Marine Pharmacognosy

MARINE PHARMACOGNOSY

Author: Nama : Abulkhair Abdullah NIM : K11015R101

Porifera Octopoda

Asteroida Brachyura

Tetraodontidae

What is it?

Mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of

medicinal value from marine source.

Sub-branch of pharmacognosy

The oceans cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface

Indonesia ? ? ?

64,97 % of oceans (3.544.743,9 km2)

18 % of coral reefs in the

world

590 species of coral and 2200 species of

reef fish

During the last 30–40 years . . . . . . . . .

Marine organisms having biological

activities

Antibacterial

Antiviral

Antitumour

Antiparasitic

Anticoagulants

Antimicrobial

Antiinflammatory

Cardiovascular active

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS...

Ara-A

Ara-A is a semisynthetic antiviral agent based on the arabinosyl nucleoside isolated from the marine sponge Tethya crypta. The compound shows a prominent therapeutic activity.

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS...

Eudistomins

Eudistomins are the β-caboline derivatives which are isolated from sponges and gorgonians Eudistoma olivaceum, family Polycitoridae. These compounds are also found in tunicates. Eudistomin compounds can be classified into four groups, i.e. pyrrolyl substituted, pyrrolinyl-substituted, unsubstituted and tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives with a 1,3,7- oxathiazepine ring.

Didemnins Didemnin compounds are the promising antiviral and antitumour agents isolated from Trididemnum Spp. Family Didemnidae. A compound Didemnin B is found to be a potential antitumour agent during its clinical trials.

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS...

Avarol and Avarones

These two sesquiterpene benzenoids are derived from the sponge Disidea avara. It has exhibited strong anti-HIV activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It shows the greater promises in the treatment of AIDS.

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS...

Patellazole B Patellazole B is a complex derivative isolated from the ascidian Lissoclinum patella. It has shown the potent activity against Herpes simplex virus.

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS...

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS...

A large variety of antimicrobial agents are produced by number of marine organisms, such as sponges, algae, gorgonian corals, annelids, etc., and many of them are active against gram +ve and gram –ve microorganisms, protozoal and fungal strains.

Antibacterial Agents


Antiprotozoal Agents


Antifungal Agents


Antibiotics


α-Kainic Acid

α-Kainic acid isolated from the red algae, Digenia simplex shows the broad spectrum anthelmintic activity against the parasitic round worms, tape worms and whip worms. Dried powder of D. simplex has been widely used for the treatment of ascariasis.

ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS...

Domoic Acid Domoic acid is a compound chemically related to kainic acid. It has been isolated from red algae Chondria armata and Alsidium corallinum. It has shown prominent anthelmintic activities.


Laminine Laminine is a methylated lysine derivative found in the marine red algae of the order Laminariales as well as in brown algae. Laminarine also shows the hypotensive and smooth muscle relaxant activities, along with its potential antiparasitic activity.


Bengamide F

Bengamide F is the recently isolated and characterized compound from marine sponge. It has demonstrated a remarkable antiparasitic activity during in vitro studies.


Cucumechinoside F Cucumechinoside F is a complex tetracyclic triterpenic glycoside obtained from sea cucumber. It has been reported to have a prominent antiprotozoal activity.


Bryostatin I Isolated from Bugula neritina a bryozoal marine organism showed highly potent antineoplastic activity in an extremely low dose level.

ANTICANCER AGENTS...

Agelasidine A A sesquiterpene derivative isolated from Okinawa sea sponge Agelas Spp. has demonstrated very good antispasmodic activity in animal models. Agelasidine A is the first marine natural products containing guanine and sulfone units.

ANTISPASMODIC AGENTS...

Several cardiovascular agents have been isolated and characterized from marine organisms. Their chemical nature ranging from steroidal compounds to polypeptide of 49 amino acids residues have been isolated from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica. It is a highly potent heart stimulant with about 5,000 times more activity than cardiac glycosides.

CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS...

Eledoisin Eledoisin, a peptide compound has been isolated from posterior salivary glands of Cephalopod Eledone moschata and other related species. It has shown potent hypotensive and vasodilatory activity. It is found to be about 50 times more potent than acetyl choline, histamine or bradikinin in provoking hypotension.


Octopamine D(-) Octopamine a simple phenolic derivative isolated from salivary glands of Octopus vulgaris, O. macropus and Eledone moschata has shown remarkable cardiotonic activity.


Marine organisms have shown the presence of novel antiinflammatory agents. A series of bio-indol derivatives isolated from marine cyanobacterium Rivularia firma has shown potential antiinflammatory activity in the models of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. In another study, the butanolide derivatives obtained from Euplexaura flava have demonstrated a significant antiinflammatory effect in a low dose of 100 ug/ml.

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS...

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS...

Nereistoxin

Nereistoxin an insecticidal compound has been isolated from the marine annelid Lumbriconereis heteropoda. Many semisynthetic and synthetic analogs have been produced on the structural model of nereistoxin. One of the derivative named as cartap is used as an insecticide in Japan.

INSECTICIDES...

Prostaglandins constitute a class of natural products with variety of therapeutic activities. Varieties of these substances are found in marine algae and corals. Soft coral, Plexaura homomalla is regarded as a rich source of these compounds, 15 epi-PGA2 found in the form of its acetate and methyl ester derivative.

PROSTAGLANDINS...

PGE2 and PGF2a types of prostaglandins have been isolated from the red algae Gracilaria lichenoides. PGE2 have also been derived from G. verucossa.

PROSTAGLANDINS...

PROSTAGLANDINS...

Halogenated marine prostanoid named as punaglandin have been isolated from Telesto riisei. It has remarkably inhibited L1210 leukemia cell proliferation demonstrating strong antitumour activity. Another halogenated prostanoid chlorovulone I from Clavularia viridis showed strong antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells.

MARINE TOXINS...

Tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxins is a potent neurotoxin produced by the pufferfish of family Tetraodontidae. It is present in other animals including Gobius crinigar and Taricha torosa This dangerous toxin shows the cardiovascular and neurophysiological activity in experimental animals. Tetrodotoxin containing puffer fish is considered as a delicacy in Japan, but great care is exercised to avoid the toxin during its preparation for culinary purpose.

MARINE TOXINS...

Telesto riisei

Gobius crinigar

Taricha torosa

MARINE TOXINS...

Saxitoxin Saxitoxin is a purine skeleton containing toxic compound produced by the butter clam Saxidomus giganteus and California mussel Mytilus californianus. It is also found in two toxic species of mollusc, Zolimus aeneus and Platipodia granulosa. Saxitoxin is identical with toxin isolated from the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax calenella upon which the butter clam feeds. In lower doses this toxin produces a marked hypotensive effect.

MARINE TOXINS...

Saxidomus giganteus

Mytilus californianus

Zolimus aeneus

MARINE TOXINS...

Platipodia granulosa

Gonyaulax calenella

MARINE TOXINS...

Ciguatoxin

Ciguatoxin is the poisonous compound found in the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. In many cases it is responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning associated with the utilization of tropical fish resources. Ciguatoxin shows the cardiovascular and neurophysiological properties. Another toxin, Maitotoxin, present in G. toxicus is found to be powerful calcium channel activator in a very low dose of pico- to nano-molar range.

MARINE TOXINS...

Holothurin A

Holothurin A is a toxic saponin isolated from the sea cucumber of Holothurian group Helix pomatia. It is recognized as a mixture of triterpenic aglycones which are linked to four sugar molecules and a molecule of sulphuric acid as a sodium salt. It has shown haemolytic and neurotoxic properties.

?????

MARINE TOXINS...

Aplysins Aplysins is a group of toxic compounds isolated from Mediterranean Sea hares Aplysia depilans. Aplysins contains an unpleasant, colourless fluid secreted by the skin. These are the white viscous liquid by opaline gland and purple secretion from another gland present in sea hares. Aplysins causes paralysis when injected into cold-blooded animals.

MARINE TOXINS...

Lophotoxin Lophotoxin is a diterpene lactone present in the gorgonian corals of the genus Lophogorgia. It produces an irreversible postsynaptic blockage at neuromuscular junction.

MARINE TOXINS...

Lyngbyatoxin Lyngbyatoxin is an indol group of alkaloid produced by the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. It is responsible for the contact dermatitis known as ‘sweemers itch’ in the humans.

CONCLUSION

The greater part of the earth surface is covered by seas and ocean, which contains about 500,000 species of marine organisms. Since the natural products chemists diverted their attention to exploit the vast resources of marine flora and animal world, numerous novel compounds have been isolated from these marine organisms during the second half of the twentieth century. Many of these compounds have shown pronounced biological activity. However, the compounds which have failed to show the activities for which those were assayed cannot be regarded as not having other biological activities. Many of these compounds might show some other activities if studied extensively during the course of time. Although the impact of marine natural products is presently lesser on the pharmaceutical industry, it may come forward in a big way to provide new lead compounds for the development of potential therapeutically active compounds.

Marine Pharmacognosy

Education