MARBLE

STONE & TILES

Group- bilal khan tabish iftekhar bushra saba shikeb khan mohd . hashim

STONES - INTRODUCTION

Rocks are naturally occurring solid material consisting of one or more minerals that occur as chemical elements or compounds which are homogenous

They have a definite chemical composition and a very regular arrangement of atoms.

Natural stone is used in building as a facing, veneer, and decoration.

GRANITE

SLATEMARBLE

BASALT LIMESTONE

ROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MİNERALS. SUCH AS:

Feldspars

Quartz

Micas

Hornblende

Kaolinite

calcite (caco3)

dolomite (mgco3)

CLASSIFICATION OF STONES (according to geological origin):

Igneous rock Metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rock

Igneous rock also known as primary, unstratified or eruptive rocks

Metamorphic rocks has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure,

Sedimentary rock is formed by the deposition of sediment by glacial action, as limestone, sandstone and shale

STONE IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION IN FOLLOWING FORMS:

Rubble

Dimension stone

Flagstone

Crushed stone

RUBBLE - consists of rough fragments of broken stone that have at least one good face for

exposure in a wall.

DIMENSION STONE - is quarried and squared stone 2’ or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices,

copings, lintels and flooring.

FLAGSTONE - refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing.

CRUSHED STONE - is used as aggregate in concrete products.

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

ARGILLITE – formed from clay, dark blue with faint shades of green.

USED FOR: floor tilestair threadscoping stones

interior wall base interior window stools of exterior

window sills.

GRANITE – igneous origin, hard, strong, durable and capable of taking high pressure polish. Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.

USED FOR: flooringwall panelingcolumnmullion facingstair threads flagstone

LIMESTONE – sedimentary rock like dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition. High compressive & tensile strength

Used for: wall & floor surfaces

TRAVERTINE – sedimentary rock, pleasing texture with small natural pockets on a cut surface.

USED FOR: interior decorative stone

MARBLE – metamorphic rock, a re crystallized limestone forming into carrara, parian, onyx and vermont.

USED FOR: flooring wall & column facing

SERPENTINE – igneous with mineral serpentine. Typically olive green to greenish black but impurities may color the rock.

Used only for interiors due to weathering

SANDSTONE – class of rock of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff, red and light brown. Porous where as 30% of volume composed of pores

SLATE ROCK – metamorphosis of clays and shale's deposited in layers. May be separated into thin, tough sheets called slates . colors are black, green red, grey, or purple.

Used for: flooringWindow sillsStoolsStair treads & facing

CLASS COLOR TEXTURE SPECIAL FEATURES PARTING HARDNESS CHIEF USES

Sandstone Very light buff to light chocolate brown or brick red; may tarnish to brown

Granular, showing sand grains, cemented together

Ripple marks; oblique cola bands ('aoss bedding')

Bedding planes; also fractures transverse to beds

Fairy hard it well cemented

General; walls; buiding; flagstone

Limestone 1Nhite, light gray to Ight buff Fine to crystalline; may have fossils

May show fossib Parallel to beds; also fractures across beds

Fairly soft; steel easily scratches

All building uses

Marble lighlyvaried:snowwhiteto black also blue-gray and ight to dark olive green; also piikish

Finely granular to very coarsely crystalineshowing flatsided crystals

May show veins of different colors or angular reekpieces or fossils

Usually not along beds but may have iiegular fractures

Sightly harder than limestone

May be used for buiding stone but usually in decorative panels

Granite light igneous rock)

Almost white to DM-and• white or gray-andwhite

Usually coarsety crystalline; crystals may be varicolored; may be fine grahed

May be banded with pit white, or gray streaks and veins

Not necessarily any regular parting but fractures irregularly

Harder than limestone and marble; keeps cut shape wel

Building stone, but also il paneing if attractively colored

Dark igneous rock

Gray dark olve green to black; Laurvikite isbeau tifullycrystaline

Usually coarsely crystalline if quarried but may be fine grained

May be banded with ighter and darker gray bands and vein

Not necessarily any regular parting but may fracture irregUady

About lite granite; retains cut shape wel

Building stone, but also used it panels if nicely banded or crystalline

Lavas Varies: pit purple. black; i usable, rarely almost white

Fine grained; may have pores localy

Note rare porosity Not necessarly any regular parting, as a rule, but some have paralel fractures

About as strong as granite; if ight colored. usually softer

Good foundation and buiding stone; not decorative

Quartzite Variable: white, buft red, or brown

Dense, almost glassy idealy Very resistant to weather and impact

Usually no special parting Very hard if well cemented, as usually the case

Excellent for buiding but hard to'shapi

Slate Grayisfrgreen. brick red, or dark brown. usually gray; may be banded

Fiaely crystallne; flat crystals give slaty facture

Some slate have color- fading with age

Spits along slate surface. often crossing color bands

Softer than granite or quartzite; scratches early

Roorilfl; blackboards; paving

Gneiss Usually gray with some pit white, or light gray bands

Oystallne, like granite, often with glassy bands (vein)

Banding is decorative; some

No special parting; tends tobands very weak, however break along banding

About Ike granite Used for buldings; also may be decorative if banded

STONE CONSTRUCTION Largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete frames.

APPLICATION CATEGORIES :

1. Paneling2. Ashlars3. Rubblework4. Trim

RUNNING BOND - a masonry bond formed when all units are laid in stretcher position, with a half-unit overlap

PANELING – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover back up walls and provide finished exterior

STACK BOND - a masonry bond formed when there is no overlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical joints are aligned

ASHLARS – work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.

COURSED ASHLAR - Ashlar masonry laid out in courses of equal height; blocks of various sizes may be combined to make up the height of the course

RANDOM ASHLAR - Ashlar masonry laid without regular courses but with an overall effect of horizontal orientation

RUBBLEWORK – random & no attempt to produced an orderly course either horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones.

COURSED RUBBLE - Fieldstone or roughly dressed stone, with or without mortar, assembled to give a effect of courses

FIELDSTONE - Stone found on the ground (i.e., not quarried) that is a suitable size and shape for useas drywall or rubble masonry

STONE FLOORING

TILE:

• A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, or even glass.

• Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops.

MANUFACTURE:

• The raw materials used to create tiles are all found in the ground.

• These raw materials, like clay is quarried and refined.

• They are then mixed.• A dry mixture of clay, Magnesium silicate and

other ingredients are pressed into a mould, and then fired at an extremely high temperature.

• The ingredients used in this process are slightly wet.

• They are forced through a nozzle, which forms the tile’s shape.

• Other methods of creating tiles are slush mould and beehive kilns.

Ceramic Tiles

Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of clay, sand and other natural materials. The tiles are produced when the products are combined and moulded into shape and then fired at a high temperature . Where Can Used? Can be used for every room in a home, indoors

or outdoors. They are very popular as both wall and flooring

tiles for entryways, benchtops or splashbacks.

TYPE OF TILES

BENEFITS OF CERAMIC TILES: Durability

Ceramic surfaces have a relatively longer life if compared to most of the other materials used for floor and wall covering.

Fire resistanceCeramic tiles are fireproof. They do not burn, nor give off smoke or toxic fumes.Moisture Resistance They are an excellent choice for use in wet areas, if properly installed and grouted

Resistance to abrasion and tread wearCeramic tiles can withstand heavy foot traffic due to their resistance to abrasion and tread wear.

Slip resistanceCeramic tiles are treated to prevent slipping either by adding an abrasive grit to the glaze or texture to the surface such as ribs, studs or orange peel finish...

Frost resistanceVitreous ceramic tiles and all of the porcelain tile types are frost resistant.

Thermal shock resistanceA properly laid ceramic tile floor will neither deform nor break in extreme temperature conditions.

Stain resistance and easy maintenanceTo keep a ceramic tile surface clean, all you need to do is sweep, vacuum and wash them regularly with water.

Chemical resistanceCeramic tile materials are highly resistant to chemical agents.

Color permanenceDirect exposure of ceramic tiles to sunlight neither alters their color, nor causes them to fade.

DISADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES:TemperatureCeramic is cold when used as flooring and can be quite uncomfortable during wintertime in colder climates. Because of the density of ceramic, it takes longer to heat or cool than other flooring materials.

The hardness also makes ceramic uncomfortable to stand on for prolonged periods and may necessitate a rug or pad for extended use.

Permanence

Once ceramic has been installed, it cannot be changed; if you tire of the look, you will face a messy and costly renovation project to have it removed and replaced

MaintenanceWhile ceramic is fairly easy to maintain, the grout lines between the tiles are susceptible to stains, mold and mildew and must be periodically sealed to maintain the integrity of the grout lines.

Hardness

WHAT ARE VITRIFIED TILES?Vitrified tiles are also made from clay, but they have additional ingredients, like silica, quartz, and feldspar. When these ingredients cook inside a kiln, they melt and form a glass substrate throughout the tile. This glass addition makes vitrified tiles very strong and smooth, with far fewer pores in their surfaces than ceramic tiles

USESthese tiles for various uses, flooring (living room, bedroom, dining area, kitchen), wall coverings and decor etc are the areas where vitrified tiles are used.

PORCELAIN TILESPorcelain tiles are usually made from porcelain clays and are fired at much higher temperatures, which make them even more dense and durable than non-porcelain tiles

PORCELAIN TILES USESThese tiles are ideal for interior and exterior walls and floors, floors of high traffic areas an also for facades of buildings. It is available in various textures and finishes and is ideal material for use in various water jet designs.

StrengthPorcelain tiles are extremely strong, with a strength scale that's equal to natural stone.

DurableBecause of their hard, durable surface, porcelain tiles are often used in high-traffic buildings, such as malls or office buildings

WaterproofPorcelain tiles have a liquid absorption rate of only .5 percent--less in some instances. This quality makes them water and frost-resistant.

HygienicThe clay-like properties of porcelain tiles prevent most forms of bacteria from living on their surface.Color and Finish OptionsPorcelain tiles are available for purchase in many colors, and can be glazed to take on a shiny finish. The tiles can also have earthen finishes, or multidimensional layers of color for added beauty.

BENEFITS OF PORCELAIN TILES

PricePorcelain tiles are more expensive compared to non-porcelain ceramic tile.

SizesPorcelain tile pieces are not uniform in size. The sizes vary and are irregular because the tiles are cooked at very high temperatures.

HandlingMany porcelain tiles are very heavy and cumbersome--Installation IssuesInstalling a porcelain tile floor is not an ideal do-it-yourself project. Uneven tiles are a common problem

ImperfectionsThere are imperfections in porcelain tile pieces that make them more susceptible to staining and gathering dirt.

DISADVANTAGES OF PORCELAIN TILES

GLAZED TILES Glazed tile is a type of ceramic tile to

which a glaze has been applied. After the glaze is painted or sprayed on, the tile is filed at high temperatures, causing a chemical reaction which makes the glaze vitrify, essentially turning into glass.

Glazed tiles in general are tiles with sheen on the surface. The liquid glass or glaze is usually baked into the surface of the clay at very high temperatures of more than 2000 degrees Fahrenheit.

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USESThese tiles are suitable for both interiors and exteriors, residential and commecial buildings.Interiors - Living Room, Dinning Room, Kitchen, Bathroom, Bedroom etc.Exterior - Pavements, Balcony, Deck Areas etc.It can also be used in Office buildings also.

BENEFITSGlazed porcelain tiles resist stains and water. They are hard-wearing, making them good for kitchen counter tops, bathrooms and other areas where scratch, stain and water resistance is a must.

Glazed tiles allow manufacturers to produce an unlimited assortment of colors, hues, and designs. The glazing also protects the tile from staining from dirt, grime, and water.

DrawbacksGlazed porcelain tile is more costly than other kinds of ceramic tile, and certainly is more expensive than vinyl. Glazed porcelain, although sometimes used for flooring, is also more slippery than other kinds of porcelain tile.

CATEGORY OF TILES: AREA OF APPLICATION

• There are many types of tiles used for residential and commercial applications.

1. Roof tiles

2. Floor tiles

3. Pebble tiles

4. Ceiling tiles

5. Wall tiles

ROOFING TILES:

• Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate.

• Flat tiles - the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping

FLOORING TILES:

• These are commonly made of ceramic or stone.• Recent technological advances have resulted in rubber or glass tiles for floors as well.

PEBBLE TILES:• Pebble Tiles is a composite material made up of marble pebbles or pieces

of natural stone in different sizes, bound together with a transparent white or colored resin.

Ceiling tiles are type of tiles used for covering ceilings of rooms. Suspended ceilings Acoustic Ceilings Decorative Ceiling Tile

CEILING TILES

CEILING TILES

WALL TILES:• The concept behind using wall tiles is decorating the interior of a home without adding much

stuff to the home.

TYPES OF TILES: BASED ON MATERIAL

Ceramic tile is the most common tile used in the in offices, stores and homes.

Ceramic tile comes in two forms: glazed and unglazed.

Unglazed tile is referred to as quarry tile.

Ceramic tiles are made from clay and then heated. The glaze is added after the firing of the clay tile, which creates the color of the tile. The glazing process allows for the creation of infinite color combinations

CERAMIC TILE

QUARRY TILE Quarry tile is unglazed ceramic tile. It is

an inexpensive, durable and natural option for industrial, commercial and residential tile applications. Quarry tile is used a lot in industrial settings because it is so durable and can also be used outdoors.

In residential applications, quarry is used for kitchens and pathways because it has a naturally coarse surface, making it less slippery than some other surfaces when wet.

quarry is porous, which means that it can become stained.

Porcelain tile is a type of ceramic tile.

The difference between porcelain and ceramic is that porcelain is fired at a higher temperature, making it more dense and moisture-resistant.

Porcelain tiles are also less porous, making them more stain-resistant

PORCELAIN TILE

suitable for both indoor and outdoor installations.

Porcelain tiles are available in matte, unglazed or a high-polished finish.

Tile mosaics allows creative with tile design.

Mosaics are most commonly used for smaller areas, such as a bathroom or kitchen backsplash, or even small counter space areas

. Mosaic tiles are usually less than six square inches and made of porcelain or clay composition

.they come in squares, octagons, hexagons or other unique shapes

TILE MOSAICS

• Here are some places around the home that can benefit from tile applications.

• COUNTER

• BATHROOM

• BACKSPLASH

• FLOORING

• WALL ACCENTS

• EXTERIOR

USES:

FIXING OF TILESREQUIREMENT:The wall should be strong and flat, surface should be smooth and clean.

LEVELThe surface is made even .It should be free of any undulations.A wooden batten is used to achieve a straight line for starting the tiling procedure.

MARKING ON THE BATTEN

The width/length of the tile is marked on the wooden batten leaving 3mm gap between them for grouting later.

CUTTING THE TILES WHEN REQUIRED

Tiles also need to be cut at some edges ,curves or holes. It can be done by using a motor cutter ,manual cutter ,hand saw or hand cutter

MOTORISED CUTTER

SAW CUTTER

HANDCUTTER

MANUAL CUTTER

APPLING THE ADHESIVE

Adhesive is applied on the wall (per sq m), at a time.

PLACING THE TILES

Tiles are carefully placed on the surface according to the markings on the batten.Tile spacer is used in the 3mm gap to separate the tiles and for grouting later.

LETTING THE WORK DRYAfter the tiling is done, it is allowed to dry for 24 hrs.

GROUTINGGrouting is done to fill in the 3mm gap between the tiles.It can be done by white cement or some other grouting material

CLEARING THE SURFACE

FLOORING

TILE BED:1:4 cement sand ratio is used. 20 -30mm thick bed is prepared and then tiling is done

MARBLE FIXING

•Marbles are metamorphic rocks.

• This type of rocks is suitable for polishing to enhance its shine.

• Marble stone is hard, sound, dense and homogeneous in texture with crystalline texture

•The base concrete or RCC slab on which marble stone slabs are laid should be thoroughly cleaned.

•The average thickness of bedding mortar under marble stone slab should be 20 mm thick and the ratio of cement mortar should be 1:3

•The sand used in mortar should be coarse sand. The thickness of bedding should not be less than 12 mm in any place

•The mortar is allowed to harden and cement slurry shall be spread at the rate of 4.4 kg per sq. meter.

• Marble stone slab to be paved should then be lowered gently back in position and tapped with wooded mallet till it is properly bedded and leveled with adjoining slab.

•The edges of slabs already paved are filled with white cement with or without admixture to match the shade of the stone slabs

•The Marble stone floor should be cured for a minimum period of seven days.

Polishing and Finishing

•The grinding may be done either by hand or by machine.

•Manual grinding should be done after two days of laying of marble flooring

•Machine grinding should commence 3-4 days after laying marble stone flooring

•In case wax polished surface is desired, wax polish is applied sparingly with soft cloth on clean and dry surface.

•The surface should be rubbed thoroughly with clean cotton waste or a polishing machine fitted with felt or jute bag bobs.

Thank you