marine fuel.docx

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Marine Fuel (ISO 8217)

In the maritime industry the following type of classification is used for marine fuel oils:

• MGO (Marine gas oil) – roughly equivalent to No. 2 fuel oil, made from distillate only

• MDO (Marine diesel oil) – A blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of blac

refinery feed stocs, but has a low viscosity up to !2 c"t /#$$ % so it need not be heated for use in

internal combustion engines

• IFO (Intermediate fuel oil) A blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine

diesel oil

• MFO (Marine fuel oil) – same as &'( )*ust another +naming-

• HFO (Heavy fuel oil) – ure or nearly pure residual oil, roughly equivalent to No. / fuel oil

0arine diesel oil contains some heavy fuel oil, unlie regular diesels. Also, marine fuel oils sometimes

may contain waste products such as used motor oil.

Standards and classification

0arine fuels were traditionally classified after their inematic viscosity. 1his is a mostly valid criteria for the

quality of the oil as long as the oil is made only from atmospheric distillation. 1oday, almost all marine

fuels are based on fractions from other more advanced refinery processes and the viscosity itself says

little about the quality as fuel. %%AI and %II are two indices which describe the ignition quality of residual

fuel oil, and %%AI is especially often calculated for marine fuels. espite this marine fuels are still quoted

on the international buner marets with their ma3imum viscosity )which is set by the I"( 42!5 standard

 – see below- due to the fact that marine engines are designed to use different viscosities of fuel.6!7. 1he

unit of viscosity used is the %entistoe and the fuels most frequently quoted are listed below in order of

cost, the least e3pensive first8

•

IFO 38 – Intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of 94$ %entistoes;$$

 %

• IFO !8 – Intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of !4$ %entistoes;$$ %

• "S 38 – - intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of 94$

%entistoes;$$ %

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• "S !8 – - intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of !4$

%entistoes;$$ %

• MDO – 0arine diesel oil.

• MGO – 0arine gasoil.

1he density is also an important parameter for fuel oils since marine fuels are cleaned by centrifugal type

separators before use to remove water and dirt from the oil. "ince the separators use centrifugal force,

the oil must have a density which is sufficiently different from water. %onventional type separators of

purifier type have a ma3imum density limit of ??! gm9 /!# $ @ with modern &igh ensity type

separators its possible to clean fuel oils with a ma3imum density of !$!$ gm9 /!;$ %.

1he first British standard for fuel oil came in !?42. 1he latest standard is I"( 42!5 from 2$$;. 1he I"(

standard describe four qualities of distillate fuels and !$ qualities of residual fuels. (ver the years thestandards have become stricter on environmentally important parameters such as sulfur content. 1he

latest standard also banned the adding of used lubricating oil )C

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s* m/m Max 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

(as* )oint 0°C Min 43.0 60.0 60.0 60.0

our )oint

'ummer 0°C Max 0 0 0 6

our )oint

+inter °C Max 6 6 6 0

C(oud )oint °C Max 16 ! ! !  

Ca(cu(ated

Cetane ndexMin 45 40 40 35

cid umber m$7/$ Max 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

xidation

stabi(ity$/m3 Max 25 25 25 25 c

8ubricity

corrected 9ear

scar diameter

:9sd 1.4 at60°C d

um Max 520 520 520 520 c

7ydro$en

su()*ide em$/#$ Max 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

))earance C(ear ; ation. s t*ere may be

(oca( ?ariations t*e )urc*aser s*a(( de-ine t*e maximum su()*ur contentaccordin$ to t*e re(e?ant statutory re@uirements not9it*standin$ t*e (imits

$i?en in t*is tab(e.

b- t*e sam)(e is not c(ear and bri$*t tota( sediment by *ot -i(tration and

9ater test s*a(( be re@uired.

cxidation stabi(ity and (ubricity tests are not a))(icab(e i- t*e sam)(e is notc(ear and bri$*t.

d ))(icab(e i- su()*ur is (ess t*an 0.050 m/m.

e =--ecti?e on(y -rom 1 Au(y 2012.

f - t*e sam)(e is dyed and not trans)arent 9ater test s*a(( be re@uired. ,*e

9ater content s*a(( not exceed 200 m$/#$ :0.02 m/mB.

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M%&I' &SID*%" F*"S

Parame

ter  Unit

  Lim

it

RM

AaRM

B

RM

D

RM

E  RMG RMK  

10 30 80 180 180 380 500 00 380 500 00

Viscosit

y at50°C

mm²/s Max10.0

0

30.0

0

%0.0

0

1%0.

0

1%0

.0

3%0

.0

500

.0

00

.0

3%0

.0

500.

0

00.

0

"ensity

at 15°C#$/m3 Max

&20.

0

&60.

0

&5.

0

&&1.

0&&1.0 1010.0

Micro

Carbon

Residue

m/m Max 2.5010.0

0

14.0

0

15.0

01%.00 20.00

(uminium D

'i(icon

m$/#$ Max 25 40 50 60

'odium m$/#$ Max 50 100 50 100

s* m/m Max0.04

00.00 0.100 0.150

Vanadiu

mm$/#$ Max 50 150 350 450

CC ! Max %50 %60 %0

+ater V/V Max 0.30 0.50

our )oint

:u))erB b

'ummer 

°C Max 6 30

our )oint

:u))erB b

+inter 

°C Max 0 30

(as* )oint

°C Min 60.0

'u()*ur c m/m Max 'tatutory re@uirements

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,ota(

'edimen

t a$ed

m/m Max 0.10

cid

 umbere

m$

7/$ Max 2.5

Esed

(ubricatin$ oi(s

:E8BF

Ca(ciumand

GincH or

Ca(cium

and*os)*o

rus

m$/#$ !  

,*e -ue( s*a(( be -ree -rom E8 and s*a(( be considered to containE8 9*en eit*er one o- t*e -o((o9in$ conditions is metF

Ca(cium I 30 and >inc I15H or 

Ca(cium I 30 and )*os)*orus I 15.

7ydro$e

n

su()*ided

m$/#$ Max 2.00

a ,*is residua( marine -ue( $rade is -ormer(y "MC disti((ate under ' %21F2005.

b urc*asers s*a(( ensure t*at t*is )our )oint is suitab(e -or t*e e@ui)ment on boardes)ecia((y in co(d c(imates.

c,*e )urc*aser s*a(( de-ine t*e maximum su()*ur content accordin$ to t*e re(e?antstatutory re@uirements.

d =--ecti?e on(y -rom 1 Au(y 2012.

e

'tron$ acids are not acce)tab(e e?en at (e?e(s not detectab(e by t*e standard testmet*ods -or '.

s acid numbers be(o9 t*e ?a(ues stated in t*e tab(e do not $uarantee t*at t*e -ue(s

are -ree -rom )rob(ems associated 9it* t*e )resence o- acidic com)ounds it is t*e

res)onsibi(ity o- t*e su))(ier and t*e )urc*aser to a$ree u)on an acce)tab(e acidnumber.

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Fuel oil or +eavy oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a

residue. Broadly speaing, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler  for the

generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, e3cept oils having a flash

point of appro3imately #$ D% )!$# D'- and oils burned in cotton or wool8wic burners. In this

sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. 'uel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains,particularly alanes, cycloalanes and aromatics. 1he term fuel oil  is also used in a stricter sense to

refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier

than gasoline and naphtha.

In Australia the term EdistillateE refers specifically to diesel fuel.6!7

%ontents

  6hide7 

• ! %lasses

• 2 Buner fuel

• 9 Cses

• # 0aritime

o #.! "tandards and classification

• ; 1ransportation

• / Fnvironmental issues

• 5 0eanings of EbuneringE

• 4 "ee also

• ? Geferences

• !$ F3ternal lins

Classes,edit-

 Although the following trends generally hold true, different organiHations may have different

numerical specifications for the si3 fuel grades. 1he boiling point and carbon chainlength of the fuel

increases with fuel oil number. iscosity also increases with number, and the heaviest oil has to be

heated to get it to flow. rice usually decreases as the fuel number increases.627

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Classeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Bunker_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Maritimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Standards_and_classificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Transportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Environmental_issueshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Meanings_of_.22bunkering.22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloalkanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Classeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Bunker_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Useshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Maritimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Standards_and_classificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Transportationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Environmental_issueshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Meanings_of_.22bunkering.22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation

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'um.er ! fuel oil is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporiHing pot8type burners.697 It is

the erosene refinery cut that boils off right after the heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline. (lder

names include coal oil, stove oil and range oil. 627

'um.er fuel oil is a distillate home heating oil.

697

 1rucs and some cars use similar  diesel fuel witha cetane number  limit describing the ignition quality of the fuel. Both are typically obtained from the

light gas oil cut. Jas oil refers to the original use of this fraction in the late !?th and early 2$th

centuries 8 the gas oil cut was used as an enriching agent for  carburetted water gas manufacture.627

'um.er 3 fuel oil was a distillate oil for burners requiring low8viscosity fuel. A"10 merged this

grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid82$th century.

697

'um.er 0 fuel oil is a commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters.

697 It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut. 627

'um.er # fuel oil is a residual8type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to !5$ – 22$ D' )55 –

!$# D%- for proper atomiHation at the burners.697 1his fuel is sometimes nown as Buner B. It may be

obtained from the heavy gas oil cut,627 or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to

ad*ust viscosity until it can be pumped without preheating.697

'um.er 1 fuel oil is a high8viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 22$ – 2/$ D' )!$# – !25

D%-. Gesidual means the material remaining after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off.

1he residue may contain various undesirable impurities including 2 percent water and one8halfpercent mineral soil. 1his fuel may be nown as residual fuel oil )G'(-, by the Navy specification of

Buner %, or by the acific "pecification of "8#$$. 697

0aHut is a residual fuel oil often derived from Gussian petroleum sources and is either blended with

lighter petroleum fractions or burned directly in specialiHed boilers and furnaces. It is also used as a

petrochemical feedstoc.

Bunker fuel,edit-

!un"er oil redirects here# For the Nor$e%ian co'an see !un"er Oil (co'an)#

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetane_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas#Carburetted_water_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas#Carburetted_water_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactured_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactured_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Oil_(company)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetane_numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gas#Carburetted_water_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactured_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-riegel-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-perry-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Oil_(company)

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 A sample of residual fuel oil

"mall molecules lie those in propane, naphtha, gasoline for cars, and *et fuel have relatively

low boiling points, and they are removed at the start of the fractional distillation process. &eavier

petroleum products lie diesel and lubricating oil are much less volatile and distill out more slowly,

while buner oil is literally the bottom of the barrel@ in oil distilling, the only things more dense than

buner fuel are carbon blac feedstoc and bituminous residue which is used for paving roads

)asphalt- and sealing roofs.

2uner fuel or .uner crude is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard vessels. It gets its name

from the tans on ships and in portsthat it is stored in@ in the early days of steam they were coal

buners but now they are buner fuel tans. 1he Australian %ustoms and the Australian 1a3 (ffice

define a buner fuel as the fuel that powers the engine of a ship or aircraft. Buner A is No. 2 fuel oil,

buner B is No. # or No. ; and buner % is No. /. "ince No. / is the most common, Ebuner fuelE is

often used as a synonym for No. /. No. ; fuel oil is also called 'avy S4ecial Fuel Oil )'SFO- or

 *ust navy s4ecial@ No. ; or / are also commonly called +eavy fuel oil )HFO- or furnace fuel

oil)FFO-@ the high viscosity requires heating, usually by a recirculated low pressure steam system,

before the oil can be pumped from a buner tan. Buners are rarely labeled this way in modern

maritime practice.

"ince the !?4$s the International (rganiHation for "tandardiHation )I"(- has been the accepted

standard for marine fuels )buners-. 1he standard is listed under number 42!5, with recent updates

in 2$$; and 2$!$. 1hey have broen it down to Gesidual and istillate fuels. 1he most common

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricating_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_blackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vesselhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubricating_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_blackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vesselhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization

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residual fuels in the shipping industry are G0J and G0K. 6#7 1he differences between the two are

mainly the density and viscosity, with G0J generally being delivered at 94$ centistoes or less, and

G0K at 5$$ centistoes or less. "hips with more advanced engines can process heavier, more

viscous, and thus cheaper, fuel. Joverning bodies )i.e., %alifornia, Furopean Cnion- around the

world have established Fmission %ontrol Areas )F%A- which limit the ma3imum sulfur of fuelsburned in their ports to limit pollution, reducing the percentage of sulfur and other particulates from

#.;> mm to as little as .!$> as of 2$!; inside an F%A. As of 2$!9 9.;> continued to be permitted

outside an F%A.6;7 1his is where 0arine istillate 'uels and other alternatives6/7 to use of heavy

buner fuel come into play. 1hey have similar properties to iesel L2 which is used as road iesel

around the world. 1he most common grades used in shipping are 0A and 0B.657 Jreenhouse

gas emissions resulting from the use of international buner fuels are currently included in national

inventories 647 6?7

a.le of fuel oils

'ame %lias %lias y4e $+ain lengt+

No. ! fuel oil No. ! distillate No. ! diesel fuel istillate ?8!/

No. 2 fuel oil No. 2 distillate No. 2 diesel fuel istillate !$82$

No. 9 fuel oil No. 9 distillate No. 9 diesel fuel istillate

No. # fuel oil No. # distillate No. # residual fuel oil istillateGesidual !285$

No. ; fuel oil No. ; residual fuel oil &eavy fuel oil Gesidual !285$

No. / fuel oil No. / residual fuel oil &eavy fuel oil Gesidual 2$85$

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centistokeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-IMO14-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-IMO14-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-Bloomberg71013-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-Schrooten1-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-Schrooten2-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centistokeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-IMO14-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-Bloomberg71013-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-Schrooten1-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-Schrooten2-9

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Uses,edit-

 A fuel station in Migui %ounty on theangtHe Giver 

(il has many uses@ it heats homes and businesses and fuels trucs, ships and some cars. A small

amount of  electricity is produced by diesel, but it is more polluting and more e3pensive than natural

gas. It is often used as a bacup fuel for  peaing power plants in case the supply of natural gas is

interrupted or as the main fuel for small electrical generators. In Furope, the use of diesel is

generally restricted to cars )about #$>-, "Cs )about ?$>-, and trucs and buses )virtually all-. 1he

maret for home heating using fuel oil, called heating oil, has decreased due to the widespread

penetration of natural gas as well as heat pumps. &owever, it is very common in some areas, such

as the Northeastern Cnited "tates.

'uel oil truc maing a delivery in North %arolina, !?#;.

Gesidual fuel oil is less useful because it is so viscous that it has to be heated with a special heating

system before use and it may contain relatively high amounts of pollutants, particularlysulfur , which

forms sulfur dio3ide upon combustion. &owever, its undesirable properties mae it very cheap. In

fact, it is the cheapest liquid fuel available. "ince it requires heating before use, residual fuel oil

cannot be used in road vehicles, boats or small ships, as the heating equipment taes up valuable

space and maes the vehicle heavier. &eating the oil is also a delicate procedure, which is

inappropriate to do on small, fast moving vehicles. &owever, power plants and large ships are able

to use residual fuel oil.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigui_Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigui_Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtzehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigui_Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtzehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant

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Cse of residual fuel oil was more common in the past. It powered boilers, railroad steam

locomotives, and steamships. , and as of 2$$;, electricity

production from all forms of petroleum, including diesel and residual fuel, is only 9> of total

production. 1he decline is the result of price competition with natural gas and environmental

restrictions on emissions. 'or power plants, the costs of heating the oil, e3tra pollution control and

additional maintenance required after burning it often outweigh the low cost of the fuel. Burning fuel

oil, particularly residual fuel oil, produces uniformly higher carbon dio3ide emissions than natural

gas.6!!7

&eavy fuel oils continue to be used in the boiler Elighting upE facility in many coal8fired power plants.

1his use is appro3imately analogous to using indling to start a fire. Pithout performing this act it is

difficult to begin the large8scale combustion process.

1he chief drawbac to residual fuel oil is its high initial viscosity, particularly in the case of No. / oil,

which requires a correctly engineered system for storage, pumping, and burning. 1hough it is still

usually lighter than water )with a specific gravity usually ranging from $.?; to !.$9- it is much heavier 

and more viscous than No. 2 oil, erosene, or gasoline. No. / oil must, in fact, be stored at around

!$$ D' )94 D%- heated to !;$–2;$ D' )//–!2! D%- before it can be easily pumped, and in cooler

temperatures it can congeal into a tarry semisolid. 1he flash point of most blends of No. / oil is,

incidentally, about !;$ D' )// D%-. Attempting to pump high8viscosity oil at low temperatures was a

frequent cause of damage to fuel lines, furnaces, and related equipment which were often designed

for lighter fuels.

'or comparison, B" 24/? %lass J heavy fuel oil behaves in similar fashion, requiring storage at

!$# D' )#$ D%-, pumping at around !22 D' );$ D%- and finalising for burning at around !?#–2#4 D'

)?$–!2$ D%-.

0ost of the facilities which historically burned No. / or other residual oils were industrial plants and

similar facilities constructed in the early or mid 2$th century, or which had switched from coal to oil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlaNYChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BS_2869&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlaNYChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BS_2869&action=edit&redlink=1

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fuel during the same time period. In either case, residual oil was seen as a good prospect because it

was cheap and readily available. 0ost of these facilities have subsequently been closed and

demolished, or have replaced their fuel supplies with a simpler one such as gas or No. 2 oil. 1he

high sulfur content of No. / oilQup to 9> by weight in some e3treme casesQhad a corrosive effect

on many heating systems )which were usually designed without adequate corrosion protection inmind-, shortening their lifespans and increasing the polluting effects. 1his was particularly the case in

furnaces that were regularly shut down and allowed to go cold, since the internal condensation

produced sulfuric acid.

Fnvironmental cleanups at such facilities are frequently complicated by the use

of asbestos insulation on the fuel feed lines. No. / oil is very persistent, and does not degrade

rapidly. Its viscosity and sticiness also mae remediation of underground contamination very

difficult, since these properties reduce the effectiveness of methods such as air stripping.

Phen released into water, such as a river or ocean, residual oil tends to brea up into patches or

tarballsQmi3tures of oil and particulate matter such as silt and floating organic matter8 rather than

form a single slic. An average of about ;8!$> of the material will evaporate within hours of the

release, primarily the lighter hydrocarbon fractions. 1he remainder will then often sin to the bottom

of the water column.

Maritime,edit-

In the maritime field another type of classification is used for fuel oils:

• MGO (Marine gas oil) 8 roughly equivalent to No. 2 fuel oil, made from distillate only

• MDO (Marine diesel oil) 8 A blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of

blac refinery feed stocs, but has a low viscosity up to !2 c"t so it need not be heated for use

in internal combustion engines

• IFO (Intermediate fuel oil) A blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine

diesel oil

• MFO (Marine fuel oil) 8 same as &( )*ust another EnamingE-

• HFO (Heavy fuel oil) 8 ure or nearly pure residual oil, roughly equivalent to No. / fuel oil

0arine diesel oil contains some heavy fuel oil, unlie regular diesels. Also, marine fuel oils

sometimes contain waste products such as used motor oil.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_strippinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_strippinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_strippinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oil

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"tandards and classification,edit-

%%AI and %II are two inde3es which describe the ignition quality of residual fuel oil, and %%AI is

especially often calculated for marine fuels. espite this, marine fuels are still quoted on the

international buner marets with their ma3imum viscosity )which is set by the I"( 42!5 standard 8see below- due to the fact that marine engines are designed to use different viscosities of fuel. 6!27 1he

unit of viscosity used is the %entistoe and the fuels most frequently quoted are listed below in order

of cost, the least e3pensive first8

• IFO 38 8 Intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of 94$ %entistoes )=9.;> sulphur-

• IFO !8 8 Intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of !4$ %entistoes )=9.;> sulphur-

• "S 38 8 - intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of 94$

%entistoes

• "S !8 8 - intermediate fuel oil with a ma3imum viscosity of !4$

%entistoes

• MDO 8 0arine diesel oil.

• MGO 8 0arine gasoil.

• "SMGO 8 - 0arine Jas (il 8 1he fuel is to be used in FC community

orts and Anchorages. FC "ulphur directive 2$$;99F%

• *"SMGO 8 Cltra ma3- in the C" and Auto Jas (il )sulphur $.$$!> ma3- in the FC. 0a3imum

sulphur allowable in C" territories and territorial waters )inland, marine and automotive- and in

the FC for inland use.

1he density is also an important parameter for fuel oils since marine fuels are purified before use to

remove water and dirt from the oil. "ince the purifiers use centrifugal force, the oil must have a

density which is sufficiently different from water. (lder purifiers had a ma3imum of ??! gm9@ withmodern purifiers it is also possible to purify oil with a density of !$!$ gm9.

1he first British standard for fuel oil came in !?42. 1he latest standard is I"( 42!5 from 2$$;. 1he

I"( standard describe four qualities of distillate fuels and !$ qualities of residual fuels. (ver the

years the standards have become stricter on environmentally important parameters such as sulfur

content. 1he latest standard also banned the adding of used lubricating oil )C

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"ome parameters of marine fuel oils according to I"( 42!5 )9. ed 2$$;-:

Marine distillate fuels

5arameter *nit "imit DM6 DM% DM2 DM$

ensity at !; D% gm9 0a3 8 4?$.$ ?$$.$ ?2$.$

iscosity at #$ D% mmRs 0a3 ;.; /.$ !!.$ !#.$

mmRs 0in !.# !.; 8 8

Pater > 0a3 8 8 $.9 $.9

"ulfur ! > )mm- 0a3 !.$ !.; 2.$ 2.$

 Aluminium S "ilicon

2

mgg 0a3 8 8 8 2;

'lash point9 D% 0in #9 /$ /$ /$

our point, "ummer D% 0a3 8 $ / /

our point, Pinter D% 0a3 8 8/ $ $

%loud point D% 0a3 8!/ 8 8 8

%alculated %etane Inde3 0in #; #$ 9; 8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_point

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Marine residual fuels

5aramet

er *nit "imi

t

&M

% 3

&M

2 3

&M

D 8

&M

!8

&MF

!8

&M

G

38

&M

H

38

&M7

38

&M

H

&M7

ensity

at !; D%gm9 0a3

?/$.

$

?5;.

$

?4$.

$

??!.

$

??!.

$

??!.

$

??!.

$

!$!$.

$

??!.

$

!$!$.

$

iscosity

at ;$ D%

mmR

s

0a3 9$.$ 9$.$ 4$.$!4$.

$

!4$.

$

94$.

$

94$.

$

94$.$5$$.

$

5$$.$

Pater >

0a3 $.; $.; $.; $.; $.; $.; $.; $.; $.; $.;

"ulfur !

>

)mm

-

0a3 9.; 9.; #.$ #.; #.; #.; #.; #.; #.; #.;

 Aluminiu

m S

"ilicon2

mg

g0a3 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$ 4$

'lash

point9D% 0in /$ /$ /$ /$ /$ /$ /$ /$ /$ /$

our

point,

"ummer 

D% 0a3 / 2# 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_point

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our

point,

Pinter 

D% 0a3 $ 2# 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$ 9$

!. 0a3imum sulfur content in the open ocean is 9.;> since Tanuary 2$!2. 0a3imum sulfur

content in designated areas is $.!> since ! Tanuary 2$!;. Before then it was !.$$>.

2. 1he aluminiumSsilicon value is used to chec for remains of the catalyst after catalytic

cracing. 0ost catalysts contains aluminium or silicon and remains of catalyst can cause

damage to the engine.

9. 1he flash point of all fuels used in the engine room should be at least /$ D%. )0U is used

for things lie emergency generators and not normally used in the engine room. Jaseous

fuels such as

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ships. Bunering operations are located at seaports, and they include the storage of EbunerE )ship-

fuels and the provision of the fuel to vessels. 6!97

 Alternatively the term EbuneringE may apply to the shipboard logistics of loading fuel and distributing

it among available EbunersE )on8board fuel tans.-

6!#7

'inally, in the conte3t of the oil industry in Nigeria, the term EbuneringE6!;7 has come to refer to

the illegal diversion of crude oil )often subsequently refined in maeshift facilities into lighter

transportation fuels- by the unauthoriHed cutting of holes into transport pipelines, often by very crude

and haHardous means.

See also,edit-