Mapping the Elements Connecting the Atom and the Periodic Table.

Mapping the ElementsMapping the Elements

Connecting the Atom andConnecting the Atom and

the Periodic Tablethe Periodic Table

The Shape Sorting The Shape Sorting ActivityActivity

What can be learned from this?What can be learned from this?

How does this connect to the P.T. How does this connect to the P.T. development?development?

Meyer’s Route to the Periodic Meyer’s Route to the Periodic TableTable

Li

Na

K

Rb

Mendeleev’sMendeleev’sRoute to theRoute to thePeriodic TablePeriodic Table

What’s thedifference betweenthe two

approachesand why is this

significant?

Patterns in the Formulas of Patterns in the Formulas of HydridesHydrides

MgHMgH22

SbHSbH33

HBrHBr

Patterns in the Formulas of OxidesPatterns in the Formulas of Oxides

ScSc22OO55 MnMn22OO77 CuCu22OO22

PP22OO55

BrBr22OO77

OFOF22

Henry Moseley . . .Henry Moseley . . .

. . . and Glenn . . . and Glenn Seaborg . . .Seaborg . . .

Helped Us Go from This . . .Helped Us Go from This . . .

To This . . .

But Why Does It Have This Form?But Why Does It Have This Form?

The Bohr Model of the Atom IThe Bohr Model of the Atom IBohr’s model was a ‘patchwork’ ofBohr’s model was a ‘patchwork’ of classical physics and the new ideaclassical physics and the new idea of quantaof quanta

It was the first to be able to explain It was the first to be able to explain thethe interaction of matter and light at theinteraction of matter and light at the atomic level; it gave a theoretical atomic level; it gave a theoretical basisbasis to Balmer / Rydberg’s empirical to Balmer / Rydberg’s empirical equationequation

It was based on several postulates It was based on several postulates thatthat allowed the calculation of the energy allowed the calculation of the energy andand wavelength of light absorption / wavelength of light absorption / emissionemission

The Bohr model did have some limitations:The Bohr model did have some limitations:

It provides no explanation for why theIt provides no explanation for why the electrons energy was quantizedelectrons energy was quantized

It doesn’t work with any atom / ion It doesn’t work with any atom / ion having more than 1 electronhaving more than 1 electron

It holds onto the classical idea of precise It holds onto the classical idea of precise pathways along which the electron pathways along which the electron movesmoves

The Bohr Model of the Atom IIThe Bohr Model of the Atom II

The Nature of the Electron, RevisitedThe Nature of the Electron, Revisitedde Broglie offered an idea which de Broglie offered an idea which

provided a way to overcome one ofprovided a way to overcome one of

the limitations of Bohr’s model – the the limitations of Bohr’s model – the quantized nature of the energy levels:quantized nature of the energy levels:

If light can exhibit particle-like properties, If light can exhibit particle-like properties, whywhy can’t electrons exhibit wave-like can’t electrons exhibit wave-like properties?properties? Davisson & Davisson &

GermerGermerobtainedobtainedexperi-experi-mentalmentalproofproof

So, What Is the Electron –So, What Is the Electron –Particle or Wave?Particle or Wave?

Our modern understanding says it is Our modern understanding says it is neither . . . until you observe it!neither . . . until you observe it!

““Do you believe in fate, Do you believe in fate, Neo?”Neo?”Out with the old, Out with the old, concreteconcrete model . . model . . ..

. . . in with the . . . in with the new, new, cloudycloudy model model . . .. . .

You must sacrifice You must sacrifice predictability predictability . . .. . .

. . . for a less . . . for a less certain certain probabilityprobability..

The Property of Ionization The Property of Ionization EnergyEnergyIonization energy is the energy to remove Ionization energy is the energy to remove

an electron from a neutral atom or ionan electron from a neutral atom or ion

What things affect the ionization energy for What things affect the ionization energy for aa

particular atom / ion?particular atom / ion?

1.1. ChargeCharge

2.2. DistanceDistance

As would be predicted byAs would be predicted by

Coulomb’s Law Coulomb’s Law F = kF = kee x x qq11 xx qq22 rr22

ElementElement Atomic # (Z)Atomic # (Z) 11stst I.E. (MJ / mol) I.E. (MJ / mol)

HH 11 1.311.31

HeHe 22 2.372.37

LiLi 33 0.520.52

BeBe 44 0.900.90

BB 55 0.800.80

CC 66 1.091.09

NN 77 1.411.41

OO 88 1.311.31

FF 99 1.681.68

NeNe 1010 2.082.08

NaNa 1111 0.500.50

MgMg 1212 0.750.75

AlAl 1313 0.580.58

SiSi 1414 0.790.79

PP 1515 1.011.01

SS 1616 1.001.00

ClCl 1717 1.251.25

ArAr 1818 1.521.52

KK 1919 0.420.42

CaCa 2020 0.590.59

Graph of 1Graph of 1stst Ionization Ionization EnergiesEnergies

Sample Data from PhotoSample Data from Photoelectron electron SpectroscopySpectroscopy

ElementElement I.E. G. 1I.E. G. 1 I.E. G. 2I.E. G. 2 I.E. G. 3I.E. G. 3 I.E. G. 4I.E. G. 4 I.E. G. 5I.E. G. 5 I.E. G. 6I.E. G. 6 I.E. G. 7I.E. G. 7

HH 1.311.31

HeHe 2.372.37

LiLi 6.266.26 0.520.52

BeBe 11.511.5 0.900.90

BB 19.319.3 1.361.36 0.800.80

CC 28.628.6 1.721.72 1.091.09

NN 39.639.6 2.452.45 1.401.40

OO 52.652.6 3.043.04 1.311.31

FF 67.267.2 3.883.88 1.681.68

NeNe 84.084.0 4.684.68 2.082.08

NaNa 104104 6.846.84 3.673.67 0.500.50

MgMg 126126 9.079.07 5.315.31 0.740.74

AlAl 151151 12.112.1 7.197.19 1.091.09 0.580.58

SiSi 178178 15.115.1 10.310.3 1.461.46 0.790.79

PP 208208 18.718.7 13.513.5 1.951.95 1.061.06

SS 239239 22.722.7 16.516.5 2.052.05 1.001.00

ClCl 273273 26.826.8 20.220.2 2.442.44 1.251.25

ArAr 309309 31.531.5 24.124.1 2.822.82 1.521.52

KK 347347 37.137.1 29.129.1 3.933.93 2.382.38 0.420.42

CaCa 390390 42.742.7 34.034.0 4.654.65 2.902.90 0.590.59

ScSc 433433 48.548.5 39.239.2 5.445.44 3.243.24 0.770.77 0.630.63

The Stern-Gerlach The Stern-Gerlach Experiment Experiment and the 4and the 4thth Quantum Number Quantum Number

This experiment lead to the identification This experiment lead to the identification of twoof two

quantized spin states for the electron -- quantized spin states for the electron -- ++11//22

and and --11//22 – and the – and the spin quantum number spin quantum number (m(mss))

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

SuperatoSuperatomsms

The team used photoelectron imaging spectroscopy to examine similarities between a nickel atom and a titanium-monoxide molecule. Left: Graphical displays of energy peaks were similar between a nickel atom and a titanium-monoxide molecule. Right: Bright spots in the images, which correspond to the energy of the electrons emitted during their removal from the atoms' outer shells, appeared to be similar between a nickel atom (right, top) and a titanium-monoxide molecule (right, bottom). (Credit: Castleman lab, Penn State)

Why Are Super-Atoms of Why Are Super-Atoms of Interest?Interest?

VCs8 and MnAu24(SH)18 magnetic superatoms that mimic a manganese atom. The MnAu24 cluster is surrounded by sulfur and hydrogen atoms to protect it against outside attack, thus making it valuable for use in biomedical applications.(Credit: Image courtesy of Ulises Reveles, Ph.D, VCU.)