The __________________ shall emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not

less than 3 min.

Davit-launched lifeboat

It is not allowed to “drop” the davit-launched lifeboat from the falls to the water, as when the lifeboat is dropped, even from as little as one metre above the water, serious personal injuries and possible structural damage can occur.

Photos J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index


On-load release hooks - _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Fall preventer devices - _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Simulated launching of free-fall lifeboats - ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Strops attached to a strong point other than the hook on the boat and to the fall block during launching and •recovery procedures or an approved metal pin inserted in the on-load release hooks to prevent inadvertent release.

Means of training the crew in the free-fall release procedure of free-fall lifeboats and in verifying the satisfac-•tory function of the free-fall release system without allowing the lifeboat to fall into the sea.

On-load release mechanisms designed to permit the release of the lifeboat from fall wires when ship is still •making way through the water or in rough sea.


1. There are reported to be about 80 types of on-load release hooks in service. Some of these systems are described by accident investigators as “inherently unsafe” or “unstable”.

2. Many of the original manufactures of these systems are no longer trading and this leads to a situation where spare parts are not available creating problems with proper maintenance.

3. Testing the on-load release mechanism must be carried out by equipment manufacturers or their author-ized representatives.

4. All Shat-Harding cruise tenders and lifeboats are fitted with the new generation on-load release hooks.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 16. LIFERAFTS


16.2 Liferaft launching stations. Choose the correct words or phrases and label elements marked in the photos. Cradle, Hydrostatic release unit, Ramp, Embarkation ladder, Painter

Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so arranged that it can be boarded by its full complement of persons in not more than 3 min. from the time the instruction to board is given.

123

4 2

51 __________________

2 __________________

3 __________________

4 __________________

5 __________________

Photos J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

16.3 Personal life-saving appliances. Choose the correct words or phrases and label the photos. Lifebuoy, Lifebuoy with self-igniting light, Self-activating smoke signal, Lifejacket, Immersion suit, Thermal protective aids, Anti-exposure suit


Make sure the following happens on your vessel:1. The liferaft is NOT stowed in an area where rigging will prevent the liferaft from being able to leave the

vessel.2. The liferaft is NOT stowed in a cradle that is too tight to release the liferaft in an emergency.3. There is NO cover over the liferaft that may stop it from inflating.4. Gear is NOT stowed around the liferaft, making manual operation difficult and reducing the liferafts ability

to deploy.5. Easy access IS provided to the liferaft when it is stored in a difficult location, e.g. the wheelhouse roof.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

12

4

3

1 ____________________________________

2 ____________________________________

3 ____________________________________

4 ____________________________________

Photos J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 17. RESCUE BOATS


1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 6 _______________________

17.2 Choose the correct words from the terms below and label the photo. Davit-launched lifeboat, Rescue boat, Embarkation ladder, Rescue boat davit, Free-fall lifeboat, Lifebuoy, Embarkation station

17.3 SOLAS requirements. Translate into your native language.

1. Rescue boat shall be stowed in state of continuous readiness for launching in not more than 5 min., in a position suitable for launching and recovery.

2. Recovery time of the rescue boat shall be not more than 5 min. in moderate sea conditions when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

3. Rescue boat embarkation and recovery arrangements shall allow for safe and efficient handling of a stretcher case. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

4

5

6

2 31

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

17.4 Find logical ending for each of the sentences.

The rescue boat davit consists of a davit arm, column, winch ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Slewing out the manned rescue boat is realized ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________The slewing motion is actuated from within the rescue boat ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Lowering is realized by means of gravity. The lowering motion is _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Recovery of the rescue boat with its crew is __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Hoisting can also be done manually ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

by means of a remote control pull wire.•by means of accumulated power from a hydraulic power pack unit.•by using the crank handle of the winch.•and built-on hydraulic power pack unit.•controlled by means of a remote control pull wire.•realized by using the electric driven winch.•

Rescue boat with davit and liferafts on AHTS

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 18. GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS SYSTEM



Cospas-Sarsat is an international satelite-based search and rescue system, established by Canada, France, the United States, and Russia.

Navtex is an international, automated system for instantly distributing maritime navigational warnings, weather forecasts and warnings, search and rescue notices and similar information to ships.


1. The 406 MHz Emergency Position-Indicating Beacon (EPIRB) is an element of the GMDSS designed to oper-ate with Cospas-Sarsat system.

2. EPIRBs are tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and location of ships, aircraft and people in distress.

3. EPIRBs are designed to transmit to alert rescue coordination centers via the satellite system from anywhere in the world.

4. Digital Selective Calling (DSC) is intended to initiate ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship radiotel-ephone and MF/HF radiotelex calls.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Photos J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 19. PROPULSION SYSTEMS


19.2 Look at the photo and fill the gaps in sentences below with the correct words.

Shafts are connected to each other by means of ______________The ______________ support the weight of the shafts.The propeller shaft connects the shafting system inside the ship with ______________The ______________ guides the propeller shaft through the hull.In the sterntube the ______________ is supported by two oil-lubricated bearings: the aft and forward bearing.

19.3 Find a logical ending on the right for each of the beginnings on the left.

The diesel engine is the most common _____________________________________________________Gas turbines are frequently used ___________________________________________________________LNG carriers and naval vessels may have ____________________________________________________The majority of large cargo vessels are equipped _____________________________________________

with a diesel mechanical drive.•a steam turbine as prime mover.•prime mover in the merchant marine. •in naval vessels.•

1. Propeller shaft2. Shaft Bearing3. Intermediate shaft4. Flange coupling5. Shaft generator

1

2

3

4

5

Transmission components in a diesel direct drive with shaft generator

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

19.4 Mark these photos. Use the following phrases:

Fixed pitch propeller, Voith-Schneider propulsor, Azimuthig thruster, Waterjet


1. Fast catamaran ferries are usually propelled by _______________________2. Tugs can be provided with screw propellers, azimuthing thrusters or _______________________3. The most common propulsor is the _______________________4. _______________________ are used for dynamic positioning in the offshore industry.

1 ____________________________________

3 _____________________________________

2 _____________________________________

4 _____________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 20. INTEGRATED PROPULSION SYSTEM


20.2 Choose the correct words and phrases from the list below and use them to mark the elements in the illustration below. Flexible coupling, Shaft bearing, Main engine, Propeller shaft, Forward sealing, Rope guard, Hydraulic cou-pling flange, Sterntube, Reduction gear, CP propeller

Geared mechanical driveControllable pitch propeller is connected to the shaft line by a flange and bolts.

1 __________________ 2 __________________ 3 __________________ 4 __________________

5 __________________ 6 __________________ 7 __________________


1. A ______________ improves the torsional behaviour of the installation.2. A ______________ is installed in order to reduce the revolutions of the engine to the revolutions required

for efficient operation of the propeller.3. The ______________ bearing carries the shaft and propeller weight.4. A ______________ is connected to the flange of the propeller shaft by bolts.

7

6 5 4 2

1

3

Illustration courtesy of Wärtsilä Corporation



109,5 mm

Go to Index

Photos J. Babicz20.4 Study the photos below and find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1. Blade, 2. Hub, also boss, 3. Boss cup, 4. Face, 5. Leading edge, 6. Trailing edge

1. A CP propeller consists of a hub with _______________________________________________________2. Propellers of the CP-type have larger hub compared with FP propellers ___________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________3. If a ship is viewed from aft, the side of the propeller blades facing aft _____________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________4. A propeller is said to be right-handed if viewed from aft ________________________________________5. The edge of the blade facing the flow of water _______________________________________________6. The flow leaves the blade ________________________________________________________________

is the face or the pressure side of the propeller,•blades mounted on separately.•because the hub has to have space for a hydraulically activated mechanism for control of the•angle of the blades.•rotates clockwise during sailing ahead.•at the trailing edge.•when rotating is the leading edge.•

Right-handed controllable pitch propeller Left-handed CP propeller

34

1

6

5

2

1

4



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 21. DIESEL- ELECTRIC PROPULSION



1. The components in electrical drive: generators, electric motors, _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. In many cases, the total efficiency of the electric drive will be lower due to ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

3. The main advantage of an electric concept is that a number of generator sets ______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

4. A practical advantage of an electric propulsion is the flexibility in the arrangement of the equipment ______________________________________________________________________________________

the efficiencies of the electric motor, the generators and converters.•because the prime mover is not mechanically linked to the propeller.•provide efficient and flexible operation.•distribution systems and converters, add to the overall costs.•

21.3 Vocabulary

Frequency converter – A device which adapts the voltage and frequency of the power supply to the elec-tric motor as required for the desired motor speed.

21.4 Diesel- electric propulsion. Translate into your native language:

The principal elements of electric plant are the four main generators of 2400kW, the 690V main switch-board, 450V and 230V distribution switchboards, two Low Loss Concept (LLC) units in the switchboard room, the frequency converters and a pair of 3500kW electric propulsion motors serving two Azipull pro-pulsors, a bow tunnel thruster and a retractable azimuthing thruster. The LLC units provide a 12-pulse system, low total harmonic distortion, a low short circuit level, and supply to the 450V switchboard.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 22. AZIMUTHING PROPULSORS


22.2 Choose the correct phrases from the list below and mark the illustrations. Swing-up thruster, Retractable thruster, Tunnel thruster, Podded propulsor

Pictures courtesy of Rolls-Royce



109,5 mm

Go to Index

22.3 Main components of an azimuthing thruster. Read the unit and match the words in bold with num-bers in the illustration below.

An azimuthing thruster shown below consists of the following main components:

1. Fixed pitch propeller in the nozzle.2. Propeller gearbox containing a bevel gear set. This gear set, supported by bearings, transmits the power

from the vertical input shaft to the propeller shaft.3. Upper gearbox also contains a bevel gear set. Power generated by the main engine is transferred from the

horizontal input shaft to the vertical shaft.4. Stem section: this part of the thruster, which protrudes from the hull, is located between the upper gear-

box and the propeller gearbox. In the stem section, all functions for rotating the thruster around its vertical axis are incorporated, e.g. a steering gearbox and the steering angle feed-back unit.

5. Auxiliaries: these contain the power pack for the steering system and the lubrication.6. Controls: these include the control cabinet, monitoring and alarms, and starters for the E-motors driving

the hydraulic pumps.

1 ___________________________

2 ___________________________

3 ___________________________

4 ___________________________

5 ___________________________

6 ___________________________

7 ___________________________

8 ___________________________

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Schottel ducted azimuthing thruster

Illustration courtesy of Schottel



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 23. PODDED PROPULSORS



1. Azipod incorporates an electric AC motor mounted directly on a very short propeller shaft driving a fixed pitch propeller.

2. The motor is controlled by a frequency converter, which produces full nominal torque available in either direction over the entire speed range.

3. A diesel-electric power system is installed using four MaK/ABB diesel-alternator sets, each developing 2880kW to satisfy the ship’s electrical requirements, and to supply the 4088kW drive motors of the two ABB Compact Azipod units, suspended under the stern each side of a central skeg.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

23.3 Choose the correct words or phrases and label marked components: Strut, Pulling propeller, Rotor, Stator, Propeller shaft

1 _____________ 2 _____________ 3 _____________ 4 _____________ 5 _____________

2

1

3

45



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 24. VOITH-SCHNEIDER PROPELLER (VSP)



Dynamic positioning – A system that is utilized to maintain a vessel in a designated position and/or with a designated heading in order to provide a stable platform for different tasks.

Roll stabilisation – Damping of the rolling motion of a ship. Active stabilisation systems produce a coun-teracting moment by means of actively controlled machines, e.g. fin stabilisers. Passive systems work on the principle of increasing the roll resistance, e.g. bilge keels.


1. Offshore Support Vessels (OSV) are fitted with dynamic positioning systems.2. Quick and precise steering, fast stopping, as well as high acceleration make the VSP a perfect device for DP

operation.3. Very rapid thrust variation and generation of high moments makes it possible to use the VSP for efficient

reduction of the ship rolling motion.4. The reduction gear and the bevel gear supply energy from the engine to rotate the rotor casing.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index


1. The profiled blades of the azimuthing propulsor ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. The power required to move the casing of the rotor ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

3. The propulsion servomotor _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Most often the Voith-Schneider Propellers ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

are used on double-ended ferries, passenger ships and floating cranes.• is delivered by the reduction gear and the bevel gear.• project from the bottom of the ship.• is used to regulate the pitch to adjust to the motion of the ship.•


1. The rudder servomotor is used ____________________________________________________________2. The VPS allows ______________ while the ship _______________________________________________3. The rotor casing is axially _________________________________________________________________4. The position of the lower end of the pivoting control rod determines _____________________________5. The control rod is actuated by the ______________ and the ____________________________________

Illustration courtesy of Voith Turbo

Voith Water Tractor



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 25. WATERJET



1. For high-speed vessels, water jets can be more efficient than propellers.2. Unlike propellers, waterjets are installed on the transom.3. Waterjets are usually fitted with thrust deflectors for steering, making rudders unnecessary. 4. A waterjet with an inlet diameter of 1300mm is selected for a ship design speed of around 40 knots at full

power.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

25.3 Choose the correct words or phrases and label marked components: Duct, Hydraulic actuator, Steering nozzle, Reversing bucket, Stator housing, Shaft

1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________

4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 6 _______________________

65 4

3

2 1

Illustration courtesy of Rolls-Royce



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 26. DIESEL ENGINES


1. Piston crown2. Piston skirt3. Piston rod4. Crosshead5.Crosshead bearing cap6. Connecting rod7. Big end8. Crankpin bearing shell9. Crankpin bearing cap

Running gear of a low-speed engineThe reciprocating motion of the piston is changed into a rotating motion of the crankshaft

by a system of rods and pins.

1

2

3

6

8

7

4

5

Picture courtesy of MAN



109,5 mm

Go to Index

26.2 Look at this picture and find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1. The piston consists of a __________________________________________________________________2. The piston crown is made of heat-resistant __________________________________________________3. The piston rod is of forged steel and has ____________________________________________________4. The connecting rod is made of forged or cast steel and ________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________5. The crosshead and crankpin bearing caps are secured to the connecting __________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

steel and has four ring groves.•rod with studs and nuts tightened by means of hydraulic jacks.•hardened running surface for the stuffing box.•piston crown and piston skirt.•provided with bearing caps for the crosshead and crankpin bearings.•


1. The piston skirt is of cast iron with a bronze band.2. The piston rod is connected to the crosshead with four screws.3. The stuffing box is a seal that surrounds the piston rod and protects the oil sump against contamination

due to leaks from the combustion chamber.4. The crosshead bearing consists of a set of thin-walled steel shells, lined with bearing metal.5. The crankshaft is made of forged steel.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

26.4 Complete the following sentences.

1. Crosshead engines, also called two-stroke engines, operate at lower speeds, than ______________ (usually between 90 and 200rpm).

2. ______________ are in-line engines, i.e. all cylinders are positioned in a line.3. ______________ are also built with two lines of cylinders in a V-configuration.4. Larger than trunk engines, ______________ burn more fuel per stroke, and are capable of producing more

power.5. System oil in crosshead engines is, however, less susceptible to contamination than in trunk engines thanks

to crosshead engines’ ______________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 27. CONSTRUCTION OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINE


Cross section of the small-bore two-stroke engine S35ME-B

27.2 Choose the correct words or phrases and label the picture. Piston, Crankshaft, Exhaust valve, Bedplate, Cylinder frame, Connecting rod, Piston rod, Frame box, Piston rod stuffing box, Scavenge air receiver

1 __________________________

2 __________________________

3 __________________________

4 __________________________

5 __________________________

6 __________________________

7 __________________________

8 __________________________

9 __________________________

10 __________________________

10

1

2

9

3

4

5

6

7

8

Picture courtesy of MAN



109,5 mm

Go to Index

27.3 Fill the gaps with suitable words.

1. At the aft end of the ______________ there is a collar for the thrust bearing.2. The ______________ is provided with bearing caps for crosshead and crankpin bearings.3. The ______________ is provided with cast steel guide shoes.4. A blocking device prevents the main engine from starting when the ______________ is engaged.5. The ______________ consists of a piston and housing located forward of the foremost main bearing.


1. The bedplate is a welded structure.2. Nodular cast iron is used for the cylinder frame.3. The crankshaft is a semi-built structure.4. The piston is bore-cooled and the piston-crown shape has been carefully designed to cope with the en-

gine increased power.5. The exhaust valve is activated by a light camshaft driven by a chain drive placed in the aft end of the engine.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

27.5 Match the words with correct definition.

1. Crankshaft – __________________________________________________________________________2. Crosshead – ___________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________3. Crankcase relief valve – _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________4. Piston rod stuffing box – ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________5. Piston crown – _________________________________________________________________________

A device which prevents crankcase oil from coming up into the scavenge air space.•A reciprocating block which usually slides in guides and connects the piston rod and the connecting rod.•The upper part of the piston exposed to hot gases in the combustion chamber.•A shaft which changes reciprocating motion of the piston into circular motion.•A component of slow-speed engines which relieves crankcase pressure and prevents flame from escaping from •the crankcase.



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 28. FUEL OIL SYSTEMS



1. There are two bunker stations with connections for HFO, MGO and LO arranged aft of hold No.2. The HFO storage tanks are located between cargo holds and in front of the Engine Room.

2. Fuel Oil Bunkering, Storage & Transfer System receives and stores fuel oils and delivers it to settling tanks. 3. The Fuel Oil Treatment System consists of centrifugal separators, feed pumps, heaters and related control

systems.4. The ship is provided with a pressurized Fuel Oil Supply System in order to prevent foaming in the return

lines and cavitation in the circulation pumps and to ensure correct pressure and viscosity.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Automatic backflushing filter Fuel oil supply module

Photos J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

28.3 Complete the following sentences. Use the following words: heating coils, drain valves, settling tanks, separators.

1. In preparation for use, HFO is transferred to the fuel oil ______________ via the HFO transfer pump which is equipped with a suction strainer.

2. The settling tanks must be provided with ______________ dimensioned in a manner enabling the tank content to be evenly heated to 75°C within 10-12 hours.

3. One or more sludge ______________ shall be provided at the lowest point.4. Sludge must be removed from the settling tank before the ______________ draw fuel from it.


Backflushing filter – ____________________________________________________________________Fuel oil supply module - ________________________________________________________________Settling tank – _________________________________________________________________________Service tank – _________________________________________________________________________

A modular unit supplying clean filtered fuel to the engine at the flow rate, pressure and viscosity specified by •the engine manufacturer.A deep tank in the engine room used for pre-cleaning of fuel oils by gravity.•A tank supplying clean, treated fuel oil directly to the engine.•A filter with an automatic cleaning function.•


1. The bunkering of fuel oils shall be carried out by means of permanently installed lines ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Fuel lines may not pass through tanks containing feed water, ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Fuel tanks shall be separated by cofferdams from tanks containing lubricating, hydraulic or thermal oil, __________________________________________________________________

4. At least two means of fuel oil transfer are to be provided _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

drinking water, lubricating oil or thermal oil.•for filling the service tanks.•as well as from tanks containing boiler feed water, condensate or drinking water.•either from the open deck or from bunkering stations located below deck.•



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 29. FUEL OIL SEPARATION PROCESS


29.2 Principles of separation. Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1. A liquid mixture in a tank will clear slowly as the heavy particles _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Heavier particles in the liquid mixture will settle ______________________________________________3. A lighter liquid rises while ________________________________________________________________4. In a rapidly rotating bowl, the force of gravity is replaced _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________5. The centrifugal force in the separator bowl can _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

a heavier liquid and solids sink.•and form a sediment layer at the bottom of the tank.•by centrifugal force, which is many times grater.•achieve in a few seconds that which takes many hours in a settling tank.•in the liquid mixture sink to the bottom due to gravity.•

29.3 HFO Service Tank. Translate into your native language.

1. The fuel oil cleaned in the separator is transferred to service tanks.2. Two HFO Service Tanks are to be arranged, each with a capacity sufficient for at least 8 hours of operation

at maximum fuel consumption.3. The service tanks should have a sloped bottom for proper draining.4. The service tank shall be designed so that accumulation of sludge near the suction pipe is prevented.5. The sludge must be drained from the service tank at regular intervals.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index


Viscosity – ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Sludge removal kit – ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Heating Unit – _________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

A heater in steam, electric, hot water or thermal oil plus a three-screw pump designed as •a unit and connected to the Separation Unit.A fluid resistance against movement, low viscosity facilitates separation. Viscosity can be reduced by heating.•A sludge handling unit which takes care of the discharged sludge and water with its own small tank and a •pump set.

29.5 Look at the flow chart and complete the following sentences. Choose the correct words and phras-es from the list below: Feed pump, Separator, Process controller, Regulating valve, Water valve block, Heater, Changeover valve, Oil pressure transmitter

1. _______________________ feeds unprocessed oil to the separator.2. _______________________ heats unprocessed oil to the separation temperature.3. _______________________ leads the untreated oil to the separator or back for recirculation.4. _______________________ measures pressure in the oil inlet and signals the process controller.5. _______________________ supervises the P-separator.6. _______________________ regulates the back pressure in the cleaned oil.7. _______________________ distributes separator opening/closing water, water seal

and displacement water.8. _______________________ cleans the oil by removing water and solid particles.



109,5 mm

Go to Index

Flow

cha

rt o

f the

Alfa

Lav

al P

-sep

arat

or

Illus

trat

ion

cour

tesy

of A

lfa L

aval

1 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

2 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

3 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

4 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

5 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

6 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

7 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

8 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

9 __

____

____

____

____

____

__

34

8

9

67

21

5



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 30. ALFA LAVAL FUEL CONDITIONING MODULE


30.2 Fuel Condition Module (FCM). Translate into your native language.

1. Fuel conditioning is a system that treats heavy oil so that it meets the requirements for cleanliness, pres-sure, temperature, viscosity and flow rate.

2. The Alfa Laval FCM consists of components mounted on a frame, complete with piping, valves, electrical cabling and other accessories.

3. A centrally placed cabinet contains starters for all motors and the control unit.4. The module is a two-stage pressurized supply system that uses viscosity as the primary control param-

eter.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Photos J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

30.3 Look at the flow diagram of the FCM on page 64 and complete the following sentences. Choose the correct phrases from the list below: Mixing tube, Automatic backflushing filter, Supply pumps, Circulation pumps, Heaters, Pump strainers, Viscos-ity sensor, Service tanks,

1. _______________________ store clean heavy fuel oil and diesel oil that is supplied to the three-way valve by means of gravity.

2. _______________________ protect supply pumps by removing large particles from the fuel.3. _______________________ supply oils to the high-pressure stage.4. _______________________ cleans fuel by removing smaller particules.5. _______________________ combines fresh fuel from the supply pump with hot fuel returning

from the engine.6. _______________________ circulate heavy fuel oil to the engine and back to the mixing tube.7. _______________________ raise the temperature of the fuel to the level required to achieve the correct

viscosity.8. _______________________ measures fuel viscosity.


1. Two-stage pressurized systems, such as the FCM, _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Two-stage systems also reduce the occurrence of the other problems, ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

3. By introducing a supply stage with supply pumps and a closed pressurized mixing tube _______________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Fuel is then circulated in the high-pressure stage to obtain _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

such as gasification associated with the high fuel temperatures.•the required viscosity for injection.•which maintains a pressure of at least 4bar, cavitation does not occur.•eliminate control difficulties that are encountered with single-stage systems.•



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 31. FILTERS


31.2 Operating principle of an automatic backflushing fuel oil filter. Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1. The unfiltered fuel oil is fed into the filter by means of a distributor _______________________________2. The distributor rotates on a regular basis, filling seven of the eight _______________________________3. Solids collect on the filter surface and ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________4. In the eighth column, the solids, which have been collected, ____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

full-flow filtering columns.•the filtered fuel oil flows to the engine.•are removed by backflushing a small amount of the filtered fuel oil.•driven by an electric motor on the top of the filter housing.•

Boll Automatic Filter Type 6.64

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index

31.3 Read the unit and complete the sentences below.

The BOLL automatic filter is designed to enable simultaneous filtering and backflushing without interrupt-ing operation. The filter body houses a number of individual filter chambers. Each chamber is fitted with its own filter element assembly providing a large filtration surface area. Due to their robust construction the filter elements withstand high differential pressure. A chamber containing a dirt loaded filter is isolated from the process and backflushed whilst a filter chamber with clean elements takes over the task of the isolated chamber.

1. The BOLL automatic filter helps _______________________ and _______________________ oil without _______________________ its operation.

2. There are several _______________________ housed in the filter body.3. Every chamber has _______________________ which altogether, thanks to which large

_______________________ is achieved.4. The filter elements can work under _______________________ thanks to their powerful construction.5. The _______________________ is separated from the process and the _______________________ with

clean elements takes over the task of the separated chamber.

31.4 Filters. Translate into your native language.

1. Fuel oil filters are to be fitted in the delivery line of the fuel pumps.2. Mesh size and filter capacity are to be in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer of the

engine.3. Uninterrupted supply of filtered fuel has to be ensured during cleaning of the filtering equipment.4. Fuel oil filters are to be fitted with differential pressure monitoring.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 32. COMMON-RAIL INJECTION SYSTEM OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINES


32.2 Wartsila RT-flex engine. Translate into your native language.

1. The RT-flex engine is a standard RTA slow-speed engine with a number of mechanical parts replaced by the common rail system and by integrated electronic control.

2. The mechanical parts removed include the camshaft, the fuel injection pump units including the exhaust valve actuator pumps, and all their mechanical control gear.

3. These parts are replaced by four principal elements: the rail unit, the supply unit, a filter unit for the servo oil, and the electronic control system.

4. Common-rail systems allow the timing, rate and pressure of fuel injection and the exhaust valve operation to be fully controllable.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Photo J. Babicz



109,5 mm

Go to Index


1. The volume of the common-rail system and the supply rate from the fuel supply pumps _____________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. A key feature of the system is the complete flexibility in the timing, ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Another advantage of RT-flex engines is their ability to run stable ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

4. At minimum speed, the engine runs on all cylinders but _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

rate and pressure of fuel injection and in exhaust valve operation.•with just one injection valve in each cylinder.•at very low speeds, lower than engines with mechanically- controlled injection.•are such that the rail pressure is very stable with negligible pressure drop after each injection.•

Illustration courtesy of MAN Diesel



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 33. GARBAGE DISPOSAL



“Garbage” means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational wastes generated during the normal op-eration of a ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically, but does not include fresh fish and parts thereof or sewage. It also excludes substances and emissions prohibited or controlled under other Annexes to MARPOL.

“Operational wastes” means all maintenance wastes, cargo associated wastes and cargo residues except residues or wastes from oil or oily mixture, noxious liquid substances, non-polluting liquid substances or harmful substances in packaged form.

“Cargo residues” means the remnants of any cargo material on board in cargo holds or tanks which re-main after unloading procedures and cleaning operations are completed and includes excesses and spill-age from loading or unloading.

“Cargo-associated waste” means all materials which have become wastes as a result of use on board a ship for cargo stowage and handling and includes dunnage, shoring, pallets, lining and packing materials, plywood, paper, cardboard, wire and steel strapping.

“Plastics” includes, synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags, foam plastics and incin-erator ashes from plastic products which may contain toxic or heavy metal residues.

33.3 Translate into your native language: 1. The garbage handling room shall be located in the area where most of the waste is being generated.2. Systems for waste disposal include compactors and baling presses, shredders and crushers.3. These can reduce the volume of the waste by approx. 80%. 4. A system for dry solid waste could also include a shipboard incinerator for non-recyclable waste.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 34. BILGE WATER SYSTEM



1. A common-main bilge system consists of one or more main lines installed along the length of the vessel fitted with branch bilge suctions to various compartments.

2. Bilge lines in machinery spaces other than emergency suctions are to be fitted with strainers.3. Bilge manifolds and valves in connection with bilge pumping are to be located in positions which are ac-

cessible at all times for maintenance.4. To enable pipes of reception facilities to be connected with the ship’s discharge pipeline for residues from

machinery bilges, both lines shall be fitted with a standard discharge connection.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________


All vessels are to be fitted with an efficient bilge ______________________________________________Bilge lines in machinery spaces, except of emergency suctions, __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________All elements of the bilge system are to be tested ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Upon completion of the trials, the bilge strainers are to be ______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

pumping system to drain various spaces.•opened, cleaned and closed up in good order.•to demonstrate satisfactory pumping operation, including emergency suctions and all controls. •are to be fitted with strainers easily accessible from the floor plates.•



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 35. OILY WATER SEPARATOR


Two stage RWO Oily Water Separator SKIT/S-DEB5.0


1. Means to be provided to process oil contaminated water from machinery space bilges prior to discharging it overboard.

2. Oily water filtering equipment capable of processing oily mixtures to produce an effluent with oil content not exceeding 15 parts per million is to be provided.

3. A fail-safe oil content monitor with automatic shut-off ensures that no contaminated effluent can be dis-charged accidentally.

4. The oil content meter should be tested annually and calibrated by a factory technician at least once every five years.

15 ppm oil content monitor

Photo courtesy of RWO

Polisher



109,5 mm

Go to Index

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________


Emulsion is a mixture of oil and water, ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

The 15ppm oil content monitor checks the water quality of the first stage separator and, _____________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

An extra 3-way valve is installed in the overboard line _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

to recirculate the water to the bilge tank.•if below 15ppm, the polisher is bypassed. •where small oil droplets are dispersed in the continuous water phase.•



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 36. TANK CLEANING IN PRODUCT TANKER


36.2 Explain reasons for tank cleaning.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________


1. Tank cleaning solutions are prepared with the help of shadow diagrams.2. These are two-dimensional representations of a tank, in which “shadows” indicate the areas that will not be

directly hit by cleaning jets.3. During the washing operation, cargo residues mixed with washing water are stripped by the cargo pumps.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________


The cycle time of a machine takes usually from half an hour to an hour ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Simple hot or cold water wash is sometimes enough __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Water washing is a preventive measure _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Graduation markings serve as useful check __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________“Bottom wash” normally takes place ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________Water driven gearing moves revolving nozzles, _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

and depends on the size of the machine and its pump pressure. •to clean tank of various chemical substances. •for accumulating sediments. •when the machine is gradually lowered (in stages or drops) down the tank. •5 feet above the bottom of the tank. •which are part of both fixed and portable machines. •



109,5 mm

Go to Index

UNIT 37. INERT GAS SYSTEMS



Inert gas – Inert gas is a gas such as nitrogen or a mixture of gases such as flue gas, containing a reduced level of oxygen, which will decrease corrosion rate and is insufficient to support the combustion of hydro-carbons.

Inert condition - An inert condition exists when the oxygen content throughout the atmosphere of a tank has been reduced to 5% or less by volume by addition of inert gas.

Inerting – Inerting refers to the process of the introduction of inert gas into a tank with the object of at-taining the inert condition.

Gas-freeing - Gas freeing is the introduction of fresh air into a tank with the object of removing toxic, flam-mable and inert gases and increasing the oxygen content to 21% by volume.

Purging – Purging is the introduction of inert gas into a tank already in the inert condition with the object of:1. Further reducing the existing oxygen content.2. Reducing the existing hydrocarbon gas content to a level below which combustion cannot be supported if air is subsequently introduced into the tank.

Topping up – Topping up is the introduction of inert gas into a tank which is already in the inert condition with the object of raising the tank pressure to prevent any ingress of air.


1. The burner/scrubber unit requires less deck space due to the location of the combustion chamber inside the scrubber unit.

2. For systems requiring inert gas with less than 1% O2, fresh water may be injected into the combustion air.

3. Heat corrosion resistant steel is used for all surfaces exposed to heat and/or seawater. 4. As further protection against corrosion, fresh water rinsing is adopted.

______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

Maritime English Exercises

Documents

draught marks

mooring winches

mooring guidelines

steering system

steering gears

theoretical mean draught

load line mark

free surface effect