Marine Biology Steven Mark Norris, Ph.D. California State University Channel Islands.

Marine Biology

Steven Mark Norris, Ph.D.

California State University Channel Islands

Oceans and

Land

Exploitation and Extraction

Recreation

Education and Research

Algae and oxygen

Weather

Climate

Human Impacts

Human Impacts

Human Impacts

Marine Science

……a little history

Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge

Chumash shell midden

Shell Middens

Alexander the Great and his bathysphere

Aristotle

Aristotle’s lantern

Polynesian Stick Chart

Native American Whaling boat

Dark and Middle Ages

The Age of Exploration

HMS Beagle

Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)

Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836)

Phillip Henry Gosse (1810-1888)

Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)

Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)

R/V Knorr

Calypso

Calypso in 2006

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute

Scripps Institute of Oceanography

Oregon Institute of Marine Biology

bio + logia

=“study of life”

Biology

study of marine life

Marine Biology

Western Science

Plato and Aristotle

Raphael, ca. 1510

The Vatican

Mediaeval copy of Aristotle’s writings

Knowledge comes from authority and revelation

Middle Ages

Renaissance - Age of Enlightenment (starting1500’s)

Knowledge comes from exploration, examination and experimentation

An anatomy lesson

Rembrandt (1632)

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Natural Philosophy

“Let it not suffice to be book-learned, to read what others have written and to take upon trust more falsehood than truth, but let us ourselves examine things as we have opportunity, and converse with Nature as well as with books.”

John Ray -- 1691(1627-1705)

Natural Philosophy

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

An example…

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Ptolemy (85-165 AD)

The universe according to Aristotle and Ptolemy

The universe according to Aristotle and Ptolemy

Hereford Cathedral, England

ca. 1280

Map of the world

Mappi Mundi

IndiaJerusalem

Britain

Spain Africa

Greece

Italy

North

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543)

Enter….

“On the movements of Heavenly bodies”

1543

Copernicus

The Copernican Universe

A model (hypothesis) based on examination of the real world

--- but still with problems.

Better data, and more refinements

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Brahe and Kepler’s universe

….struggling with the data and ancient authorities

Galileo (1564-1642)

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642-1727)

Newton’s “Fluctions”

The current model that matches the data

…almost 2000 years

The Scientific Method

When Science and politics collide…

Trofim Lysenko (1898-1976)

A dark room

The car won’t start….

Limitations of Science

Ichthyology

Ichthyology

Ichthyology

Natural History Museum (London)

National Museum of Natural History (Paris)

Royal Museum of Central Africa (Belgium)

Ichthyology

Ichthyology

Ichthyology

African electric catfishes

Ichthyology

Published Research