Marijuana Chapter 13. Marijuana is a hemp plant whose biological name is cannabis sativa.cannabis sativa It consists of green, brown, or a grey mixture.
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Slide 1
Marijuana Chapter 13
Slide 2
Marijuana is a hemp plant whose biological name is cannabis
sativa.cannabis sativa It consists of green, brown, or a grey
mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers. THC
(delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary mind-altering
ingredient in marijuana. THC
Slide 3
Marijuana has historically been a valued crop. The woody fibers
of the stem yield a fiber that can be made into cloth and rope
(hemp).hemp The seeds have been pressed to extract red oil used for
medical purposes The plant produces resin with active ingredients
that affect the central nervous system Botanists think that
cannabis originated in Asia
Slide 4
Early records of marijuana use: China 2737 BC - (from Book of
Drugs) Chinese Emperor prescribed marijuana for gout, malaria, and
other medical conditions. The Chinese had much respect for the
plant and used it for fiber for clothes and for medicine. China 500
BC Marijuana (Ma) was banned because of its behavioral effects. The
use of Marijuana was claimed to promote disrespectful behavior.
Later, because for the rampant use of Marijuana, it was legalized
again.
Slide 5
Early records of marijuana use: India History of cannabis
cultural use for religious ceremonies. From India, the use of
marijuana spread throughout Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
Assyrians, dating back to 650 BC used it for making rope, cloth,
and consumed it to experience euphoria Ancient Greeks also knew
about marijuana. Galen described the general use of hemp in Cakes,
which, when eaten in excess, produced narcotic effects. The Smoke
of marijuana was used for steam baths and produced euphoria.
Slide 6
Early records of marijuana use: In North America, in Jamestown
(1611), marijuana was used to make rope and clothing George
Washington cultivated a field of hemp at Mount Vernon for medicinal
purposes and for rope. In the 1800s through the early 1900s in the
US, Physicians used marijuana extract in tonics for medical and
recreational purposes. The 1937 Marihuana Tax Act prohibited the
use of marijuana as an intoxicant, and regulated its use as
medicine1937 Marihuana Tax Act Currently, marijuana grows wild in
many U.S. states
Slide 7
Most of the abuse of Marijuana in the United States during the
early part of the 20 th century occurred near the Mexican Border.
Harry Anslinger, (Bureau of Narcotics) was responsible for leading
an informational program to regard marijuana as a narcotic. This
program of national awareness led to the federal law that banned
marijuana. A subjective conversation.. (see Why Marijuana is
Illegal)Why Marijuana is Illegal See also- Legalizing Recreational
and Medicinal Marijuana Use pp 405-406, text
Slide 8
Today marijuana is how many times more potent than the
marijuana on the street in the 1960s and 1970s? Approximately 20
times more potent as result of more efficient agriculture largely
due to new methods of harvesting, new varieties, and special
processing marijuana of plants
Slide 9
How many Americans are current marijuana users? - Aged 12 or
older in 2011: Out of 18.1 million illicit drug users,
approximately 64.3% reported current use of only marijuana and
another 16.2% used marijuana with another illicit drug. (This means
that a staggering 80.5% [64.3% + 16.2%] either used marijuana alone
or used marijuana with another drug.) The remaining 19.5% of drug
users used an illicit drug but not marijuana
Slide 10
It is the most highly abused illicit-type of illicit drug. The
highest rate of use was found among young adults (ages 1825) with
18.9% reporting current use (past month) and among youth (ages
1217) with 7.6% reporting current use. The average age of first use
was 17.5 years. There were 2.6 million new marijuana users in 2011,
which averages 7,200 initiates per day.
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Structural factors: Age, gender, family background, lack of any
religious beliefs Social and interactional factors: Type of
interpersonal relationships, friendship cliques, drug use within
the peer group setting Setting: Type of community and neighborhood
(physical location of drug use) Attitudinal factors: Personal
attitudes toward the use of drugs, self esteem, maturation
level
Slide 13
Participation in after-school activities is associated with
higher levels of academic achievement and self-esteem, as well as
lower levels of substance use. Religious involvement affects
illicit drug use and this clearly includes marijuana use.
Slide 14
Cannabis is often taken in larger amounts than was intended
There are persistent desires or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or
control cannabis use Much time is spent securing the drug, using
the drug and/or recovering from its effects Craving the euphoric
effects of the drug Failure to fulfill major role obligations at
work, school, or home Continued use of cannabis despite persistent
or recurrent social and interpersonal problems cased by the effect
of cannabis
Slide 15
Important social, occupational or recreational activities are
given up or reduced because of cannabis use Recurrent cannabis
usage in situations in which it is physically hazardous Cannabis
use is continued despite persistent or recurrent physical or
psychological problems stemming from usage Tolerance develops to
offset the diminishing effects of cannabis resulting in more use of
cannabis Withdrawal symptoms lead to increased use of cannabis
Slide 16
Gateway drugs are drugs that often lead to the use of more
addictive types of drugs (gateway to the use and abuse of other
more potent drugs). Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are the drugs
most commonly believed to be gateway drugs. Other common gateway
drugs include inhalants and anabolic steroids. Just recently, the
abuse of prescription drugs (mainly painkillers) is also
included.
Slide 17
Gateway drugs The claim that marijuana most often leads to the
use of other more serious drugs is controversial. Likely Factors
include the age at which teens have opportunities to use drugs and
the willingness, mindset, or predisposition to use drugs Youths who
use drugs are usually alienated, and the progression from marijuana
to other drugs is likely to depend on peer group composition,
family relationships, social class, and the age at which drug use
begins.
Slide 18
Cannabis Sativa Cannabis Sativa : Originates from Colombia,
Mexico, Jamaica, South Africa, Thailand, and Southeast Asia. Causes
uplifting and energetic feelings, appetite stimulant, and provides
pain relief. Cannabis Indica Cannabis Indica : Originates from hash
producing with very warm climates in such countries Afghanistan,
Pakistan, India, Turkey, Morocco, and Tibet. Causes body
relaxation, stress relief, and calmness and serenity and has lower
THC content than Sativa
Slide 19
Hashish (resin): Average concentration of THC is 12.1% for
domestic, 7.03% for non-domestic, and 20.76 for samples seized by
law enforcement officials Ganja: Consists of the dried tops of
female plants. The term is also used as a slang term for marijuana
(pot, weed, reefer) Sinsemilla (without seeds), hydro (grown in
water), kind bud, dro, 30s, AK-47, and blueberry (more recent names
of popular types of marijuana). The average concentration of THC is
7.5% and higher
Slide 20
Low to moderate doses produce euphoria and a pleasant state of
relaxation. Common effects: dry mouth, elevated heartbeat, some
loss of coordination and balance, slower reaction times, reddening
of the eyes, elevated blood pressure, some mental confusion (short-
term memory loss). A typical high lasts from 2 to 3 hours (length
of effect depends on amount of THC), and the user experiences
altered perception of space and time as well as impaired
memory.
Slide 21
An acute dose of cannabis can produce adverse reactions: mild
anxiety to panic and paranoia. In a minority of cases users can
exhibit psychoses, delusional and bizarre behavior, and
hallucinations. These reactions occur most frequently in
individuals who are under stress, anxious, depressed, or borderline
schizophrenic, and are using the more potent types of marijuana.
See also Signs and Symptoms p 422. Next Slide
Slide 22
Slide 23
Subjective euphoric effect: Refers to the ongoing social and
psychological experiences incurred while intoxicated with
marijuana. These include both the users altered state of
consciousness and their perceptions while intoxicated. Subjective
effects in experienced users include a general sense of relaxation,
coupled with heightened sense of sound, taste and emotion. For
inexperienced user, there may be more anxiety from the anticipation
of the effects. Greater concentrations of THC produce more
hallucinogenic effects
Slide 24
Differential association: Behavioral satisfaction derived from
friends who use marijuana (fun-times when high with friends). The
conversation and banter that occur among drug user friends is
perceived as a way to relieve stress, boredom and any behavioral
satisfaction derived from friends who use marijuana. In this
situation, getting high with others is the positive reward that
solidifies the user to their friends and the drug use.
Slide 25
The ability to perform complex tasks, such as driving, is often
impaired while under the influence of marijuana. In limited
surveys, from 70% to 80% of marijuana users indicate that they
sometimes drive while being high. Research reveals that
approximately 600,000 high school seniors drive after smoking
marijuana (DEA, 2006) and 41% of teens were notconcerned about
driving after taking drugs. (Driving while under the influence of a
drug termed drugged driving.) Habitual cannabis users were 9.5
times more likely to be involved in crashes.
Slide 26
Marijuana has been found to have a negative impact on critical
thinking skills. Specifically, heavy marijuana use impairs
attention, memory and learning. Marijuana alters brain activity
because residues of this drug persist in the brain. AbleStock
Slide 27
Amotivational syndrome refers to a belief that heavy use of
marijuana causes a lack of motivation or impaired desire and
reduced productivity. Specifically, users show: Apathy Poor
short-term memory Difficulty with concentration A lingering lack of
interest in pursuing goals
Slide 28
Amotivational syndrome - it is difficult to determine if the
lack of motivation is caused by the use of marijuana or if poorly
motivated people begin using marijuana. Because a sizeable number
of user are alienated from society, they may select to use not
conformist behavior rather than goal- oriented behavior. Contrary
to this belief are the highly productive Jamaican culture, where
there is much habitual marijuana use (the work; however is not
complex cognitive activity, but mostly a monotony of physical
labor)
Slide 29
Medical marijuana use: Involves using the THC derived from
smoking marijuana or using Marinol as a drug to calm or relieve
symptoms of an illness. (Marinol is an FDA-approved THC in capsule
form.) Some research shows that THC can be used for treating:
Glaucoma: potentially blinding eye disease causing continual and
increasing intraocular pressure
Slide 30
Appetite stimulant: Patients experiencing anorexia, AIDS,
chemotherapy and radiation therapy Antiseizure: Aids in the
prevention of seizures (epilepsy) Antiasthmatic effect: Short-term
smoking of marijuana improves breathing for asthma patients
Antidepressant effect: Used in Great Britain as a euphoriant for
treating depression Muscle relaxation: Aids in muscle spasms relief
in patients with muscular disorders Analgesic effect: In patients
experiencing frequent migraines and chronic headaches or
inflammation Antinauseant: Relieves nausea that accompanies
chemotherapy in cancer treatment.
Slide 31
It contains 421 chemicals. It is stronger than it was 20 years
ago. Smoking this drug is worse for the lungs than tobacco. Impairs
short-term memory and may cause amotivational syndrome. U.S.
federal law continues to legally prohibit the possession, the sale,
and use of marijuana. (The federal government believes marijuana
has no medically proven use.)
Slide 32
The brain: THC activates the reward system in the brain by
stimulating brain cells to release the chemical dopamine Central
nervous system: Alters mood, coordination, memory, and
self-perception Respiratory system: Damage to the lungs
Cardiovascular system: Marijuana products limit the amount of
oxygen that can be carried to the heart Sexual performance and
reproduction: Affects the sympathetic nervous system, increasing
vasodilation in the genital and delaying ejaculation; high doses
can decrease sexual desire
Slide 33
Altered perceptions Changes in the interpretation of stimuli
resulting from marijuana use Munchies Hunger experienced while
under the effects of marijuana Anandamide Anandamide Possible
neurotransmitter acting at the marijuana (cannabinoid) receptor
site
Slide 34
Alveolar Macrophages (respiratory system) Special white blood
cells that play a role in cleaning lung tissue are less able to
remove debris when exposed to smoke Vasodilation (cardiovascular
system) Enlarged blood vessels Aphrodisiac (sexual performance and
reproduction) In lower doses of marijuana, THC is believed to cause
sexual arousal