Mapping Opportunity for Advocacy and Social Justice

Mapping OpportunityMapping Opportunityfor Advocacy and Social Justicefor Advocacy and Social Justice

Samir GambhirSenior Research Associate (GIS)[email protected]

Matthew MartinResearch [email protected]

Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and EthnicityThe Ohio State University

Pre-Conference WorkshopMarch 11, 2010

OverviewOverview

• Use of mapping in our work• Opportunity mapping:

• Assumptions • Methodology • Examples

• Applications and Impact

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Space and Social EquitySpace and Social Equity

Racial and social inequity often manifest as spatial inequity

Local issues tend have a regional scope and variation e.g. school performance, housing vacancy◦Maps are naturally the best tools to display this

spatial phenomena◦Maps give us the opportunity to look at our entire

regions or states Informing people about an issue at a scale they may

not usually think of linking communities sharing similar problems

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Why use maps?Why use maps?

Maps are incredibly efficient

compacting volumes of data

ability to convey information in seconds

tell a story or solve a problem

Provide spatial reference

Shared sense of value Builds mutual trust

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Columbus Neighborhoods: 2006 Foreclosures

About Our WorkAbout Our Work

Emphasis on how systems work to produce inequity◦ How do multiple issues interact to either depress or uplift

certain populations or communities?◦ What can we do to “strategically intervene” and improve

outcomes for marginalized communities

Extensive use of GIS/mapping in our work◦ Inequity has a geographic footprint◦ Leverage points sometimes geographic in scope◦ Maps powerful for tools for

Research Designing policy/programming Communicating research/issues to the public and other

stakeholders

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Using Maps for AdvocacyUsing Maps for Advocacy

In our work we see mapping as serving these primary advocacy goals◦AnalysisExisting conditions, spatial trends, scenarios, optimization etc.

◦StorytellingA narrative

◦Combination

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Analytical ExamplesAnalytical Examples

Are hospital investments benefiting communities of color? (Columbus)

Are job growth areas connected to transit? (Baltimore)

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Hospital Investments and African American

neighborhoods

Columbus

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Health EquityHealth EquityResearchResearch

Franklin County, OH Health Investment Disparity

Spatial Spatial MismatchMismatch

Percent Change in Jobs

30 - 66.6

15 - 30

5 - 15

0 - 5

Job Loss

Recent Job Growth 98-02 and Public Transitin the Baltimore Region

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Job Growth & PublicTransit in Baltimore

Narratives ExamplesNarratives Examples

Foreclosures in African American neighborhoods are due to subprime lending patterns (Cleveland)

What if Montclair, NJ schools returned to neighborhood school system?

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Race and ForeclosureRace and Foreclosure

Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential

Fellow, Case Western University

Cleveland MSA Foreclosures: 2006

Race and Subprime LendingRace and Subprime Lending12

Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential Fellow, Case Western University

Cleveland MSA Subprime Loans: 2005

Montclair School District, NJMontclair School District, NJ

Opportunity Mapping:Opportunity Mapping:Combining Analysis with a Strong Combining Analysis with a Strong NarrativeNarrative

Research tool to◦understand the dynamics of “opportunity” within metropolitan areas

◦illustrate where opportunity rich communities exist (and assess who has access to these communities)

◦understand what needs to be remedied in opportunity poor communities

Based on Kirwan Institute’s “Communities of Opportunity” framework

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The Communities of Opportunity The Communities of Opportunity ApproachApproach

Everyone should have fair access to the critical opportunity structures needed to succeed in life.

Low Opportunity neighborhoods limit the development of human capital.

A Community of Opportunity approach can develop pathways that result in increased social and economic health, benefiting everyone.

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Communities of Opportunity PrimerCommunities of Opportunity Primer

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Opportunity Matters: Opportunity Matters: Space, Place, and Life OutcomesSpace, Place, and Life Outcomes

“Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel.

Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success:

◦ High-quality education◦ Healthy and safe environment◦ Stable housing◦ Sustainable employment◦ Political empowerment◦ Outlets for wealth-building◦ Positive social networks

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Space and OpportunitySpace and Opportunity

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Redlining maps (Hartford, CT)Redlining maps (Hartford, CT)19

Some people ride the “Up” escalator to reach opportunity.

Others have to run up the “Down” escalator to

get there.20

Mapping Opportunity:Mapping Opportunity:Why and HowWhy and How

The Communities of Opportunity framework is inherently spatial ◦ Inequality has a geographic footprint

◦ Maps can visually track the history and presence of discriminatory and exclusionary policies that spatially segregate people

◦ Identifying places with gaps in opportunity can help direct future investment and identify structures which impede access to opportunity

The model uses state-of-the-art GIS and extensive data sets to analyze the distribution of opportunity in our metro regions

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Opportunity Mapping ModelOpportunity Mapping Model

A refined model to depict spatial pattern of opportunity◦ Identifying indicators as proxy for opportunity◦ Supported by social science literature◦ Data easily available◦ Index based approach compresses multi-factors to an index

Model is a good communications tool to work with communities

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The Geography of OpportunityThe Geography of Opportunity

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Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and IndicatorsMethods and Indicators

How do you map opportunity? ◦ Data representing community conditions is gathered for

neighborhood (census tracts) across the state or region Aggregated to the Census Tract level Analyzed to create a comprehensive opportunity index for the region

◦ The opportunity index is then mapped and census tracts are broken into quintiles based on their opportunity score

Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, Very High

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Massachusetts Opportunity Mapping, Massachusetts Opportunity Mapping, Boston areaBoston area

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Opportunity AnalysisOpportunity Analysis

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Redlining: 1937 to 2009Redlining: 1937 to 2009

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African American men are isolated from neighborhoods of

opportunity in Detroit

Detroit Opportunity and Detroit Opportunity and RaceRace 29

Low opportunity neighborhoods

have higher number of

linguistically isolated

households

Austin Austin Opportunity and Opportunity and Linguistic Linguistic IsolationIsolation

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ApplicationsApplications

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Building A Fair FloridaBuilding A Fair FloridaA Study of Opportunity and RecoveryA Study of Opportunity and Recovery

Pre-Conference WorkshopMarch 11, 2010

Recession and RecoveryRecession and Recovery

What does Florida’s opportunity landscape look like?

What communities in Florida have been impacted the most by the recession?

What’s happening with the resources from The Recovery Act (ARRA)?

Are jobs being created in Florida’s hard-hit communities?

What’s being done about the housing crisis?

Build A Fair FloridaBuild A Fair Florida

Phase 1: A call for transparency, tracking, and accountability (September 2009)

Phase 2: Analysis of the opportunity landscape and the effects of the recession (October 2009)

Phase 3: A study of ARRA contract procurement and job creation (January 2010)

Phase 4: Reviewing the neighborhood stabilization program and the Federal response to the housing crisis (May 2010)

Opportunity MappingOpportunity Mapping

A study of the opportunity status of key regions in Florida◦ Miami◦ Tampa ◦ Orlando◦ Jacksonville

Preparatory analysis for ARRA resource allocation research and advocacy efforts◦ What places and have the

greatest need for investment?◦ What people and have the

greatest need for investment?◦ What elements of success need

the most investment? Education, Housing,

Transportation, Employment, etc.?

Phase 2 Report

Mapping OpportunityMapping Opportunity

Education◦ Math & Reading Scores◦ Graduation Rates◦ Student Poverty◦ Teacher Qualifications◦ Educational Attainment

Economics & Mobility◦ Jobs & Job Change◦ % on Public Assistance◦ Unemployment Rates◦ Mean Commute Time◦ Business Vacancy Rates

Housing & Neighborhoods◦ Home Ownership Rates◦ Residential Vacancy Rates◦ Median Home Values◦ Poverty Rates◦ Proximity to Hazardous Sites

Layers of OpportunityLayers of Opportunity

Economics & Mobility

Education

Housing & Neighborhoods

Comprehensive

Visualizing the Opportunity Visualizing the Opportunity ModelModel

Opportunity & Subsidized Opportunity & Subsidized Housing Housing

Jacksonville

Miami

Opportunity & ForeclosureOpportunity & Foreclosure

Jacksonville

Orlando

Opportunity & RaceOpportunity & Race

Tampa-St. Petersburg

Orlando

Race and Low Opportunity Race and Low Opportunity

Low Opportunity and Race

Housing and Low OpportunityHousing and Low Opportunity

Percentage of Subprime Loans per Opportunity Area by Region

Phase 2 ConclusionsPhase 2 Conclusions

Assuring a Fair and Equitable Recovery◦ Data Collection, Tracking, and Transparency◦ Targeted, Equitable Reinvestment for Hard-Hit Communities◦ Assuring Jobs Reach Those in Greatest Need

Creating Pathways to Opportunity◦ Community of Opportunity Model: Opening the “Levers” of

Opportunity◦ People, Places, and Linkages

Equitable and Sustainable Fiscal and Economic Policy◦ Reforming the State Tax Structure◦ High Road Economic Development: Not a continuation of

policies that encourage unsustainable growth and low-wage job creation

ARRA Jobs & ContractingARRA Jobs & Contracting

Measuring the Employment Impact of ARRA◦ Who has been most impacted by

rising unemployment?◦ Is ARRA creating jobs in hard-hit

communities?◦ What industries or programs are

experiencing success?

Is ARRA Contract Procurement Equitable?◦ Are minority-owned firms receiving

Federal and State contracts?◦ Are procurement goals being met?

Phase 3 Report

Race and UnemploymentRace and Unemployment

Change in Florida Unemployment Rate by Race

Jobless Recovery?Jobless Recovery?

Marginal Overall Impact

Saved Over 20,000 Education Jobs

Transportation Projects Maintain Employment Status Quo

Potential Weatherization Job Growth

Florida 2009 Employment by Month

ARRA Investment & JobsARRA Investment & Jobs

Miami

Tampa-St. Petersburg

ARRA Contract ProcurementARRA Contract Procurement

Share of Federal Contracts by Type of Firm

FDOT Projects: DBE Participation by District

FDOT ARRA Construction Projects

Opportunity & ARRA ProjectsOpportunity & ARRA Projects

Phase 3 ConclusionsPhase 3 Conclusions

Improve Tracking of ARRA Spending◦ Track recipients of jobs created with ARRA funding by

demographics and job quality◦ Require reporting by all sub-contractors down to end-user◦ Report the percent of state and local transportation contracts

that go to Black, Latino, and Women-owned enterprises Increase Small & Minority Business Participation

◦ Unbundle large contracts for small businesses◦ Set specific DBE participation goals for the construction

industry, and actively recruit African American-owned businesses into this sector

Ensure That Disadvantaged Communities Get Jobs◦ Use first source hiring to make sure local communities get jobs◦ Require recipients of ARRA funding to use apprentices or on-

the-job trainees◦ Utilize bonding to increase employment opportunities for ex-

offenders

Phase 4 ResearchPhase 4 Research

Are Federal programs helping to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis?

How are NSP funds being used to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis?

Is NSP helping to stabilize Florida’s rental housing markets?

Is NSP helping to create jobs in Florida’s hard-hit communities?

ImpactImpact

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Thompson v. HUDThompson v. HUD

Opportunity mapping in the Baltimore region was conducted as part of the Thompson v. HUD fair housing litigation◦Plaintiffs used opportunity mapping to frame their

remedial proposal, in response to a liability ruling that found the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in violation of the Fair Housing Act

◦The plaintiffs have proposed establishing 7,000 affordable housing units in the region’s high- opportunity communities, available to volunteers who wish to relocate out of the City of Baltimore’s public housing

Thompson v. HUDThompson v. HUD

Fair housing Litigation in Baltimore◦brought on behalf of 14,000 African-American

residents of public housing◦in response to history of racial segregation of

public housing ◦Represented by Maryland ACLU and NAACP Legal

Defense FundUS District Court of Maryland, Judge

Marvin Garbis◦Began in 1995…judge issued liability ruling in

2005 found HUD liable for violating the federal Fair Housing

Act

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Opportunity Mapping in Opportunity Mapping in Baltimore Baltimore

Use of 14 indicators of neighborhood opportunity to designate high and low opportunity neighborhoods in the Baltimore region

Indicators of Opportunity (General)◦ Neighborhood Quality/Health

Poverty, Crime, Vacancy, Property Values, Population Trends

◦ Economic Opportunity Proximity to Jobs and Job Changes,

Public Transit◦ Educational Opportunity

School Poverty, School Test Scores, Teacher Qualifications

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Opportunity and HousingOpportunity and Housing

Subsidized housing opportunities in Baltimore are generally clustered in the region’s lowest opportunity neighborhoods

Subsidized housing as a way of connecting people to opportunity

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ImpactsImpacts

Outside of the litigation, the opportunity maps have been used in a variety of ways◦Program evaluation and planning

Monitoring partial consent decree program◦ Identifying Opportunities/Challenges

Assessing opportunities/challenges related to the foreclosure crisis◦Regional housing advocacy

Baltimore Regional Housing Coalition◦Research

Tracking outcomes for families who move to high opportunity areas (John Hopkins)

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Initial Moves and Secondary Moves by Thompson Consent Decree Program Participants

MA Legal Services and Opportunity MA Legal Services and Opportunity CommunitiesCommunities

Background on this project◦ Originated from effort to incorporate

mapping analysis into legal servicesPartners

◦ Massachusetts Law Reform Institute, MA Legal Assistance Corp (foundation) and other Legal Services Entities

◦ Year long process of meeting with stakeholders to understand mapping needs and issues

◦ Training with service providers & agencies (using mapping for programming)

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Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Mapping Communities of Opportunity:

Methods and IndicatorsMethods and Indicators

Three areas of opportunity were analyzed using GIS mapping capability:◦ Education Quality and

Opportunity◦ Economic Health and

Transportation◦ Neighborhood

Stability and Health

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ImpactImpact

Program design and use within the legal services◦New programming – proposed “Adopt A Zip Code” program◦Use in exploring client concerns/challenges◦Use in litigation (National Consumer Law Center)◦ Internal use by funder (MLAC)

Direct advocacy◦State opportunity impact assessment (proposed)◦Dissemination among state agencies

State level program design (public sector)◦New $5 million state affordable housing program, targeted to

high opportunity communities◦ Implementation still unfolding

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Work in progressWork in progress

National Opportunity MappingWeb-based Opportunity mapping

ComparisonComparison

Orlando: National Opportunity Context

Orlando: Florida Opportunity Context

Web-based mappingWeb-based mapping

Online interactive maps ◦ArcGIS Server

Baltimore Foreclosures (http://www.kirwaninstitute.org/connect/baltimore.html)

◦Open source Austin Opportunity Mapping

(http://www.gis.osu.edu/webgis-projects/opportunity/index.html)

Concluding ThoughtsConcluding Thoughts

What is this information/approach useful for?◦ Diagnostics and targeted investments◦ Identifying areas of opportunity and challenges

Opportunities◦Opportunities for investment

Targeting services better, targeting programs Challenges

◦E.g. Foreclosure patterns◦ Looking at broader policy issues and concern◦ Communications – using maps to illustrate areas of

concern, areas of opportunity, broader community discussions

Thank you!Thank you!For questions, comments or for more information: For questions, comments or for more information: www.kirwaninstitute.orgor e-mail us at or e-mail us at [email protected] oror [email protected]

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