Margaret Harlow Evan-Ben-Rebecca-Edwin. Historical Antecedents Motivation for action originally described“drive”. Term “drive” first coined by Woodworth.

Margaret Harlow

Evan-Ben-Rebecca-Edwin

Historical Antecedents• Motivation for action originally

described“drive”.

• Term “drive” first coined by Woodworth in 1918.

• Freud's “Primary Drive Theory”.

• Hull’s “Principles of Behavior” (1943).

• During this time motivation was seen as primarily resulting from biological needs.

Historical Antecedents

• Cognition theory.

• Tolman’s 1948 rat maze experiments.

• Shows learning is goal-orientated, and purposeful.

• Believed motivation was based on deprivation and incentives.

•Margaret overcame…Margaret overcame…–The Great DepressionThe Great Depression–World War II World War II –The Korean WarThe Korean War–RecessionRecession

•Legislation•Men: Women Pay scale

• 1942 Piaget: Psychology of Intelligence• 1943 Hull: Principles of Behavior• 1948 Skinner: Walden II• 1950 May: The Meaning of Anxiety• 1950 Erickson: Childhood and Society• 1951 Rogers: Client-centered Therapy• 1954 Jung: Von dem Wurzehn des

Bewussteins• 1954 Allport: The Nature of Prejudice• 1954 Maslow: Motivation and

Personality

#1 biggest obstacle personally and

professionally…..

•Zeitgeist was repressive toward females

•Graduated in 1944 with her Ph.D

•1950’s “typical woman”•Societies High Expectations

Vast Differences

The American Psychological

Association was founded in 1872.

BUT….

In 1950 women earned 14.8% of doctorates in Psychology.

In 1984 women participants in the psychology field were ranked equal with men

As of 2004 women earn 67.4% of the doctorates in

Psychology.

In 1997 women surpassed men making up 66.6% of the

psychology field.

Experiments and Research data

Ben Kindell

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology Editor

• Margaret Harlow• Two Articles• “…during this period

that the journal broke with tradition and actively encouraged the publication of developmental articles.”

Experiments

• Performance of Infant Rhesus Monkeys on Discrimination Learning, Delayed Response, and Discrimination Learning Set.

• Article One

Discrimination Phase Article One

• Five groups: 60-90-150-360-120• 150 efficiency peak• Discrimination Reward

Delayed Response Phase

• Instructed Behind Opaque Glass• Isosceles Triangle• The Grape

Development

• Nine Month Old• Performs near adult

levels• Performance Peaks at

150 days of age• “Long period of

increasing capability, and there is a period beyond which learning does not improve”

Experiments

• Learning Motivated by a Manipulation Drive

Motivation Drive Article two

• 8 Monkeys• Group A: NO FOOD• Group B: Extrinsic

Reward?

Baited

• Group: food beneath hasp• Error• Disruption CI=1

Experiments

• “… a manipulation drive can best account for the behavior.”

• The drive to manipulate is present before food introduction and dissolves with food brought in.

• Edwin talks about strengths and weaknesses

Strength’s

• Subjects Rhesus Monkey’s• Theoretically based research

• Experimental environment- Lab equipment- Upbringing

• Data Collection• Administrative skills

Weakness

• Over shadowed- Harry Harlow- Other’s

• Unethical research methods

• Humanistic school of thought

Influence of the Individual over time…

•Her research is cited and referenced all over the world.

Influence

• Research into child development – deprivation– Psychotherapy and the single synapse– Book “Understanding children’s development” – Body pleasure and the origins of violence

• Awards– 1972 G. Stanley Hall

Margaret HarlowHarry HarlowJean MacFarlane

Influenced Many Areas…

• Sociology• Motivation• Psychology• Behavior• Child Development• Sexuality• Animal Behavior• Society

Summary

•Margaret overcame.Margaret overcame.• encouraged the publication of

developmental articles

• Humanistic school of thought