Margins group 1 part 2

• 1. Economic Marginalization
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  At an inter-urban scale, the concentration of ethnic minorities in particular geographical areas is likely to affect their employment opportunities simply because some local labor markets are declining whilst others are growing.(Fieldhouse, 1998).
  There is a complex interrelationship between unemployment, ethnicity, and spatial location which is mediated by the local context.(Fieldhouse, 1998).
  The community and neighborhood economy, plus some illegal work, are an essential part of the survival strategies of low-income groups, especially those from ethnic minorities. (Kesteltoot & Meert, 1999).
  A rise in unemployment will lead to an increase in prison commitments because the policy of deterrence dictates an intensification of punishment in order to combat increased temptation to commit crime (Michalowski & Carlson,1999).
  

2. National Unemployment
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Unemployment is an economic condition in which individuals actively seeking jobs remain un-hired
Source: Global Finance, 2011
3. Unemployment in Context
Sao Paulo: increased economic polarization despite intensive government programs and polices
Washington, D.C.: pronounced divisions of unemployment between Latino, African American, and White neighborhoods
London: high levels of first and second generation immigrant unemployment
Brussels: traditional immigrant familial roles result in high informal activity
London, Washington, D.C., Brussels, Sao Paulo:
Higher Urban Unemployment
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4. London
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Unemployment: Inner, Outer, and
Rest of England
Trust for London New Policy Institute (2010). Londons Poverty Profile.
Unemployment, Pre and Post Recession by
Ethnicity, Country of Birth, and Gender
5. Washington, D.C.
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You Can't Talk About Race In D.C. Without Talking About Unemployment. Adam Serwer
Bureau of Labor Statistics.(2011).Databases, Tables, & Calculators
Map of Washington,
D.C. Wards
Sewar, A.(2010).The American Prospect.
6. Brussels
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The Rational European. (2009).
Brussels: Migration & Poverty
Graphic Sociology.(2010).
Spains Economy in Infographics.
7. Sao Paulo
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Kowarick, L.(2004).Housing and Living Conditions in the Periphery
of Sao Paulo: an Enthnographic and Sociological Study
Fix, M., Arantes, P. & Tanaks, G.(2003)
The case of Sao Paulo, Brazil
8. Challenges
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Riots in London
"We know we have been victimized by this government, we know we are being neglected by the government, how can you make one million youths unemployed and expect us to sit down? Tottenham Resident
For all its dynamism and status as the centre of Brazilian economy, So Paulo is stillpart of Brazilian society, with all its contradictions of a colonially-rooted elite society.
Holden, M. & Croft, A.(2011).Fears of more violence after worst London Riots for years.
Carmona, Marisa & Burgess. (2001). Strategic Planning &
Urban Projects: Responses to Globalization from 15 Cities
Perception Problems
But yet, when you walk around here in Washington, D.C., you dont see people getting laid off, you dont see, you know, anyone suffering, you dont see the foreclosures. Rep. Allen West, R-FL
Serwer (2010).Paging Marion Berry.
9. Displacement of Marginalized Populations
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The traditional form of displacement involved the direct removal of low-income families from their homes to make way for a highway or an urban renewal project.Such direct displacement by government or private action often caused great hardship for poor families Lance Freeman & Frank Braconi (2002)
The redevelopment process can create winners and losers, with the losers too often racial and ethnic minoritiesandtheeconomicallydisadvantaged. C. Theodore Koebel (1996)
There are some broad benefits [of revitalization displacement), but largely these benefits will be aimed at wealthier people because of the new housing and the new retail. This is an old story of regeneration. Peter Fussey, British author (Kirka, 2011)