Mapping Solid Waste II Sample Collection & Analysis Environmental Technology Centre 1 UNEP Mapping Solid Waste – II Sample Collection & Analysis Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed Memon

International Environmental Technology Centre<www.unep.or.jp>

1 UNEP

Mapping Solid Waste – IISample Collection & Analysis

Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed Memon ([email protected])United Nations Environment Programme

Division of Technology, Industry and Economics

2

UNEPUNEPUNEP

UNEPInternational Environmental Technology Centre<www.unep.or.jp>

Presentation Outline

Procedures for Collection of Samples

Methods for Sample Analysis

Methods for Waste Composition

3

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Flow of Composition Study

– Sampling

– Drying: Moisture Content

– Classification: Component Rate

– Heating: Water, Ash Content

– Calorie meter: Calorific Value

– Chemical Analysis: N, Cl, S, C, H

Collection & Analysis of Samples

4

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Number of SamplesMaterials C.L 95% C.L 90% C.L 80% C.L 70%

Residential

Commercial

Residential

Commercial

Residential

Commercial

Residential

Commercial

Newsprint 224-2397

698-3563

58-600

170-991 16-150 48-223 9-58 21-101

Cardboard 899-1955

533-997 225-499

134-250 58-123 35-64 27-66 17-30

Aluminum 275-1437

754-4399

70-350

191-1100

19-92 60-275 10-42 23-123

Ferrous 194-554

552-3411

50-139

138-953 14-37 36-214 8-18 17-97

Glass 145-619

596-2002

39-155

149-501 19-61 39-126 6-19 19-58

Plastic 261-1100

422-783 67-275

107-195 18-70 28-61 10-32 14-24

Organic 12-47 26-92 5-14 8-25 3-5 4-8 3-4 3-5

5

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Timing– To collect data that covers entire period of

disposal

– To collect data that may be assembled later in a way that represents the entire period

– Local knowledge for primary disposal timings during a day and days of a week

– Records at disposal site for the vehicles’ timings

– Seasonal variations(Rainy / Dry, Summer / Winter)

6

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Selection of Sites

– Virtual numbering of primary disposal sites(Piles/hypes/bins at collection point in a street)

– Virtual numbering of waste collection vehicles at final disposal site

– Based on the minimum number of samples, generate random numbers and select the sites (either primary disposal sites or vehicles) accordingly

7

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Quantification of Waste

– Measurements at the point of generation

– Quantification of waste by examination of records at the point of generation (industries, hospitals, etc.)

– Quantification of waste based on survey of waste collection vehicles

– Quantification of waste by examination of records at waste disposal facility

8

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Characterization of Waste

– Hand sorting of samples (at generation and from vehicles at disposal facility)

– Visual characterization of samples (at generation and from vehicles at disposal facility)

9

UNEPUNEPUNEP


(1) Samplingfrom waste pit or collection vehicle

(2) Mix (depending on type of waste)to get average sample

(3) Dividingto formulate 4 blocks to reduce

(4) Reducingby discarding diagonally opposite waste

Collecting Samples

10

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Prepare 200~300kg of Waste from waste pit / collection vehicle

11

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Waste Reduction Method

SampledWaste

DivideInto

4 blocks

RemainRemove

Remain Remove

2nd

reduction

12

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Mix & Flatten the waste

13

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Divide into 4 blocks

14

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Remove 2 blocks of Waste diagonally opposite ends

15

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Another diagonal opposite ends waste are remained.

16

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Mix & flatten remained waste

17

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Divide into 4 blocks again.

18

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Crash big waste into small pieces

19

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Tear plastic bag

20

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Pick up cans & bottles to reduce equally instead of crushing

21

UNEPUNEPUNEP


3rd reduction by same method

22

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Remained waste through

3~4 times reduction

23

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Prepare 2 buckets (100 litter) to accommodate remained waste

24

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Pull up the bucket with waste 30 cm high from the floor & drop it

25

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Measure the weight to check Specific Gravity(Volume to Weight Factor)

Specific Gravity=

Weight/Volume


26 UNEP

Composition Analysis(Dried vs. Raw Samples)

If the purpose of the waste analysis is for plan for waste incineration system, then waste will be dried to make it easy to proceed next steps.

But, in case of improvement of collection / final disposal, waste component study will be made by wet base (without drying)

27

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Moisture Content

28

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Caution for Waste in Oven / Heater

Never mix – Matches– Lighters– Paints– Fireworks, FirecrackersTo avoid explosion & fire

29

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Put sample waste in trays

of Oven/Heater

30

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Temperature80~90℃

Heating Time48 hours

Cooling Time2 Days

31

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Put sample waste out from

the heater

Moisture Content is equal to difference in weight of raw and dry waste

32

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Moisture Content

Weight of raw waste = A kg

Weight of dried waste = B kg

Moisture Content =(A-B) ÷ A X 100 (%)

33

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Moisture Meters


34 UNEP

Waste Composition Study

Classify a waste sample into several categories by manual sorting

Prepare sheet on the floor, and spread all sample waste on it

Prepare proper containers with designated name card

Sort from big materials to small

35

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Sample waste to be sorted into different categories

36

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Kitchen Waste

37

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Paper

38

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Textile

39

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Grass & Wood

40

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Plastic

41

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Others (less than 5 mm)

42

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Glass

43

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Ceramic & Stone

44

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Steel

45

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Metal without Steel

46

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Weighing individual component

47

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Moisture & Ash Content Study1. Heat melting pot for 16 hours under 105℃.2. Cool them in decicater and weigh (Ag)3. Put the sample on them and weigh (Bg)4. Dry them for 16 hours under 105℃.5. Cool them in decicator and weigh (Cg)6. Heat the melting pot w/ sample by burner to burn out.7. Keep them in the electric heater under 600℃ for 2 hours.8. After complete burning, put melting pot w/ sample out from

the electric heater, and cool them in the decicator.9. After cooling down, weigh them. (Dg)

– Moisture Content (%) = (B-C) ÷ (B-A) × 100– Ash Content (%) = (D-A) ÷ (B-A) × 100

48

UNEPUNEPUNEP


The sample is burned by Bunsen burner


49 UNEP

6 hours heating in electric heater under 600℃

Weight of Welting Pot = A gWeight of Welting Pot w/ Waste Sample = B gWeight of Welting Pot with Waste Sample which were burned completely = D g

Ash Content(%) = (D-A) ÷ (B-A) X 100

50

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Calorific Value

Each sample is set to measure its calorific value after measuring its weight

51

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Nickel wire is used for ignition

52

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Oxygen is filled to the cylinder which

accommodate sample w/ ignition

wire


53 UNEP

B-TypeCalorimeter

The cylinder w/ sample is set into Calorimeter in which water is filled.After ignited, sample is burned completely and raise water temperature.Calorific value can be get by temperature change before & after burning.

54

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Calorific Value – Alternative MethodCV raw = ((1 - MC) X (CV upper - (2241* X 9) X H)) – 2441 X MC

Where:CV = calorific value (‘raw’ is real ‘as delivered’ value, ‘upper’ is value for dried material) in kJ/kgMC = % moisture content (by weight)H = % hydrogen content (from literature)*vaporization enthalpy of water (241kJ/kg at 25oC

To determine the calorific value of waste stream the following steps to be carried out:

•Sample to be sorted and analyzed into the fractions;

•CV upper is applied from know data (literature);

•CV upper is analyzed for unknown fractions;

•% Hydrogen is applied from know data (literature);

•Moisture of fractions is determined; and

Calculate value for CV raw.

55

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Result of the Study

100.00TOTAL(17.17)Total of Incombustible

1.66Metal w/o Steel5.47Steel1.00Ceramic & Stone9.04Glass

490010.223.92-Typical Combustible Sample(82.83)Total of Combustible

272340.164.794.39Others (less than 5mm)78987.402.3817.33Plastic

427411.046.4712.02Grass & Wood49341.762.656.14Textile41788.994.2439.22Paper

346615.3711.203.73Kitchen Waste

Calorific Value Ho (Kcal/kg)

Ash Content

(%)

Moisture Content

(%)

Component Rate(%)

Sample

56

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Nitrogen Content Analysis by Kjedahl Method

57

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Sulfur Content Analysis

58

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Chlorine Analysis

59

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Carbon & Hydrogen Content Analysis

60

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Chemical Composition Factors

61

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Flow of Waste Analysis(Combustible Sample)•Kitchen Waste•Paper•Textile•Grass & Wood•Plastic•Others (less than 5mm)

Calorific Value Hu

Calorific Value Hu

Heating

Moisture/Ash Content

CalorimeterChemical Element

AnalysisN, Cl, S, C, H

Necessary Air Volumefor combustion

Calorific Value Ho

62

UNEPUNEPUNEP


Thank You…MushtaqMemon<[email protected]>

Surya.Chandak<[email protected]>

Mapping Solid Waste II Sample Collection & Analysis Environmental Technology Centre 1 UNEP Mapping Solid Waste – II Sample Collection & Analysis Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed Memon

Documents