-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States A compilation of project summary
reports
Carey Morishige (ed.)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical
Memorandum NOS-OR&R-36 February 2010
U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration National Ocean Service Office of Response and
Restoration Marine Debris Division
-
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
-
MARINE DEBRIS PREVENTION PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE REPUBLIC
OF KOREA AND UNITED STATES: A compilation of project summary
reports
Carey Morishige1, 2 (ed.)
1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of
Response & Restoration NOAA Marine Debris Division Silver
Spring, MD 20910, USA
2 I.M. Systems Group, Inc. Rockville, MD 20852, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical
Memorandum NOS-OR&R-36 February 2010
This document should be cited as follows: Morishige, C. (ed.).
2010. Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the
Republic of Korea
and United States: A compilation of project summary reports.
NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-36.
For copies of this document, please contact: NOAA Marine Debris
Division N/ORR, SSMC-4 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD
20910
www.MarineDebris.noaa.gov
http:www.MarineDebris.noaa.gov
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Contents
Preface
......................................................................................................................................................1
Nearshore Marine Debris Abatement Projects: Republic of
Korea
BuybackProgramforFishingGear
andMarineLitterfromFisheryActivities.........38
SouthKoreaCoastalCleanupProgramforMarineLitter....................................................915
AResponsibleManagementSystemtoAddressLandbasedLitter
fromtheNakdongRiverbasin........................................................................................................1621
ManagingDedicatedFloatingReceptaclesforMarineLitter.............................................2226
Nearshore Marine Debris Abatement Projects: United States
ReelInandRecycle!MonofilamentRecyclingProgram.......................................................2836
NettingSolutions:HawaiisNetstoEnergyprogramand
Pier38portreceptionfacility..........................................................................................................3740
Fishing for Energy:Apublicprivatepartnershipapproachto
preventingandreducingderelictfishinggear.........................................................................4150
HawaiiMarineDebrisActionPlan:Statewidecollaborationto
addressmarinedebris........................................................................................................................5156
CampaignsthatTeach:Divingdeeperintomarinedebriseducation............................5766
Appendices
AppendixA:ProjectSummaryTable............................................................................................
6768
AppendixB:MeetingAgenda...........................................................................................................6971
AppendixC:ParticipantList.............................................................................................................7274
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Preface
ThisdocumentisacompilationofsummaryreportshighlightingninesuccessfulmarinedebrispreventionprojectsandactivitiesintheRepublicofKoreaandUnitedStates.ThesesummaryreportswerepreparedandsharedduringtheMarineDebrisAbatementWorkshop:StrategiesandActivitiesforthePreventionofNearshoreMarineDebrisheldonAugust1213,2009inHonolulu,Hawaii.
TheMarineDebrisAbatementWorkshopwastheculminationofa2009jointmarinedebrispartnership
projectbetweentheRepublicofKoreasMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairsandtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationsMarineDebrisProgramintheU.S.
1
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
NearshoreMarineDebrisAbatementProjects
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
2
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Buyback Program for Fishing Gear and Marine Litter from Fishery
Activities
HyonJeongNoh1,HaeKiKim2,SeonDongKim3,SangGooHan4
1MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity
Centre,RepublicofKorea2MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau,
MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea
3MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand
Development
Institute,RepublicofKorea4MarineEnvironmentTeam,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation,RepublicofKorea
AbstractSouthKoreasmarinedebrisbuybackprogramisanincentiveprogramtoencouragefishermentobringtoportentangledderelictfishinggearandothermarinedebrisencounteredwhilefishing.Theprogrampaysasmallincentivefeeformarinedebrisbroughttoport.
Sinceitsstartin2003bytheMinistryofMaritimeAffairsandFisheries(nowtheMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs)thisprogramhasbeenimplementedin51localareasof38cities/townswithinSouthKoreaasof2009.
IntroductionThedepositionoflargeamountsofmarinelitterinnearshoreareasthreatensthehabitatofmarinelifeandnavigationsafety,andmaycausenegativeimpactstofisheriesduetoghostfishing.Inthepast,fishermenhaveencounteredderelictfishinggearduringfishingactivitiesandthrowitbackintotheseaafterdisentanglingitfromtheirownfishinggear.Asaresult,agreatdealoffisheryrelatedmarinelitterhas
beendepositedincoastalareaswhereitdamagesthespawninggroundsandhabitatsofmarinewildlife,threatensthesafetyofvessels,andimpactsfisheryoperationsandresources.
Forthisreason,theKoreancentralgovernmentsMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs(MLTM)establishedthebuybackprogram,underwhichthelocalgovernmentpurchasesthelitterpulledupbyfishingboatsanddisposesofitunderproperprocedures.Thebuybackprogramformarinelitterrequiresfishermentobringbacktoportthecollectedlitterwhentheyarefishing.Littercollectedincludesitemssuchasworthlessfisheryrelatedmarinelitter(e.g.,rope,netandvinyl).Thisprogram
Derelict rope collected in a sack provided through the
isnotonlyanefficientandcosteffectivewaybuyback program.
tocollectmarinelitter,butitalsoincreasesthefishermensawarenessofthe
destructivenessofsuchlittertothemarineenvironment.Anotherbenefitoftheprogramistheextraincomefishermenreceive.Themain
objectivesofthebuybackprogramsaretoimprovethemarineenvironmentandaidtherecoveryoffishpopulations.
3
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
MethodologySeveralentitieshavehelpedtoimplementthebuybackprogram,includingMLTM,localmunicipalities,thefisheriescooperativeunion,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation(KOEM),KoreaFisheriesInfrastructurePromotionAssociation(KFPA),andthefishermenthemselves.
Table1illustratestheroleofeachorganization.MLTMacceptsprogramapplicationsfromlocalmunicipalities,decidesonprogramareas,allocatesfunds,andcreatestheprojectguide.Localmunicipalitiesalsoinvestintheprogramsandhelpwithsupervision.Thefisheriescooperativeunionplaysaroleinthedirectbuybackofmarinelitterfromfishermenonthespot.KOEMandKFPAplayaroleinwastedisposal,providingcollectionsacksandnationalfundstothefisheriescooperativeunion.
Thefisheriescooperativeuniondistributesthesackstofishermenastheyleaveport.Fishermenputthecollectedlitterintosackslabeledwiththevesselname,fishingtype,fisherman'sname,andphonenumber.Whentheyreturntoport,theygivethefilledsackstothefisheriescooperativeunion.
Fishermen bring to port debrisfilled sacks, which they pile up
on their
4
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Table 1.
TherespectiverolesoforganizationsparticipatinginthewastebuybackprogramOrganization
Role
MLTM Developsandguidesamasterplan of buybackprogram
Supervisestheprojectimplementationandbudgetexecution
Localgovernment
Metropolitancity& Province Makesa
publicawareness&education
Managesprogramimplementationofcity&town&village
Makesaprojectguide Managesbudgetexecution
Publicawareness&education
City&Town&Village Decidesbuybackprogramareaand
Expandsallocatedbudgetandmakeacontractwithrelevantagencies
Observesbuybackprogramimplementation
Publicawareness&education
FisheriesCooperativeUnion
Purchasesmarinelitterfromfishermen
Operatescaretakerwhoisinchargeofbookkeepingandreporting
Distributessackstofishermen Requestsnationalfunds
Makesandmanagesreceptionfacilities Publicawareness
Sacksareprovidedinthreesizes:40L,100L,and200L.Whentheyarereturnedfull,thegovernmentpaysthefishermen4,000won($4USD),10,000won($10USD),20,000won($20USD)respectively(Figure1).Inthecaseofthelargerdebris,whichcan'tbepackedintosacks,thefishermenattachatagtotheitem,andthegovernmentpays
them250wonperkilogram($0.25USD/kg).Thegovernmentalsopurchasesshell,crabandeeltrapfor150/250woneach($0.15$0.25USDeach).
Itshouldbenotedthatthisprogramonlyaccepts
derelictrope,derelictnet,plasticbags,andderelicttrapsrecoveredby(notproducedby)fishermen.
Sack used in the buyback program.
5
http:0.15-$0.25
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Size 40L 100L 200L Tag trap
Picture (eeltrap:150won)
(shellandcrabtrap:250won)
PurchasingPrice 4,000won
10,000won 20,000won 250won/kg
150/250wonpereach
Figure 1.
Sacksprovidedtofishermen,andanexampleofatag.ResultsAgreatdealofmarinelitterwascollectedthroughthebuybackprogrambetween2004and2008.Table2showsthevolumeoflittercollectedbytheprogram.
Thebuybackprogramcollectedatotalof29,472tonsfortheperiodatacostof$19,417USD.Incomparison,ifthisvolumeoflitterwerecollecteddirectlybythegovernment,thecostwouldbemuchgreater.Directcollectionwouldrequireafleetofvessels,awastecollectingboat,atowingboat,andacranebarge.Additionallytherewouldbetheaddedstandardoperatingcostsandfuel.Table2showsacomparisonoftheamountsofdebriscollectedandcostofthebuybackprogramcomparedtodirectcollectionofdepositedmarinelitter.Table
2.Amountoflittercollectedthroughthebuybackprogram
Year
BuybBudget (MLTM + local budget, won)
ack progAmount of litter (ton)
ram Cost per ton (won/ton)
Clean up depBudget (private capital, won)
osited marine litter Amount of litter (ton)
Cost per ton (won/ton)
2004 2,518,491 2,819 893 7,062,988 3,618 1,9522005 3,383,713
4,639 729 8,189,750 5,352 1,5302006 5,043,546 7,458 676 8,310,492
5,368 1,5482007 4,215,804 5,759 732 8,527,030 4,114 2,0732008
4,255,679 8,797 484 8,860,376 3,419 2,952Total 19,417,233 29,472
3,514 40,950,636 21,871 10,055
6
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Average 3,883,446 5,894 659 8,190,127 4,374
1,872BenefitsThebuybackprogramisverycosteffectivewaytoremoveseabedlitter,aswellasitprovidesincometofishermen.Moreover,ithelpsimprovefishermenrecognitionofmarinedebrisimpacts,consequently,itcontributepreservingthemarineenvironment.DifficultiesAlthoughthebuybackprogramiscosteffective,theideaiscounterto
thepolluterpaysprinciple.Also,fishermenwillincludelittergeneratedfromtheirdailylifealongwiththeirusedfishinggeartwoitemsnotincludedinthebuybackprogram.Someoffishermenarealsopassiveorindifferenttoparticipatinginthebuybackprogrambecauseofthetimeconsumingneedfordebrisseparation.
Conclusions/DiscussionThebuybackprogramisclearlyaverycosteffectivesystemwithaddedbenefits.Itincreasesenvironmentalawarenessamongthefishermen
andprovidesthemwithanextrasourceofincome.Italsopreventsdamagetomarinelife,andusesexistingresources(i.e.,thefishingfleet).However,itdoesnotfollowpolluterpaysprinciple,thereforeitisrecommendedtotransittheprogramintovoluntaryprogramsuchasfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitter.
7
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Appendix A: BuybackProgramProcess
8
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
South Korea Coastal Cleanup Program for Marine Litter
SangGooHan1,HaeKiKim2,SeonDongKim3,andHyonJeongNoh4
1MarineEnvironmentTeam,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation,RepublicofKorea2MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau,
MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea
3MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand
Development
Institute,RepublicofKorea4MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity
Centre,RepublicofKorea
AbstractThecoastalcleanupprogramhasbeencarriedoutasagovernmentled(orlocalgovernmentled)projectinKorea.FromAprilJuly2009,theKoreaOceanEnvironmentManagementCorporation(KOEM)implementedthiscoastalcleanupprogram.Thelittercollectedfromthecoastlinewasmadeupof:Styrofoam(32%),wastefishingnet(16%),plastic(14%),andother(12%).Amongthedebris,sometypes,suchasStyrofoam,plastic,andderelictfishingnet,
seemtooriginatefromfisheryrelatedactivities.Toaddressthis,anactionplanforeducationandpublicawarenessoffishermenwassuggested.Also,continuousimplementationofacoastalcleanupprogramisvery
important.Administrativeorganizationsshouldbeestablishedtomanagethecleanupprogramaswellasadministrativemeasures.
Background/IntroductionCoastalmarinelittercanbedefinedasanymanufacturedsolidmaterialdisposedoforabandonedinthemarineandcoastalenvironment.Itisoneofthemajorsourcesofpollutionaffectingoceansandcoastlines.Ifcoastalmarinelitterisnotremoved,itmaycauseseriousproblemssuchaseconomicimpactstothefishingindustryandtourism,negativeimpactsonwildlife,andaestheticdegradation.
In2009,SouthKoreasMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairs(MLTM)launchedacoastalcleanupprogramwithabudgetofapproximately$9millionUSDtocleanthemarineenvironment,improve
publicawareness,andcreatejobsinthepublicsector.Becauseofthecurrenteconomicstate,jobcreationhelpslowincomeworkersnearthecoastalareas.Originally,thecoastal
cleanupprogramwasoperatedbylocalgovernments;however,in2009theprogramwas
coordinatedbythecentralgovernment.
Thissummaryreportfocusesonthe2009recoveryprogramformarinelitteratthecoastcoordinatedbyKOEMtoimprovethecoastalenvironmentinKoreaandhelptheeconomybyprovidingasupplementalsourceforfinancialincometolocalresidents.
MethodologyThemarinelittercleanupprograminKoreacanbedividedintofivecategories:1)cleanupfromportandharbors,2)removalofseabedlitter,3)buybackprogram,4)coastalcleanupaftertyphoonandflood,and5)coastalcleanupprogram.
9
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
1)Cleanupfromportandharbors
Atpresent,floatinglitterisregularlycollectedbyacleanership.In2007and2008,the
amountofmarinelittercollectedbythecleanershipwas3,116tonsand3,166tons
respectively.
2)Projectofremovalofseabedlitter
Thisprojectwaslaunchedin1999.In2009,thisprojectwascarriedoutin19sea
areas,
suchasKoejeandGosung. 3)Buybackprogram
Thisproject,begunin2003,isanincentiveprogramtopurchasemarinelittercollected
duringfishingbyfishermen.Thisprojectwasimplementedatmajorfishingfarmlocations
throughthefisheriescooperativeunion.
4)Coastalcleanupaftertyphoonandflood
Afteratyphoonorflood,acoastalcleanupisconductedtoremovegeneratedmarinelitter
atthecoast.
Forexample,atotalof252,000tonsofmarinelitterwascollectedafter
typhoons(e.g.,Loosa,Maemi,MaegiandNabi)withabudgetofapproximately30million
USDsince2002. 5)Coastalcleanupprogram
In2007,thecoastalcleanupprogramhasremovedatotalof27,401tonsofmarinelitter
(4,547tonsbytheRegionalMaritimeAffairsandPortOfficeand22,854tonsbythelocal
government).Coastalcleanupprogramismadeupoftwoactivities:A)coastalcleanup
campaignandB)OneBeachOneCompanyCampaign.
A)CoastalcleanupcampaignAcoastalcleanupcampaignisheldannuallyonMay31stincooperationwithlocalnongovernmentalorganizations.
Additionally,participationintheannualInternationalCoastalCleanupeventisalsoheldonthethirdSaturdayofeverySeptember.Theseeventshelpraisepublicawarenessoftheseverityofmarinedebristhroughpersonalinvolvementinactionsthathelpprotecttheenvironment.Theseeffortsshouldbeheldcontinuallythroughouttheyearinordertohaveasignificantbeneficialeffectonthecoastalenvironment.
B)OneBeach,OneCompanycampaignTheOneBeach,OneCompanycampaignwasdevelopedbyMLTMinordertoraisepublicawarenessofthemarineenvironment.Thecampaigninvolvesfisheryrelatedcorporations,localorganizations,communities,andvolunteergroupsfrommorethan
30companies.TheobjectiveofthecampaignistheremovalofmarinelitteronKoreabeachesbyvolunteers.Eachcleanupareaisassignedaccordingtoitsproximitytotheparticipatingcompanyanditslikelihoodforaccumulatinglitter.Theseareasinclude,butarenotlimitedto,beaches,harbors,andport.
10
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Coastal marine litter cleanup program, April 15 July 28,
2009Thecoastlineandnearshoreareais11,914kmand3,220km(3.2%oftotalterritoryoftheKorea),respectively.Thepopulationnearthecoastis13millionpeople(approximately27%ofthetotalpopulationofKorea)andhas76localadministrativeunits.
KOEMlaunchedthecoastallittercleanupprogramin162sitesin42administrativeunits.Thisprogramiscoordinatedthrough12KOEMbrancheslocatedalongthecoast
inKorea.Cleanupsiteswererecommendedbycompetentadministrativeunitsandlocalresidentswerehiredasworkers.Workersweremainlyseniorcitizens(64+yearsold).Theprogramprovidestheunderprivilegedandseniorcitizenclasseswithjobopportunitiesaswellasimprovestheoceanenvironment.Additionally,mostlocalgovernmentsmaydisposeoforincineratethecollecteddebrisfreeofchargeorthroughcostsharing.KOEMhasemployedthemanpowerneeded,thussavinglocalgovernmentsthiscost.
11
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
12
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Figure 1.Photosofprogramoperation
ResultsResultsofthecoastalcleanupprogramshowthatcoastalmarinelitterconsistsofStyrofoam(32%),derelictfishingnet(16%),plastic(14%)
andothers.Table 1.Projectsummary(asofJuly28,2009)Workers (# of
people)
Debris collected (ton)
Budget
46,151 2,218(estimated) 1.6millionUSD
Table
2.Detailedbreakdown,bycleanuplocation,ofprojectoperationbyKOEMBranches
BusanWorkers Amounts(ton)
2,669 66InchonYeosuUlsanDaesan
MasanDonghaeGunsanPohangPyeongtack 1,560 MokpoJejuSeniorClub
14,791
1,426 553,418 1673,068 1011,806 2414,741 4162,696 923,456
1321,817 120
1302,795 2981,908 140
260TOTAL 46,151 2,218
13
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
50 8 15 15 2 5 1 4
60 5 15 15 2 1 2
2 3 3 2 90
30 40 10 10 3 1 1 1 1 3
40 9 20 15 5 5 4 1 1
25 5 25 10 4 1 20 5 5
35 20 20 5 5 5 2 2 6
Incheon YeosuUlsanDaesan
MasanDonghaeGunsanPohangPyeongtakMokpoJeju
50 20 10 10 10
Typeandpercentageofcoastalmarinelitterfromtheproject
Location Styrofoa m (%)
Rope/ Net (%)
Plastic (%)
Wood(%)
Rubber (%) s
Glas
(%) l (%) r (%) n (%) s (%) Meta Pape Foreig Firework
r (%) Othe
Busan 30 30 25 10 5
Table 3.
30 30 10 15 3 2 10 25 45 5 10 10 5
10 15 5 10 5 1 4 50
12
32% 16% 14% 5% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1%
Average % %
14
14
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States:Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
ConclusionThisprogramcontributedtopreventionofmarinedebrisfromenteringtheseaandismorecosteffectivethanrecoveringmarinedebrisfromocean.
Thecoastal
cleanupprogramhasbeen,inpart,carriedoutbyvolunteersandhasprovidedsupplementaryjobopportunitiesfortheelderly.Italsoenhancestheaestheticvalueofcoastlineandhaseducationaleffectthroughinvolvementofmanyindividualsandcompanies.
Becauseoftheabsenceofstandardoperationalandcleanupguidelines,itwasdifficulttorecordreliabledataonthetypesandamounts
ofcollectedmarinelitter.Asaresult,itwasalsodifficulttosetguidelinesforthecoastalcleanupprogram.Also,mostofthemarinelitterwasgenerated
fromfisheryrelatedactivities.Thereisastrongneedfortheintroductionofmarinelittermanagementpoliciesandsystemsthatdealwiththeproperdisposaloflitterviareceptionfacilitiesinportsandharbors.Thelackofadequateportreceptionfacilitiesmayhaveresultedinmarinelitterbeingdisposedofatsea.Therefore,thecentralgovernment(orlocalgovernment)shouldprovideadequatereceptionfacilitieswithappropriaterecyclingandtreatmentmeasures.Inaddition,itisnecessarytoeducateportreceptionfacilityusers,relatedcompanies,andorganizationsinordertofacilitatetheuseofthese
portreceptionfacilities.Also,inordertoreducemarinelitter,itishighlyrecommendedtocollectreliableandstandardizeddatafromeachsiteandtoutilizethedatafordevelopingfuturestrategies.
Literature
citedNOWPAPMERRAC.2009.Marinelittermanagement:TheapproachofIncheoncity,
RepublicofKorea.Availableonlineathttp://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardClient&arg=202&menuid=menu4&historyid=3%7C12.
NOWPAPMERRAC.2009.Regionalreportonseabasedmarinelitterin the
NOWPAPregion.Availableonlineathttp://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardClient&arg=202&menuid=menu4&historyid=3%7C12.
MLTM,2009.Marinelittermanagementplan.
15
http://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardChttp://merrac.nowpap.org/merrac/controller?pgm_id=merrac.client.cm.ImgBoardC
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
A Responsible Management System to Address Landbased Litter from
the Nakdong River basin
HaeKiKim1,SeonDongKim2,andHyonJeongNoh3,andWonSooKang2
1MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau,
MinistryofLand,Transport andMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea
2MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand
Development
Institute,RepublicofKorea3MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity
Centre,RepublicofKorea
AbstractThemajorityofmarinelitterinSouthKoreacomesfromlandbasedsourcesthroughlargeriversduringtherainyseason.Muchofthedamagefromlandbasedlitteriscausedoncethelitterreachesthemarineandcoastalenvironments.SeveralmunicipalsalongtheNakdongRiveraswellasministriesofthecentralgovernmentjoinedtosolvethisproblem.Theyagreedtosharethetreatmentcostofthedebrisatthemouthoftheriver.Studieswereconductedontheinputofdebrisbyeachmunicipal.Utilizingthoseresultsalongwithseveralothervariables,thecostsharingpercentagewascalculatedforeachmunicipal.ByMay2009,thistypeofresponsiblemanagementsystemwasappliedtothefivemainriversinSouthKorea.ThePolluterPaysPrinciplewassuccessfullyappliedthroughthissystem.Additionally,thissystemresultedinthevoluntarycontroloflandbasedlitterintheinlandmunicipals.IntroductionMarinelittermayobstructsafesailingandnavigation,destroythehabitatofmarineorganisms,andsoon.InSouthKoreaapproximately70%ofmarinelitteroriginatesonland.
Becauseofthisitisnecessarytocreateasystemofcontrollingtheoutflowoflandbasedlitterintothesea.Largeamountsoflandbasedlitterflowintotheseawithlocalizedheavyrains,typhoons,andfloodsduringtherainyseason.Problemssuchastheuncertainty
ofgovernmentagencyoperationsanddifficultieswithquickcollectionandremovalofdebrissometimesresultinlitterflowingouttothesea.Themajorityofthelandbasedmarinelitteroriginatesupriver.ThoughtheinlandmunicipalsshouldsharethemarinelittertreatmentcostwithotherrelevantregionsaccordingtothePolluterPaysPrinciple,typicallymostinland/uprivermunicipalsarenotconcernedwithcollectionandtreatmentofthelitter.Forthisreason,itwasnecessarytoguideupriverlocalgovernmentsinminimizingtheirwasteoutflowbyapplyingPolluterPaysPrinciple.
16
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Nakdong River basin
Figure 1. MapofSouthKoreawithNakdongFigure 2. Adetailedmapof
theNakdong Riverbasin.Riverbasincircled.
MethodologyThecentralgovernment(atthetimetheMinistryofMaritimeAffairsandFisheries(MOMAF),MinistryofEnvironment(MOE))andthefourlocalgovernmentsalongtheNakdongRiver(Busan,Daegu,Gyeongsangbukdo,andGyeongsangnamdo)signedaMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)inSeptember,2007.TheobjectiveoftheMOUwastheefficient
managementofmarinelitterflowingintotheseafromthemouthoftheNakdongRiver.
ThemaingoalwasorganizingacouncilforthewastemanagementoftheNakdongRiverbasinandcarryingoutstudiestopreparetheresponsiblemanagementplaninthebasinoftheNakdongRiver.ResearchontheactualleveloflitteroutflowfromtheNakdongRiverwasconductedinpreparation
forthemanagementplan.TheMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs(MLTM,formerlyMOMAF)carriedoutthesestudiestoprepareResponsibleManagementPlanaccordingtotheMOU.TheKoreaOceanResearchandDevelopmentInstitute(KORDI)andotherresearchinstitutesineachcityandprovincejoinedtheprojecttohelptracktheresults.ThisprojectadoptedasharingrateforthetreatmentcostofmarinelitteratthemouthofNakdongRiver.
Thecostissharedbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernments,andtakesintoaccountthepolluters,beneficiaries,andeachlocationbasedontheareaofthebasin,population,andtheestimatedvolumeofthewaste.
17
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Procedure for estimating the costshare rate
Step1
Estimatingsharingratebetweencentralgovernmentpaymentandcooperativepaymentbetweenrelevantlocalgovernments(Centralgovernment50%:
Localgovernmentcooperativepayment50%)
Step2
Estimatingsharingratebetweenbeneficiariesandpolluters(withincostsharingofrelevantlocalgovernments)
(sharing rateof beneficiary40.4%:polluter59.6%)
Step3
Estimatingsharingratebetweenthepollutersinpartofthepolluterpayment(Estimating
afterconsideringquantity
oflitter,population,area,financialindependence,etc.)
Step4 Estimatingsharingratewitheachparties
Table
1.ResultofpreliminaryinvestigationandthefinalweightingfactorsBusan
Daegu
Gyeongna m
Geongbu k
Total Weightin g factor
estimated volume of outflow(ton)
342 152 387 206 108737.90%31.46% 13.98% 35.60% 18.95%
100.00%
Population 799,469 2,504,253 1,582,238 1,821,360 6,707,320
21.70%11.92% 37.34% 23.59% 27.15% 100.00%
Area(km2) 240.7 885.7 7,983.00 15,180.40 24,289.80 19.70%0.99%
3.65% 32.87% 62.50% 100.00%
Financial Independen ce
71.8 74.5 45.5 42.7 234.520.70%30.62% 31.77% 19.40% 18.21%
100.00%
Sharing rate of polluter
21.04% 20.70% 29.10% 29.16% 100% 100.00%
Formulatoestimatethecostsharingrateforeachlocalgovernment:Localgovernment(0.5)Polluter(0.596)Sharingratebetweenthepolluters(A)100+Localgovernment(0.5)Sharingofthebeneficiary(0.404)Benefitrate(B)100
18
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
BusancityandGyeongsangnamdoprovincedidnotagreeuponthecostsharingratebetweenpolluters(A)andbenefitrate(B).Tofacilitatemediationbetweenthetwolocalauthorities,threemeetingsandworkshopswereheld.ParticipantsofthesemeetingsincludedMLTMandresearchinstitutes(KORDI,KoreaMaritimeInstitute(KMI),andeachlocalgovernmentsdevelopmentresearchinstitutes).Afinalagreementwasreachedregardingthesharingrateforthetreatmentcost.Table
2.Costsharingafterconsideringbenefitrate(suggested) Benefit rate
for Central Local government
TotalBusan:GyeongNam
governme nt Busan Daegu
GyeongNam
Gyeon gBuk
95:05 50.00% 25.46% 6.17% 9.68% 8.69% 100.00%
Signing ceremony for the MOU, April 3, 2009.
ResultsExecutiveswiththecentralgovernmentaswellaseachlocalgovernmentsignedtheMOUfortheresponsiblemanagementoflandbasedlitterintheNakdongRiverbasin(seeAppendixA).
TheMOUwaspreparedutilizingresearchresultsandinputfromworkinglevelmeetings.
Bysharingthetreatmentcostofthelandbasedlitterbetweenthecentralandthelocalgovernment,andupperandlowermunicipalsoftheNakdongRiver,thePolluterPaysPrinciplewasappliedtohelpsolvethemarinelitterproblem.Furthermore,thiscostsharingmanagementsystemisalsoexpectedtoresultinupriverlocalgovernmentscontrollingtheirinputoflandbasedlittervoluntarily,thuspromotingresponsiblecontrolandmanagementofdomestic
waste.
ConclusionBeginningwiththeHanRiverin2001,acostsharingagreementforlandbasedlittermanagementwascompletedinallfivemajorriverbasinsthatflowthroughmorethantwocitiesorprovinces(HanRiver(2001),GeumRiver(March2009),NakdongRiver(April2009),YoungsanRiver/SeomjinRiver(May2009)).AdditionalinvestigationisunderwaytodeterminewhetherthesametypeofMOUisneededforotherriversthatflowthroughmanyofthesmallercitiesandcountrytownswithinlargerprovinces.
19
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Literature
CitedMLTM.2008.Aplanoftheinvestigationandmanagementforlitterflowingintotheseain
NakdongRiverbasin.MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs,KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation.December2008.
MLTM.2008.Thefirstmasterplanofthemarinelittermanagement(20092003).MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs.November2008.
20
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Appendix A.
MOUfortheresponsiblemanagementlandbasedlitterinputtotheNakdongRiverbasin,April3,2009.
21
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Managing Dedicated Floating Receptacles for Marine Litter
SeonDongKim1,HaeKiKim2,andHyonJeongNoh3andTaeByungChun1
1MarineSafety&PollutionResponseResearchDepartment,KoreaOceanResearchand
Development
Institute,RepublicofKorea2MarineConservationDivision,MarinePolicyBureau,
MinistryofLand,Transport andMaritimeAffairs,RepublicofKorea
3MarineEnvironmentalEmergencyPreparednessandResponseRegionalActivity
Centre,RepublicofKorea
AbstractDedicatedfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitterwereinstalledinHaenamgun,Cheollanamdo(province)in2001andwaswellreceivedbyfishermen.Fishermenpileuptheirusednetsandfarminggearontothededicatedbargetypereceptaclesastheyarereturningfromfishing.TheMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairsplanstoenlargethis
programto11coastallocalgovernments,eachreceivingthreereceptaclesyearly.Thecollectioncostformarinedebriscanbereducedandthevoluntaryrecoveryofmarinedebrisamongfishingcommunitiesincreased.
IntroductionMarinedebrishasecological,economic,andaestheticimpactstomarineandcoastalsystems.AccordingtotheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,marinedebrisis
regardedasanymanmade,solidmaterialthatentersourwaterwaysdirectlyorindirectly.Inwesterncountries,primarymeasuresformarinedebrisarecoastalcleanupefforts,monitoringprograms,legislation,andreusing/recyclingefforts.
InSouthKorea,thesituationissomewhatdifferentthaninothercountries.Itwasnotuntilthe1970sthatKoreabegantoindustrialize,andthespeedofthisindustrializationwastremendous.Moreover,approximately64%ofthepopulationlivesnearariverorcoast,andithasbeenverydifficulttopreventtheinfluxoflittertotheocean.
In2001,Kangetal.reportedthespatialdistributionofsustainedseabedlitterinportsandharbors.
Table1showsthatmuchofKoreasmarinelittercomesfromhumanactivitiesintheocean,specificallyfromfishingboats.AreviewofavailableliteratureshowsthattheproblemofmarinedebrisinKoreaisuniqueinthesensethatnoothercountryhasevertriedtoseekspecifictechnologicalmeasurestoaddressthisissue.WebelievethatthereisarelativelyhighportionofsustainedseabedlitterinKorea.
22
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Table 1.Numberofpeopleinvolvedinfisheries(from
KoreanStatisticalInformationServicehomepage)
City/Province
# of people involved in fisheries
Pusancity 8,196Incheoncity 7,767Ulsancity 3,083Kyungkido
4,328Kangwonddo 10,619ChungcheonNamdo 26,182Chullabukdo
9,501Chullanamdo 61,631Kyeonsanbukdo 12,386Kyeonsannamdo
30,184Jejudo 18,464Total 192,341
AsshowninJungetal.(2005),KFPA(KoreaFishingPortAssociation)andKOEM(KoreaMarineEnvironmentManagementCorporation)haveremovedover10,000tonsofmarinedebrissince2000andmorethanhalfoftherecoveredmarinedebrisconsistedofderelictfishingnets.Tosolvetheproblemofmarinedebrisonemuststartbygettingridofthedebrissource.However,onceitentersthesea,marinedebrismustberemoved.Efficientmethodsandtoolsshouldbeusedin
theremovalofthemarinedebris.Afterremoval,anappropriatetreatmenttechniquemustbeapplied.ThededicatedfloatingreceptacleformarinelitterwasoriginallyinstalledatHaenamgun,CheonNamprovincein2001andreceivedgoodreviewsfromfishermen.Thededicatedbargetypereceptacle,placedaroundtheport,wascreatedforthefishermentopileuptheirusednetsandgearonafter
returningfromfishing.Thereceptaclesmadeiteasierforfishermentounloadtheirdebrisaswellasreducedthepossibilityofdumping.TheMinistryofLand,Transport,andMaritimeAffairs(MLTM,formerlyMOMAF)adoptedthesereceptaclesasanewnationwideprogramwiththecooperationoflocalgovernments.Whiletheprograminunderwaynationwide,thecaseinHaenamgun(2009)ispresentedhere.
Table 2.StatisticsofseabedlitteraroundKorean portsand
harbors(Kangetal.,2001a)
Tires Wire rope
Polypropylen e rope
Timber/ Lumber
Metal Other Total
23
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
4.70% 19.70% 23.40% 7.60% 22.70% 21.70% 100%
MethodologyVariouswaysofmanagingthelargeamountofmarinedebrishavebeenconsidered;howeverproperfacilitieswereinsufficientandcauseddamagetothemarineecosystem.MLTM(MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs)recovered21,871tonsofmarinedebristhroughacleanupprogramand29,472tonsthroughthemarinelitterbuybackprogram(Nohet.al,2009).Theseprograms,however,dolittletodecreasetheoverallamountofderelictfishingnetandgear.
CheollanamdoprovinceislocatedinsouthwesternpartofKoreaPeninsula.
Itspopulationrelatedtofisheriesismorethan60,000,thelargestinKorea.ThemaintypeoffisheryinHaenamgundistrictinChellanamdoisabalone(earshell)andlaver(seaweed)farming.Asmallbargehasbeenusedasareceptacleforusednetsandfarminggearsince2001.
Thishasresultedinfishermencollectingtheirownusednetand
gearvoluntarily.Thededicatedfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitterhadapositiveeffectonpeopleintheareaand
thusMLTMbegantosupportthebuildingofbargesincoastallocalgovernments.Table
3. Theamount
ofthecollectedusedfishinggearandmarinedebrisaccordingtothefishingpopulationsizeandthetypeoffishery.
Fishing community
Population Fishery type 2006
Amoun2007
t (ton) 2008 2009.7
A 34 abalone(90%) 40 40 40 40
B 60 abalone (70%)laver(30%) 30
C 200 laver(90%) 100 +
Thebargeisbuiltofpolyethylenetooptimizeitsusabilityandsafety.Thestandardsizeforabargeorfloatingreceptacleis9mX6mX1.47m,butcanvaryaccordingtothecharacteristicsandrequirementsoftheport(Figure1).Becauseofitssmallsize,thesebargescanbeeasilytowedandlaunchedwithasmallershipandthusunloadingitismucheasier.
Itcanbe
24
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
towedalongsideapierforeasierunloading.MLTMprovided25millionwon($25,000USD)forreceptaclebuilding.
Localgovernmentstakecareofmaintenanceandupkeep.In2008,localcommunitieswithlargeamountsofmarinelitter,largefarmingareas,enoughlaunchingspaceandfacilitiesrankedhighonthelisttoreceivethesereceptacles.
Thosevillageswithcleanportsandcoastsrankedevenhigher.
Figure 1.Processofbuildinga
floatingreceptacleformarinelitter.
Figure 2.Afloatingreceptaclebeforeandafter
launchingintoport.
25
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
ResultsWhentheplantobuildthefirsttworeceptaclesformarinelitterwasannounced,theresponsewassogreatthattenlocalfishingvillagesappliedimmediately.Thelocalfishermenvoluntarilycollectedtheirownmarinedebrisandusedgearonthesededicatedfloatingreceptaclesandlocalauthoritiesentrustedthemtodealwithwastetreatmentcompany.MLTMplanstoenlargethisprogramto11coastallocalgovernmentseachwiththreereceptaclesyearly.
Conclusions/DiscussionWiththededicatedfloatingreceptaclesformarinelitter,Haenamgunreducedthecollectioncostformarinedebrisby30%.Furthermore,voluntaryrecoveryofmarinedebrisnowtakesplaceamongfishingcommunities.Theresultingbenefitiscleanercoastalwaters.
Literature Citedhttp://www.kosis.kr/
Kang,W.S.etal.2001,ExecutablePlanofRecovery&Treatment
forMarineDebrisin
RegionalSeaWatersinIncheonArea,KRISO/KORDIProjectReport(Korean).Jung,R.T.,H.G.Sung,S.D.Kim,W.S.Kang,andC.G.Kang,2005,TheOutlineofthe
IntegratedTreatment
SystemtoMarineDebrisforOffshoreKorea,Proc.15thISOPEConference.
26
http:http://www.kosis.kr
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
NearshoreMarineDebrisAbatementProjects
UNITED STATES
27
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Reel In and Recycle! Monofilament Recycling Program
SusanShingledecker1
1EnvironmentalPrograms,BoatU.S.FoundationforBoatingSafety and
CleanWater
AbstractTheBoatU.S.FoundationlaunchedtheReelInandRecycleProgramin2006withgrantfundingfromtheNationalFishandWildlifeFoundationandtheNOAAMarineDebrisprogram.Theprogramaimstocreateanationwidenetworkoffishinglinerecyclingbinstohelpanglersproperlydisposeofusedfishingline.Monofilamentfishinglineifleftinthemarineenvironmentcanentangleandharmbirds,marinemammalsandotherwildlife.Since2006,theBoatU.S.Foundationhasreceivedcommitmentsfromvolunteersacrossthecountrytoinstallandmaintainmonofilamentbinsandnewrequestscomeindaily.Nearly1,200PVCmonofilamentrecyclingbinshavebeenbuiltandinstalledwiththehelpofvolunteersandover11
millionmediaimpressionshavebeengeneratedbypressreleases,radiointerviewsandmultiplemagazinesstories.
ThethreeprongedapproachoftheReelinandRecycleprogramofgeneraleducationonmarinedebris,thedevelopmentofanationwide
networkofrecyclinginfrastructure,andthequantificationoftheseeffortsthroughdatacollection,togethershowthattheprogramismakingadifferencereducingmarinedebris.
IntroductionMonofilamentlineandcommercialfishinggeararedesignedto
bestrong,durableandnearlyinvisibleinthewater.Thesequalitiesmakethematerialswellsuitedtocatchingfish.Unfortunatelywhenleftinthemarineenvironment,monofilamentlineandotherderelictfishinggearcontinuetocatchfish,unintentionallyentanglingmarinelife.AccordingtotheU.S.CommissiononOceanPolicyatleast267specieshavebeenimpactedbymarinedebrisincluding86percentofseaturtlespecies,44percentofseabirdspeciesand43percentof
marinemammalspecies.TheaimoftheReelIn&Recycleprogramistomakemonofilamentrecyclingaregularpartofthefishinglifestylebyprovidingtheinfrastructuretomakeiteasytodotherightthing,recycleusedfishingline.Theprimaryconservationoutcomeoftheprogramwillbethereductionofmonofilamentfishinglinein
themarineenvironment.Fishinglinerankedinthetop10mostdangerousdebrisitemscollectedworldwideinthe2007InternationalCoastalCleanup.Fishinglineentanglements
Monofilament recycling bin installed in California.
28
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
debris collection, and data gathering.
accountedfor65%ofthe235entanglementsfoundduringthe2007InternationalCoastalCleanup,byfartheleadingcauseofentanglement.
TheBoatU.S.Foundationisworkingtoeducateboatersaboutthedangersofmarinedebrisandspecificallymonofilamentlineleftinthemarineenvironment.While80percentofmarinedebrismaycomefromlandbasedsources,itisimportanttominimizetheriskofentanglementsandreducemarinedebrisbypreventingitsintroductionatthesource.TheReelandRecycleprogram,combininggeneraleducationaboutmarinedebrisandthestrengtheningofanationwidenetworkofmonofilamentrecyclingreceptacles,buildsuponathreeprongedapproachofeducation,
Monofilamentrecyclingprogramsareaprovenconcept.TheStateofFloridaandotherlocalgovernmentshaveimplementedsimilar
programswithgreatsuccess.Whatisnewaboutthisprogramisitsscope.TheReelIn&Recycleprogramtakethesuccessthathasbeenseenatafewareasofthecountryonalocallevelandreplicatesthatintoanationwidemonofilamentrecyclingprogram.Binsareplacedathightrafficfishingareasfromcoasttocoast.Emphasisismadethatbinsbeinstalledinconvenientlocationsrightatthelandwaterinterfacemakingiteasyforanglerstorecycletheirusedfishingline.ThisprogramisfundedinpartbygrantsfromtheNOAAMarineDebrisProgramandtheNationalFishandWildlifeFoundationThe
BoatU.S. Foundation is a national 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization
dedicated to promoting safe and environmentallysensitive boating.
Our goal is to be the leader in boating safety and environmental
education and outreach, with the purpose of reducing accidents and
fatalities, increasing stewardship of our waterways, and keeping
boating a safe, accessible, and enjoyable pastime
MethodologyThemethodologyfortheprogramisbuiltaroundathreeprongedapproachincluding:marinedebriseducation/outreach,
thedevelopmentofanationwidemonofilamentrecyclinginfrastructure,andthe
collection ofdata
ontheamountofmonofilamentlinerecycled.Thisapproachcombinesgeneraleducationwiththespecificenablingactivityofdebriscollectionandtheabilitytoquantitativelyassesstheimpactoftheactivitiesandtranslatethoseactionstodebrisandentanglementsavoided.
29
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Education/OutreachTheprogramhastwoprimaryaudiencesforitsmessaging:groupswhoareinterestedinhostingand
maintainingthefishinglinerecyclingbins,andanglerswhohavelinetorecycle.
Partner recruitmentTodaterecruitinglocalpartnerstohost,install
andmaintaintherecyclingbinshasnotbeenachallenge.Infactforthelast3yearsthelistofinterestedpartnershasexceededthenumberofbinsavailable.GroupsorindividualsthatareinterestedinhostingabinregisterontheReelInandRecyclewebsite.Binsareallocatedbasedongeographiclocation.Careistakentolocatebinsincoastalareasandtospreadthedistribution
ofbinsto
A volunteer in New Jersey empties the bin and mails the
collected line thoseareasthatdonotalreadyhaveto Berkley
Conservation Institute for recycling.
anexistingrecyclingprogram.Initially,theBoatU.S.Foundationbudgetedincentivepaymentstoaccompanyeachbintocoverinstallationmaterials,butgiventhelargedemandfortheprogramwehavenotneededtoutilizeincentives.Tomarketthemonofilamentrecyclingprogram,theBoatU.S.Foundationutilizes
ourpartnershipswiththeCoastGuardAuxiliary,PowerSquadron,ArmyCorpsofEngineersandscoresoflocalorganizationsdedicatedtomakingrecreationalboatingsafer
andmoreenvironmentallysound.TheavailabilityofmonofilamentrecyclingopportunitiesismarketedthroughtheBoatU.S.magazine,theBoatU.S.website,BoatU.S.cooperatingmarinasandthroughournetworksofCleanMarinasandotherlocalpartneringorganizations.Tobeselectedforparticipation
intheprogram,eachrecyclinglocationmustcommittomaintainthereceptaclesfortwoyearsandreporttheamountofmaterialcollectedtotheBoatU.S.Foundationviaouronlinedatareportingwebsite.Angler
awarenessThesecondcomponentofoutreach
istargetedtoanglerstoraiseawarenessoftheimportanceofandtheavailabilityoflinerecycling.Thesearetheindividualswhowewanttousethebins,asopposedtomaintainthebins.TheBoatU.S.Foundationhasalonghistoryofworkingwithanglersonsafetyissuessuchaslifejacketwear.We
usevariouschannelstoeducatethisaudienceandinfluencebehaviorincludingfishingtelevisionandradioshows,fishingclubs,andfishingmagazinesandpublications.Weutilizeournetworkoffishingprostohavethemdemonstratethebehaviorwewantanglerstoemulate.Weasktheprostowearlifejacketsandhavethemdiscussfishinglinerecyclingontheirtelevisionshows.Wehavefoundthisrolemodel,leadbyexampletechniqueto
beveryeffectiveat
30
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
changingbehavioramongsttheanglingaudience.Wealsohavemaintainedaconsistentlookandlabelingforour1,200recyclingbins.Byhavingconsistentlookingbininfrastructure,overtimeanglerswilllearnwhattolookforwhentheyareatanewmarinaorlaunchramp.Weareintheprocessofbuildingawebbasedmapofrecyclinglocationsandwillusethisananothertooltoconnectanglerswithlocationswheretheycanrecycletheirusedline.Bin
ConstructionThroughtheprogramindividualscangetbinsinoneoftwoways.Wecaneithersendthemafreebin,ortheycanbuildtheirown.Weare
limitedtobuilding400binsatatimebyfundingandstoragespace.Forthosegroupswishingtobuildtheirownbins,wehavecreatedavideopodcast(http://www.boatus.com/foundation/Monofilament/build.asp)showingstepbystepinstructions.Forbulkbinconstruction,weuse6inchdiameterPVCpipe.Thiscanbepurchasedthroughaplumbingsupplystore.Thepipeandfittings
for400binsrequiresalargestoragearea.Toeaseshippingandstoringlogistics,wehaverenteda40footshippingcontainertostorethesuppliesandbins.Binsareconstructedinbatchesof350400bins.With20to30volunteers,weareabletobuildandboxtheentireamountinabout4hours.Twostepsoftheconstructionprocessrequiretheuseofpowertools.Forliabilitypurposes,wehavestaffmembersuseallpowertoolsandkeepthevolunteerstoothertasks.Werenta12inchcompoundmitersawfromalocalhardwarestoretocutthe20footlengthsofpipeinto2footlengths.Wealsouseadrillpresstodrilloneholeinthecapstoallowwatertodrainfrom
BoatU.S. staff volunteer to build 400 bins in July 2009 at
BoatU.S. Headquarters in thebins.Staffusingpower Alexandria,
VAtoolsworkinpairsandarerequiredtoweargogglesandhearingprotection.Allvolunteersandstaffareinstructedtoweargloves,andoldclothingas
thePVCisoftendirtyandthegluecanstainhandsandclothes.Forassemblywecreatetwolineswithfoldingtablesandweplacethesuppliesinthemiddle.Westarttheproductionatthepointfurthestfromtheshippingcontainer,allowingthecompetedbinstobelocatedclosetothecontaineropeningforeaseofmovingandstorage.Theassemblylinestartswiththe2footsectionofpipe.UsingGorillaGlueorother
31
http://www.boatus.com/foundation/Monofilament/build.asp
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Consistent labeling of the bins is key to branding the
program.
adhesive(wedonotusePVCCementduetothenoxiousfumes)weattachthethreadedadapter,thenflipthebinoverandattachtheelbowfitting,usingcaretoseethat
anywritingonthepipeisoppositetheelbowopening.Weincludeaplugwitheachbin,butdonotscrewontheplugasglueresiduecouldcauseittosealpermanently.Weapplytwostickerstothefrontofthebins,onetoidentifytheprogramandrecognizesponsorsandfundersandanothertodiscourageindividualsfromplacingtrashinthebins.Onceconstructed,thebinsareplacedtwoinaboxandtheelbowendofeachbiniswrappedinbubblewrap.Wefoundthattheelbowscanbreakinshippingifnotpadded.Eachbinisshippedwithametal,UVresistantsighthatidentifiesthebin,recognizesfundersandsponsorsandincludesaplaceforthelocalsponsortoaddtheirnameorlogotothesign.
Thebindesignhasbeentestedandtheconstructionanddistributionfromonelocationprovidesthemostcosteffectivemethodofadministeringtheprogram.Thelocalgroupswhoreceivethebinscommittoemptythebins,reporttheamountoflinecollectedandsendthelinetoafishinglinerecycler.OurprimarylinerecyclingpartnerisPureFishingBerkleyConservationInstitute.Theyarealeadingmanufactureroffishingline.Theysupplypostagepaidreturnshippingboxestogroups
wishingtorecycleline.ThelineissenttotheirfacilityinIowawhereitissortedandrecycledintocommerciallyviableproductssuchaslinespoolsandartificialreefmaterials.
Data
ManagementAkeycomponenttomeasuringthesuccessoftheprogramistrackingandquantifyingtheamountoflinethatiscollectedandrecycled.Thishasbeenoneofthelargestchallengesassociatedwithmonofilamentrecyclingeffortsandisoftencitedasabarrierby
othergroupsinvolvedinpreviousfishinglinerecyclingprograms.TheBoatU.S.Foundationhasdesignedanonlinedatareportingtooltomakeitsimpleforgroupstoreportthelinecollected.Onthewebsitegroupsenterintheirbinlocationinformation,andthecontactdetailsforthevolunteerswhomaintaineachbin.Eachtimeabinisemptiedthevolunteerscanreportonhowfullthebinwas,theamountoftrashinthebin,andothercomments.Oncethegrouphascollectedenoughlinetofillashippingbox,theysendthelinetoBerkeleyoranotherrecyclerandreporttheweightoftheshippedbox.Thisprogramquantifiestheamountoflinecollectedtwoways,thenumberofbinsoflinecollected,aswellastheweightofthelinerecycled.Thiswillprovideuswithtwowaystocalculatethevolumeoflinekeptoutofthewater.Thisonlinedatawebsitewillalsomakeit
32
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
easytoidentifysitesthatareveryactiveandmayneedmorebins,andsitesthathavealaginreporting.Thisalsoallowsustodeterminethefrequencythatbins
arebeingmonitoredandprovidefollowuptothevolunteergroups.Ifbinhostsfailtoreportthedataontheamountoflinecollected,wewillnotbeabletomeasurethefullbenefitsoftheprogram.Ouronlinedatacollectiontoolwillenableustokeeptrackofthelevelofactivityateachbinsite.Weareplanningtolaunchanewincentiveprogramfordatareportingbyprovidingamonthlyprizedrawingforthosesiteswhosubmitdatainagivenmonth.
ResultsThethreeprimarymeasuresofprogressforthisprojectare: The
number of recycling bins distributed around the country, The amount
of monofilament line that is returned for recycling, And, the
number of media impressions generated by the program outreach.
Thesethreeindicatorsgiveabalancedpictureoftheprogramsuccess.First,thenumberofbinsdistributedshowsusthegeographicbreadthanddensityof
theprogram.Second,theamountoflinereturnedwillshowustheeffectivenessof
theprogramandwillidentifythemostactivefishinglocations.Finally,thethirdindicatorofmediaimpressionsshowsushoweffectivewehavebeenatreachingthefishingandboatingpublictoincludethem,theusers,inrecyclingefforts.InadditiontothesethreeprimaryindicatorstheBoatU.S.Foundationhasengagedaprofessionalevaluationteamtoestablishabaselineforawarenessandparticipationinmonofilamentrecycling.ThefirstsetoffocusgroupswillbeconductedinAugust2009,withfollowupevaluationin2011.Thisevaluationwillenableustocapturesomeofthelessquantitativemeasureofsuccessandprovideamorecompletepictureofprogramstrengthsandweaknesses.The
number of recycling bins distributed around the
country.Todatethedemandforrecyclingbinshasfaroutpacedthesupply.TheBoatU.S.FoundationdistributesbinstocoastalandGreatLakesstates.Wearelimitedinthedistributionwecandoininlandareasduetothenatureofourprogramfunding.Wehaveidentifieda
fewfundingsourcestoallowforthecreationanddistributionofbinstoinlandareasandhopetobeabletoservetheseareasinthefuture.Todate,the
BoatU.S.Foundationhasconstructednearly1,200bins.Thesebinshavebeenmailedtogroupsin32statesaroundthecountry.Eachyearthedemandforthebinscontinuestogrow.Wehaveseeninanumberofstatesthatourinitialsupplyofbinsandsupporthasledthestatestotakeuparecyclingprogramandputstafftimeandadditionalfinancialsupporttotheeffort.ThisisparticularlyevidentinCalifornia,NewJerseyandVirginia.AnotherdevelopmentisthatmanygroupsarenowundertakingbinconstructionontheirownandhaveturnedtotheBoatU.S.Foundationtosupplythemwiththedecalsandsignagetoaccompanytheirbins.Thisisacosteffectivewaytocontinuetogrowthemonofilamentlinerecyclinginfrastructurenetwork.
33
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
The online database allows volunteers to report the amount of
line recycled.
The amount of monofilament line that is returned for
recycling.Theconstructionofouronlinedatareportingdatabaseandwebsitehastakenmuchlongerthananticipated.Theprogrammingelementsweremorecomplicatedthanoriginallythoughtandthecontractorsexperienceddelays.Thatsaid,wehavenearlycompletedthefinalphaseoftestingandrefinements.Wehaveworkedwithasampleofbinhoststotesttheprogramandhavereceivedexcellentfeedbackfromthem.Withjustover50binlocationscurrentlyactiveinthedatabasewehavereceivedreportof93binsoflinecollectedandover128poundsoflinereturnedforrecycling.This
isjustthebeginning.Withthe400binsthatwillbeshippedinAugust2009,thosesiteswillbereadyinthedatabasefromtheonset.Theywillworkwiththeprogramfromthefirstdaytheyinstallthebins,sodatareportingwillbearegularpartoftheirinteractionwiththeReelIn&Recycleprogram.Wealsowillberollingoutthedatareportingprogramtoourotherexistingsitestofullyincorporateallsitesintothedatareportingprogram.The
number of media impressions generated by the program
outreach.TheReelIn&Recycleprogramhasreceivedexcellentmediacoverage,especiallythroughBoatU.S.publications.Asof2008,11millionmediaimpressionscan
betieddirectlytothisprogramfrommagazinearticlesandpressreleasesalone.Additionallytheprogramhasconductedseveralradiointerviews,atelevisionPSAforwiththehelpofanationalfishingshow,twovideopodcastshostedonourwebsiteandotheroutreachaswell.IntheFallof2009wewillbeexpandingouroutreachpartneringwith
GreatLakesProductionsandthenationallysyndicatedradioprogramOurOceanWorld.WewillalsobeproducingprintPSAsfordistributiontomajorfishingandanglingpublications.Goingforwardwearelookingtointegratetheuseofmoreinteractivemediaincludingsocialnetworkingtopublicizemonofilamentrecycling
andfacilitateinteractionamongstthevolunteergroupswhoparticipateintheprogram.
34
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Lessons Learned Having a line recycler is
key.Monofilamentfishinglinecannotcurrentlyberecycledthoughmostmunicipalrecyclingprograms.Thereforetheexistenceofanentitythatcancollectthelineandrecycleitisessential.In
theUnitedStatestheprimaryrecipientofcollectedlineisBerkleyConservationInstitute,adivisionofPureFishing,oneofthecountryslargestfishinglinemanufacturers.Withouttheirparticipationrecyclinglineonanationalscalewouldbeverychallenging.Demand
for the bins is
high.Demandfortherecyclingbinsremainshigh,eliminatingtheneedfortheplannedinstallationincentives.BecausesixinchdiameterPVCisnotcommonlyavailableinhardwarestores,volunteergroupsgreatlyappreciatereceivingthepreconstructedbins.Thatsaid,itishelpfulandcosteffectivetohaveanextrasupplyofbinsignsandstickersforthosegroupswhoareabletobuildtheirownbins,butwouldliketohavethemconsistentwiththeotherprogrambins.
Wedobelievethatreportingwillbeachallengeandthatanyincentivesinitiallyplannedforinstallationshouldbereprogrammedtoreportingincentives.Having
a centralized local partner in a state of region can lead to
enhanced program adoption in that
area.Throughtheprogrambinshavebeendistributedtoindividuals,marinasandothergroupsinquantitiesof24bins,andalsotolargerstatebasedofenvironmentalorganizationsinlargerquantities.Whilewesupportsupplyingindividualswithbinsandwillcontinuetodoso,thedevelopmentofanumberofkeypartnershipinvariousstatesaroundthecountryhasallowedtheprogramtothriveinthoseareas.Ourrelationshipswithstategovernmentcontacts,CleanMarinaProgramcoordinators,andlocalenvironmentalgroupsinCalifornia,NewJersey,
VirginiaandOregonhasgreatlyfacilitatedtheadoptionoftheprograminthosestates.Havingacentralcontactpointprovidesassistanceidentifyingthemostappropriatelocationsforbins,and
additionalsupportwhencommunicatingwithbinhostsregardingbinmaintenanceanddatareporting.
Conclusion/DiscussionSincetheBoatU.S.FoundationbegantheReelInandRecycleprogramintheFallof2006withfundingfromtheNationalFishandWildlifeFoundationandtheNOAA
MarineDebrisprogram,wehavemadegreatstridesateducatingboatersaboutthechallengesofmarinedebrisandrecruitingpartnersintheprogram.Wehavereceivedcommitmentsfromvolunteersacrossthecountrytoinstallandmaintainmonofilamentbinsandnewrequestscomeindaily.Nearly1,200PVCmonofilamentrecyclingbinshavebeenbuiltandinstalledwiththehelpofvolunteersacrossthecountry.Over11millionmediaimpressions
havebeengeneratedbyourpressreleases,andmultiplemagazinesstories.Wehavebuilt,testedandlaunchedouronlinedatareportingwebsite.Togethertheseactivitiesandpartnershipsarebuildinganationwidenetworkofmonofilamentfishinglinerecyclingsitesthatin
timewillchangebehaviorandhelpanglersseerecyclingusedfishinglineascommonplaceasrecyclingcansandbottles.
35
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Literature
CitedU.S.CommissiononOceanPolicy.2004.PreliminaryReportoftheU.S.Commissionon
OceanPolicyGovernorsDraft,Washington,D.C.,April2004.
OceanConservancy.2008.InternationalCoastalCleanupReport2007,Washington,D.C.
36
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Netting Solutions: Hawaiis Nets to Energy program and Pier 38
port reception facility
CareyMorishige1andKrisMcElwee1
1NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,
MarineDebrisProgram/I.M.SystemsGroup,Inc.
AbstractIn2002,theNorthwesternHawaiianIslandsmultiagencymarinedebrisgroupdevisedauniqueprogramtoturnderelictfishingnetdebrisintousableelectricityasabetterwaytodisposeofonetypeofmarinedebris.Today,thissuccessfulpartnershipprogramrecyclesanaverageof80tonsofderelictnetsandmonofilamentlineperyear.Intotal,since2002,thisprogramhascreatedenoughelectricitytopower283homesforayeareach.
IntroductionMarinedebrisofalltypesaccumulatesinandaroundtheislandsofHawaiiduetotheirlocationinthemiddleoftheNorthPacificSubtropicalGyre.Muchofthedebrisismadeupofderelictfishingnets.DerelictfishingnetsandotherfishinggearfromdomesticandforeignsourcesinthegreaterPacificaresafetyandnavigationhazardsandcandamagevessels.Carriedbycurrents,thenetswashashoreandsnagonthecoralreefsoftheNorthwesternandMainHawaiianIslands,causingextensivedamageandentanglingmarinemammals,turtles,andotherwildlifeeachyear.IntheNorthPacificOcean,Hawaiibasedlonglinefishermenoftenencounterderelictfishingnetswhentravelingtoandfromfishinggroundsandwhenfishinginareasofcurrentconvergencewheredebrisisaccumulated.Overtheyears,manyHawaiibasedlonglinefishermenhavevoluntarilybroughtthesederelictnetsbacktoporttoeliminatetheriskoffutureatseaencounters.Additionally,acrosstheHawaiianarchipelago,largeconglomerationsofthesenets,sometimesweighingthousandsofpounds,areremovedfromHawaiisreefsand
shoreseachyearthroughvariouslargeandsmallscaleremovalefforts.
Historically,thecollectedderelictnetswouldbedisposedofinlandfillswheretheynotonlytakeupspace,butalsobreakdown(fragment)veryslowly.
Theseplasticnets(mainlynylon)donotbiodegrade
ormineralize(breakdownintoinorganiccomponents),butsimplybreakdownintosmallerandsmaller
pieces.Therefore,abetterdisposalmethodforthesenetswasneeded.
37
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
MethodologyNetstoEnergyProcessSince1996,NOAAhasledamarinedebrisremovaleffortintheNorthwesternHawaiianIslands(NWHI).
Sincethen,over603metrictonsofderelictnetshavebeenremoved.Insteadofaddingthesenetstoalreadycongestedlandfills,in2002,theNorthwesternHawaiianIslandsmultiagencymarinedebrisgroupdevisedauniqueprogramtoturnthismarinedebrisintousableelectricity.
ThecollectedderelictnetsaretransportedtothefacilityofSchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporation,amainlandbasedscrap
metalrecycler.
TherethenetsarechoppedintosmallpiecessuitableforcombustionattheCityandCountyofHonolulusHPowerwastetoenergyfacilityrunbyCovantaEnergy.SchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporationtransportsthechoppednetpiecestotheHPowerfacility.Therethenetsareburned,producingsteamwhichdrivesaturbinetocreateusableelectricity.Allservices(transportincluded)aredonatedfreeofcharge.ThisprogramispossibleonlythroughthepartnershipandsupportofHawaiismultiorganizationalmarinedebrisgroupincludingthebusinesseslistedabove,aswellasMatsonNavigationCompanyandAllianceTrucking.
Today,allNOAAfundedmarinedebrisremovalprojectsinHawaiiincorporatethisprogramasacomponentforsuccess.AccordingtotheHawaiiStateDepartmentofBusiness,EconomicDevelopmentandTourism,100tonsofderelictnetprovidesenoughelectricitytopower43Oahuhomesforayear!
38
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Pier38PortReception
ProgramThisprojectwasfundedbytheNOAAMarineDebrisProgram
in2005.Theprojecthadtwoparts:1)afeasibilitystudyforthecreationofamarinedebrisportreceptionprograminHonoluluand2)implementationofamarinedebrisportreceptionprogrambasedontheresultsofthefeasibilitystudy.ThegoalistohelpreduceenvironmentalimpactstocoastalnaturalresourcesinHawaii,reducenavigationalhazards,andcreatenewpartnershipsbetweenprivateandpublicentities.
ProjectpartnersincludetheHawaiiLonglineAssociation,SchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporation,UnitedFishingAgency,PacificOceanProducersFishingand
Marine,CovantaEnergy,MatsonNavigationCompany,NOAA,WesternPacificRegionalFisheryManagementCouncil,DepartmentofTransportationHarborsDivision,CityandCountyofHonolulu,andUniversityofHawaiiSeaGrantCollegeProgram.1.
Port Reception Feasibility
ProjectNOAANationalMarineFisheriesService'sPacificIslandsRegionalOffice,alongwiththeWesternPacificRegionalFishery
ManagementCouncil,conductedasurveyoftheactiveOahubasedcommerciallonglinevesselstodeterminethefrequency(pertrip)andapproximateweightofencounteredderelictfishingnetsoverthepreviousyear.Thevolumeofdebrisandmethodofdisposalwererecordedalongwiththefeasibility
andlonglinerswillingnesstoremoveandtransportderelictnetbacktoaportfacilityinHonolulu.Adeterminationwasthenmadeofthemosteconomicandenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachtodebrisdisposal.Thestudyalsoassessedthefeasibilityandcostofprovidingbeaconstocommercialfishermentosatellitetagencountereddebrisiftheyare
notableorwillingtoremovematerial.2. Port Reception Program
ImplementationAspartofthisproject,aportreceptionprogram,calledHonoluluHarborDerelictNetRecyclingProgram,wascreatedandlaunchedinJanuary2006.Recognizingtheeffortsmadebytheselonglinefishermen,aprivatepublicpartnershipwasformedtohelpcoordinate
amoreenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachtothisdebrisdisposal.A31cubicyardrolloffcontainerislocatedatPier38inHonoluluHarborandservesasthederelictnetreceptacle.Thereceptacleiskeptlockedtopreventdisposalofothertypesofmaterials.
39
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
ItismaintainedonadailybasisbystaffwithPacificOceanProducersFishingandMarineandUnitedFishingAgency,bothlocatedatPier38.SchnitzerSteelHawaiiCorporationemptiesthecontainerwhenitisfullandtransportsthedebristotheirfacilitywhereitbeginstheNetstoEnergyprocess.
OtherNetstoEnergyPartnerProjectsSincetheportreceptionfacilityopenedinJanuaryof2006,numerouscommunitygroupsacrosstheislandofOahuhavebeguntobringderelictnetscollectedatbeachcleanupstotheportreceptacle.Additionally,thereceptaclehasbecomeaknownsourceforthosewhowouldliketoreusederelictfishingnets(e.g.,forsoccerorbaseballcagenets).Beginningin2008,derelictnetsfromboththeBigIslandofHawaiiand
islandofKauaiarealsoincorporatedintotheNetstoEnergyProgram,atrueshowofcrosscountycooperation.OntheBigIslandofHawaiiderelictfishing
netsareremovedfromapproximatelyninemilesofthe
southeastcoastlinenearKaLae(orSouthPoint),aknownaccumulationareaformarinedebris.
ThosenetsareloadedintoacontainerprovidedbyMatsonNavigationCompany,whopicksitupwhenfullandshipsittoOahuforfree.
TheislandofKauaiishosttoHawaiisfirstNetPatrol,abandofvolunteerswiththespecificmissiontofindandremovederelictfishing
netsfromtheshoresoftheisland.ThisgroupiscoordinatedbytheSurfriderFoundationsKauaiChapter.ConclusionHawaiisNetstoEnergyprogramwasthefirstofitskindintheUnitedStates.Ithasbeen,sinceitsbeginning,averysuccessfulprogramthathasfacilitatedandfosterednumerouspartnershipsinmarinedebrisacrossthestateofHawaii.TheprogramrunstodaythroughthenocostsupportandworkofHawaiismarinedebrispartners,mainlywithintheprivatesector.
ThisprogramhasbeensosuccessfulthatitwasusedasthemodelfortheFishingforEnergyprogram,whichwasimplementedinsitesalongthenortheasterncoastoftheU.S.beginningin2008.
SincethestartofHawaiisNetstoEnergyprogramin2002,over597metrictonsofderelictnetdebrishasbeenusedtocreateelectricity(anaverageofabout80metrictonsperyear)enoughtopower283homesforayeareach!
40
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Fishing for Energy: A publicprivate partnership approach to
preventing and reducing derelict fishing gear
TomBarry1 1MarinePrograms,National FishandWildlife
Foundation
Abstract
Derelictfishinggearisoneofthemajortypes
ofdebrisimpactingthemarineenvironment.Itcancontinuetoindiscriminatelycatchmarinespecieslongafteritbecomesderelictandassuchhasbeenidentifiedasaparticularconservationconcernforanumberofdifferentmarinespecies.
Acomplementaryproblemtotheprevalenceofderelictfishinggearisthelackofconvenientandaccessibledisposaloptionsforthosewhoencounterit(primarilyfishermen).Fishing
for
Energyisapublicprivatepartnershipconsistingofpartnersfromagency,nonprofit,local,state,andcorporatesectorswiththegoalofreducingtheimpactsofderelictgearonthemarineenvironment,anddoessoinawaythatremovesexistingbarrierstopropergeardisposalonaportbyportbasis.Withthecooperationof13portsinfivestates,todateFishing
for Energyhascollectedover180tonsoffishinggear.
Thisrealizesanenvironmentalbenefitthroughthediversionofgearfrom(potentially)themarineenvironmentaswellasfromlandfills,whileatthesametimeraisingawarenessofmarinedebrisissuesin
localportcommunities.
Introduction
Marinedebristhreatensimportantlivingmarineresourcesandtheirhabitat,aswellashindersnavigationalsafety.
Derelictfishinggearisoneofthemajortypesofdebrisimpactingthemarineenvironment.Itcancontinuetoindiscriminatelycatchmarinespecieslongafteritbecomesderelict.
Marinemammalsandsea
turtlescanbecomeentangledanddrown,becomeinjuredorpreventedfromcatchingprey.Marinehabitatssuchascoralreefsorseagrassbeds,whicharesmotheredwhenderelictnetssinkfromtheweightoftheircatch,arefurtherdamagedwhennetsonthebottomareshiftedbystorms.Italsopresentshazardstoindustrythroughnavigationalhazards,orbybecomingsnaggedonactivefishinggear,resultinginhighcostsinbothtimeandmoney.TheMarineDebrisResearch,Prevention,andReductionActexplicitlymandatestheprevention
andremovalofderelictgear(throughtheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrations(NOAA)MarineDebrisProgram)usingeffectivenonregulatorymeasuresandincentivestocooperativelyreducethevolumeoflostanddiscardedfishinggearandtoaidinitsrecovery(MarineDebrisResearch,Prevention,
andReductionAct,P.L.109449,section3;120STAT.3334;33USC1952B).
Becauseacomprehensivenationalprogramdesignedtoassessorremediatemarinedebrisisnotcurrentlyavailable(NationalResearchCouncil,2008),theprogramsmostlikelytobesuccessfulinaddressingmarinedebrisareindividual,locallybasedprojectsdrivenbyawidegroupofaffectedstakeholders.
Inthiscase,commercialfishermenandlocalportsarethemostlogicalandappropriategroupstobeinvolved.
Fishermenhaveindicatedthatasignificantbarriertoproperdisposalof
41
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
retiredgearorwillingnesstobringinderelictgearfoundatseaisalackofdisposalmechanismsanddisposalcosts.Theprimarydisposalmethodforfishinggearcurrentlyavailableislandfilling.Whilecostalonecanbeadisincentive,somelandfillsnolongeracceptfishinggearatallduetothefactthatlongropeandnetsentangleearthmoversandothermachinery.
Thisleavesverylimitedoptionsforproperdisposal.Asapublicprivatepartnership
consistingofpartnersfromagency,nonprofit,local,stateandcorporatesectors,Fishing
for
Energyaddressesthedisposalproblembyremovingexistingbarrierstopropergeardisposal.
Theprogramprovidesnotonlyadisposalmechanismforfishinggear,butalsoprovides
anincentiveforfishermenandlocalgroupstoparticipateinderelictgearremovalaswell.Fishing
for
EnergyisbasedontheNetstoEnergyprograminHawaii,aprogramwhichrecoverspelagicnetsthatwashashorefromdistantwaterfishingfleets.Fishing
for Energy
launchedontheeastcoastUnitedStatesin2008throughapartnershipofCovantaEnergyCorporation,theNationalFishandWildlifeFoundation(NFWF),theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)andSchnitzerSteelIndustries,Inc.withtheimmediategoalofprovidinganocostsolutiontofishermentodisposeofold,derelictorunusablefishinggearandtoreducetheamountofderelictfishinggearinandaroundcoastalwaterways.
Baseduponsuccessesfromthefirstyearoftheprogram,andafiveyearcommitmentbyCovantaEnergytosupportandexpandthecoverageoftheprogram,Fishing
for
Energyisnowanestablishedandprovenmodelforgeardisposal.Movingforward,theprogramnowseekstoprovidelocalcommunitieswithameanstobecomemoreactivelyinvolvedinaddressingmarinedebrisissuesthroughasmallgrantsprogram(availableinthesecondhalfof2009)forprojectsthatraiseawarenessofmarinedebrisissuesandcatalyzeremovalofexistingderelictgear.
Methodology
Derelictfishinggearisawidespreadconcern,andisasgeographicallyprevalentascommercialfishing.Fishing
for
Energysbusinessmodelistobringtheprogramsservicestoindividualportsthathaveaninterestinpartneringandafishinggeardisposalneed.Priortorollingouttheprogramin2008,anassessmentofportsandcommercialfishlandingswasconductedandaGISmapofthoseportswasoverlaidwithalayerdepictingCovantaEnergyfacilities.
Toidentifyinitialportstotargetfortheprogram,thoseportswithinareasonabledrivingdistance(160miles)toafacilitycomprisedtheinitiallistofpotentialports(SeeFigure1).TheNOAAMarineDebrisProgramandNOAANationalMarineFisheriesServicesGearTeamwerethengiventhelisttorankintothreetiersforprioritizationbasedonneedfromanagencyprioritypointofview.Thelistwasthenprovidedto
Covantafortheirinputforportsofstrategicimportancetothem.Withafewexceptions,theportlist
resultingfromthisprocesshasguidedwheretheprogramgoes.GearsamplesweresenttoCovantaEnergyfacilitiesearlyonfortestingtodetermineemissionswouldbewithinapproved,regulatedboundariesforalltypesofgearmaterial.
42
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
ThereareatleastfivefactorsconsideredwhendecidingwhichportsareofinteresttotheFishing
for Energypartners.
Thisportpriorityisdeterminedbyweighingthefollowingfactors:1)proximitytopartnerfacilities(inconsiderationofmonetaryandenvironmentaltransportationcosts),2)theleveloffishingeffortattheport(e.g.,largerportstypicallymeanhighergearturnoverandincreasedneedforgeardisposal),3)theestimatedamount(volumeandweight)ofgearavailableforthedurationofthebindeployment,4)anystrategicimportancetopartneroperations,and5)historicalsignificancetothecoastalcommunityingeneral.Pointsofcontact(harbormasters,portauthorities,fishermenassociations)aredeterminedthroughcoldcallingleads
Figure 1 - Initial Map of Ports and Covanta Facilities
frominternetsearches, orgoingthroughexisting
contactsfromNOAAorNFWF.
OutreachtoexistingNFWFmarinedebrisgrantees,fisherymanagementcouncils,NOAAagencycontacts(regionallyandnationally),mediastories/articles,andwordofmouthbetweenportshavealsobroughtotherportsintocontactwiththeprogram.Thelogisticaldetailsrelatedtogearcollection,transport,processinganddisposalforeachparticipatingportaredeterminedonaportbyportbasis.ThePortNominationForm(SeeAppendixA),filledoutatthebeginningoftheprocessbyeachport,wascreatedtocollectimportantinformationaboutthesitewhichisthenusedtodeterminethenumberofbinsthatmightberequired,thedurationofthedeployment,thelocationofthebin,whethertherewillbeamediaeventorjustagearcollection,amongotherdetails(suchasvolumeandfrequencyofgeardisposalneeds).Atthisinitialpointintheprocessforeachport,weworkwithourNOAApartnertoensurethattherearenoregulatoryissuesthatneedtobe
43
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
consideredwithregardtothehandlingoffishinggearinstateorfederalregulations.
WealsoworkwithourCovantaandSchnitzerSteelpartnerstoensurethatthedesignatedfacilitiesnearesttotheportlocationcanhandletheincominggeartypeandestimatedvolume.BinsareprovidedinkindbyCovantathroughexistingcontractpartnerstheyholdintheregionandtransportationcostsaresharedby
bothCovantaandSchnitzerSteel.Theprogramacceptsanddisposesawidevarietyofcommercialfishinggear.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto:line(nylon,polypropylene,monofilament),traps/pots(wood,vinylcoatedwire),fishinggearrigging(trawldraggercookies,cans,rollers,chain),andnets(nylon,polypropylene,monofilament).
Duetocostsassociatedwithtransportation,thetargetcollectionrateisforeach30cubicyardbintobecollecteduptoanaverageof4timesperyear.
Dependingontheneedofaparticularportorfishery,additionalbinscanbedeliveredonanad
hoc
basistocaptureexcessgearthatcomesin.Ofprimaryconcernisthesecurityofthebinwhiledeployedattheport.Unsecuredbinsareatriskofbeingfilledwithtrashandothernonfishinggeardebris.Topreservetheintegrity
oftheprogram,ensuringbinsecurityisofutmostconcernwhenworkingoutthelogisticsofeachportdeployment.
Wehaveensuredbinsecurityinthreeways:byplacingthebininasecurelocationattheport,byprovidingalockablebinforwhichaportstaffmemberwillholdthekeyandgrantaccessatpredeterminedtimes,andbyrentingchainlinkfencingtosurroundthebinasadeterrenttoillicitdumping.Whenthebinsarefilled,ourportpartnerwillcalltohavethebinswappedout.Thegeariscollectedandtransportedto
anearbySchnitzerSteelfacilitywherethemetal(e.g.,crabpots,gearrigging,chain,cable)ispulledforrecycling,andropeornetsareshearedforeasierhandlingfordisposal.FromtheSchnitzerfacilityitisbroughttothenearestCovantaEnergyfromWaste(EfW)facilitywherethegearisconvertedintoelectricityforlocalcommunities(SeeFigure2).WhenaporthasbeenapprovedandhasagreedtopartnerwiththeFishing
for
Energyprogram,mediaeventlogistics(ifapplicabletothatport)arealsoworkedout.Positive,widespreadmediaattentionisanimportantobjectiveforthisprogram,especiallysinceitisayoungprogramwithpotentialto
expand.Thediversegroupofpartnersinvolvedineachport,eachwithdifferentcapabilitiesforreachingdifferentaudienceshasgainedwidespreadrecognitiontotheprogramwithintheNortheastandelsewhere.Mediaeventshaveanumberofdifferentroles
intheprogram:firstandforemosttheyareimportantopportunitiestoinformlocalfishermenandcommunitymembersofthedisposalserviceprovidedbytheprogram;secondly,eventsarealsoexcellentopportunitiestoincreaseprogramandpartnervisibilitywithinthelocalcommunity;lastly,theybringtheissueofmarinedebristotheforefrontofpublicawareness,andlocaldignitariesalongwithstateandfederallegislatorswhoareinvitedtomediaeventsfurtherincreasethatvisibility.Eventsarecoordinatedwithlocalpartnersandheldonsite.Pressreleasesandadvisoriesaresentouttolocalmediapriortotheevent.
Results
ThirteenportsinfivestateshaveparticipatedintheprogramsinceFebruary2008.
FromtheseportsFishing for
Energyhascollectedover180tonsofgearasofJune1,2009,
44
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
involving28partnersoutsideofthecoreFishing for
Energypartners(SeeAppendixB).Eightmedia
eventshavebeenheld(seeTable1,portslistedinbold)andhavereceivedasignificantdegreeofpressattentioninlocalandnationalmediamarketsfortheissueofmarinedebrisandderelictfishinggearintheportareas.Anestimatedtwomillionmediaimpressionstodatehavebeengeneratedfrommorethan30newsstoriesinprint,radio,TVnewsandthewebfromaroundthecountry.Twocablenetworkshowshavedemonstratedinterestinfeaturingtheprogram;onefilmedinfall2008andispendingbroadcast,theotherisindevelopmentatthetimeofwriting.
Port Location Schnitzer Steel Facility Covanta Energy
Facility
45
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Figure 3 Gear Collected ToDate by
Table 1 Gear Collected ToDate by Port (ports in bold have hosted
media events)
Port Location Total Short Tons
Total Lbs
New Bedford, MA 18.31 36,620Gloucester,MA 9.16
18,320Brookhaven,NY 16.89 33,780Hyannis,MA 6.95 13,900Scituate, MA
4.425 8,850Newport, RI 5.56 11,120Cape May, NJ 46.3
92,600Provincetown, MA 7.65 15,300Wellfleet,MA 27.86
55,711PointJudith,RI 19.44 38,881Chatham, MA 8.61 17,214Sandwich,
MA 17.52 35,030Portland, ME TBD TBDGaribaldi, OR TBD TBDNewport, OR
TBD TBDTOTAL 182.4 364,706.4
46
-
Strategies and Activities for the Prevention of Nearshore Marine
Debris August 1213, 2009 | Honolulu, HI
Discussion/Conclusion
TherearefewlimitationstothegeographicpotentialoftheFishing for
Energyprogram.Themostrestrictivelimitation,whichtodatehasnotbeenasignificantbarriertotheportswehavetargeted,isthetransportationdistancesfromaporttoaprocessingfacility.
Asamajorityofservicestotheprogramareprovidedasinkindcontributionsoftime(travel,meetings)andservices(gearprocessing,binrentalpricediscounts)realprohibitivecostsfactorintotheneedtotransportgearlargedistances.Thuslytiedtopartnerfacilitylocations,Fishing
for
EnergyhasnotentertainedseriousbidsforbinsintheCarolinas,theGulfStates(excludingFlorida),Alaska,andto
alesserextent
California.Thesestatesarebynomeansexcludedfromparticipatinginthefutureandinfactworkiscurrentlyunderwaytorevisethecurrentbusinessmodeltoaccommodatetheselocations.Anotherchallengetheprogramhashadtoovercomeisingatheringgearcollectioninformation
neededforcomprehensiveevaluationoftheprogram.
Whilewehavetheabilitytotracktotalweightofgearcollected,thereiscurrentlynomechanisminplacetotrackeachofthedifferentgear
typesandthevolumeorweightforeachcategory.Whilespecificgeartypesarenottracked,gearthatis
collectedis
separatedoutandtrackedinmetalandnonmetalcategories.Theamountofmetalcollectedandrecycledthroughtheprogramisdeterminedbysubtractingthefinalloadweightnumbers
enteringtheCovantafacilityforprocessingfromtheweightnumbersenteringtheSchnitzerSteelfacilitystraightfromtheport.
Thismethodisgenerallysuitablefordetermininghowmuchgearisbeingrecycled,andhowmuchisdivertedfromlandfillintotheEnergyfromWaste(EfW)process.
Thereishowever,thepotentialtolosesomeaccuracyofthe figureson
alocationbylocationbasis,since
oftentimes(forcostpurposes)loadsofgearwillbeheldattheSchnitzerfacilityuntilthereisenoughtomakeonelargehaultoaCovantafacility.
Intheseinstances,whenweightsaretaken,iftheloadbroughttoCovantaisfrommultipleports,thatinformationisunfortunatelylost.Asameasuretoovercomethisweestimatethat15%ofthegearcollectedismetalandcalculationsmadeaccordingly,unlessweknowspecificallyotherwise(SeeFigure1).Thediversityofportpartnersleadstobothchallengesforimplementationandopportunitiesforpromotingawarenessofmarinedebrisissues,aseachporthasdifferentmanagementstructures,available
manpower,marinedebrisdisposalneedsandconnectionstolocalfishermenandstakeholders.Forexample,incertainareasfishermenoperateout
ofmanagedcentralizedportswithadefinedandorganizedauthority;othersoperateoutofcommercialprocessingplants(fishhouses);othersoutofmunicipallyorstateownedpiers.Somehaveamplemanpowerattheirdisposaltoinvolveintheprogram;othersdonotandrelymoreheavilyonfishermenvolunteerstoassistincoordinatingeventsandmanagingthedisposalbin.Justastherearelocaldifferencesfromporttoport,therecanalsobesignificantdifferencesfromstatetostate.Regulationspertainingtohandlingfishinggearcanvaryfromonestatetothenext,andtheseregulationsareanimportantconsiderationforeachnewporttoensuretheprogramdoesnotviolate,orpromoteorencourageotherstoviolate,existinglaws.Inanycase,identifyingandinvolvingthepropermanagementorregulatoryauthority,aswellasthe
47
-
Strategies and Activities for the Prevention of Nearshore Marine
Debris August 1213, 2009 | Honolulu, HI
appropriatelocalcontactswithtiestofishermenandconservationgroupsisacriticalfirststepinimplementingasuccessfulprogram.Regardlessofthecapacityoftheport,themostsuccessfulresultsarerealized(intermsofmediareach,fishermanparticipationand,ofcourse,gearcollected)whenthelocalpartner(s)takesaproactiveroleinimplementingtheprogramintheirport.
Whilethemaincomponenttotheprogramisgearcollectionanddisposal,tofurtherenhancetheconservationimpactoftheprogram,weareinterestedinhelpingportscurrentlyparticipatinginthepartnershiptopromotelocallytargetedoutreachandeducationontheissuesofderelictfishinggear.
Wehaveexpandedtheprogramin2009throughafiveyearcommitmentbyCovantaandtheNOAAMarine
DebrisProgramtosupportnotonlygeardisposal,butthroughprovidingseedgrantfundingtoports,localgovernmentandconservationorganizationsintheareatoincreasecapacityandcoordinationinaddressingmarinedebrislocallyandtoimplementpilotincentiveprogramstoincreasefishermenparticipationindebrisremoval.
Thiswillbeannouncedinlatesummer2009.
Thepartnersalsocontinuetohaveapresenceatlocalcoastal/marinerelatedeventstoenhanceawarenessaboutFishing
for Energy,andtocoordinatewithstateagencieson
opportunitiestoexpandportbasedcollectionsitestobecomecomprehensivestatewidecollectionevents.
Asfishingfleetscontinuallyadapttoregulatorychanges,aswellaschangesinsupplyanddemandforfishproducts,thereisagrowingneedforeconomicalandenvironmentallysoundopportunitiesfordisposalofgearwithintheindustry.Providingthisservicewithaminimalamountofbarriers,especiallyeconomicones,tofishermenandothersisthesurestwayofensuringasmuchparticipationaspossible.Withoutadoubt,Fishing
for
Energyhasbeensuccessfulduetotheenthusiasmofparticipatingfishermenandportpartners,andtheleveragingofsharedresourcesfromallparticipantstoachievethecommongoalofmarinedebrisreductionintheseportareas.UnitedStatesSenatorSheldonWhitehousehascalledFishing
for
Energyacollaborativeandinnovativeproject[that]willturnanenvironmentalhazardandburdenonlocalfishermenintoanopportunity.Intheabsenceofacomprehensivenationalprogramtoremediatederelictfishinggear,itwillbeindividual,locallydrivenprogramssuchasFishing
for
Energythatstandtomakethemostinitialprogress.Byprovidingfishermenaplacetodisposeofderelictgeartheycomeacrosswhileonthewater,andbyeasingtheburdenofhighcostsassociatedwithdisposingofoldfishinggearintolandfills,Fishing
for
Energyworkstopreventthepossibilityofcreatingnewderelictgearoneportatatime.Literature
Cited
MarineDebrisResearch,Prevention,andReductionAct,PublicLaw109449TacklingMarineDebrisinthe21stCentury,NationalResearchCouncil.NationalAcademy
ofSciences,2008.
48
-
Strategies and Activities for the Prevention of Nearshore Marine
Debris August 1213, 2009 | Honolulu, HI
49
-
Strategies and Activities for the Prevention of Nearshore Marine
Debris August 1213, 2009 | Honolulu, HI
Appendix B
Fishing for Energy Partners 20082009
Core Partners
CovantaEnergy
National FishandWildlifeFoundation(NFWF) National
OceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)
SchnitzerSteelIndustries, Inc.
Port / Event Partners
ABCDisposal AtlanticOffshoreLobstermensAssociation RhodeIsland
BlueDiamondDisposalNewJersey
CapeMayNationalWildlifeRefuge,U.S.FishandWildlifeServiceNewJersey
CityofGloucester(HarbormasterandDepartment
ofPublicWorks)Massachusetts CityofPortlandMaine
CoteFisheriesInc.Hyannis,MA GardenStateSeafoodAssociationNewJersey
LundsFisheriesNewJersey Nantucket SoundkeepersMassachusetts
NewBedfordHarborDevelopmentCommissionMassachusetts
NewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation
OfficeofBillDelahunt,UnitedStates
Representativeforthe10thDistrictofMassachusetts Officeof Jeff
VanDrew,StateSenatorNewJersey
OfficeofSarahPeake,StateRepresentativefor
the4thBarnstableDistrictMassachusetts
OfficeofSheldonWhitehouse,UnitedStatesSenatorRhodeIsland
PalomboFishingCorp.RhodeIsland PortlandFishExchangeMaine
ProvincetownCenterforCoastalStudiesMassachusetts
RhodeIslandDepartmentofEnvironmentalManagement
StellwagenAliveMassachusetts
StellwagenBankNationalMarineSanctuaryMassachusetts
TownofBrookhavenNewYork Townof Chatham Massachusetts
TownofProvincetown(HarbormasterandDepartment
ofPublicWorks)Massachusetts TownofScituateMassachusetts
TownofWellfleetMassachusetts TroianoWasteServices
50
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
Hawaii Marine Debris Action Plan: Statewide collaboration to
address marine debris
CareyMorishige1andKrisMcElwee1
1NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,
MarineDebrisProgram/I.M.SystemsGroup,Inc.
AbstractTheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationMarineDebrisProgram(MDP)hasbeenapartnerineffortstocombatmarinedebrisinHawaiisince2005.AcrosstheHawaiianArchipelago,anumberofeffortsare
takingplacetoaddresstheimpactsofmarinedebris.InordertoprioritizeHawaiimarinedebrisissues,coordinatebetweenprojects,andcreateastrategicplanofaction,theMDPsupportedstatewideplanningworkshopsthatbeganinJune2007.Fromtheinitialworkshop,partnershipswerecreatedandacommitmentmadetodevelopaHawaiiMarineDebrisActionPlan(HIMDAP),thefirststatewideactionplaninthenationtocomprehensivelyaddresstheissueofmarinedebris.
TheHIMDAPincludesgreatercoordinationamongpartners,identificationofpotentialavenuesforfunding,andincreasedcommunication.ThedevelopmentandimplementationoftheHIMDAPisbeingsupportedbytheMDPwith
assistancefromtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Region9.
IntroductionTheHawaiianArchipelago,extending1,500miles,isoneofthelongestandmostremoteislandchainsintheworld.
TheHawaiianIslandsarepronetoaccumulatingmarinedebrisduetotheirproximitytotheNorthPacificSubtropicalConvergenceZone,anareawhereoceancurrentsaccumulatemarinedebris(Picheletal.,2007).
Eachyear,thousandsofpoundsofmarinedebrisfromdomesticandforeignsourceswashashoreandsnagonreefsacrosstheislandchain.
InHawaii,aswellasotherpartsoftheworld,marinedebristhreatensmarineecosystems,safenavigation,andwildlife.
TheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)MarineDebrisProgram(MDP)hasbeenapartnerineffortstocombatmarinedebrisinHawaiisince2005.
TheMDPworksincooperationwithpartnersacrosstheU.S.andinternationallytoaddressmarinedebris.AroundtheHawaiianArchipelago,anumberofeffortsaretakingplacetoaddresstheimpactsofmarinedebris.
51
-
Marine Debris Prevention Projects and Activities in the Republic
of Korea and United States: Acompilationofprojectsummaryreports
MethodologyInordertoprioritizeHawaiimarinedebrisissues,coordinatebetweenprojects,andfacilitategreatercollaborationbetweenentitiesinvolvedinaddressingmarinedebrisinHawaii,theMDPsupportedapreplanningworkshopinHonolulu,June2007.
OnJanuary15,2008,theMDPcoordinatedaNOAAinHawaiimarinedebrisworkshopinordertoprioritizemarinedebrisissuesandactivitiesbyNOAAinHawaii.
TheinformationandfeedbackfromthisNOAAmeeting,combinedwiththepreplanningmeeting,wentintoplanninga2dayHawaiiMarineDebrisWorkshop,January1617,2008inHonolulu.TheHawaiiMarineDebrisWorkshopbroughttogetherover30representativesfromgovernment,academia,
nongovernmentalorganizations,andprivate
businessesworkingtoaddresstheissueofmarinedebrisinHawaii.Atthisworkshop,informationonmarinedebrisactivitiesandpriorities,inboththemainandNorthwesternHawaiianIslands,wasdiscussed.Fromthisworkshop,partnershipswerecreatedandacommitmentmadetobeginthedevelopmentofaHawaiiMarineDebrisActionPlan(HIMDAP),whichwouldincludegreatercoordinationamongpartners,identificationofpotentialavenuesforfunding,andincreasedcommunication.ThedevelopmentandimplementationoftheHIMDAPisbeingsupportedbytheMDPandU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Region9.Asummaryreportfromthismeetingisavailableonlineathttp://marinedebris.noaa.gov/projects/himdap.html.TobegincreatingtheHIMDAP,threefocusareaworkshopswereheldbetweenOctoberandNovember2008.EachworkshopfocusedononeortwoofthefiveidentifiedfocusareasfortheHIMDAP:1)ResearchandAssessment,2)OutreachandEducation,3)LandbasedDebrisPrevention,4)Be