Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), Sector Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana i Report Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) c/o AGRA - Nairobi, Kenya Prepared By: Yaw B. Osei-Asare (PhD) Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Department College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences University of Ghana Legon-Accra, Ghana Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), Sector Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana 15 th October 2010
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Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), Sector Strategies and Policies Related to Rice
Development in Ghana
i
Report
Coalition for African Rice
Development (CARD)
c/o AGRA - Nairobi, Kenya
Prepared By:
Yaw B. Osei-Asare (PhD)
Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Department
College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences
University of Ghana
Legon-Accra, Ghana
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), Sector
Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana
15th
October 2010
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
i
Table of Contents
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................. IV
0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... V
BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
CAADP Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme
CARD Coalition for Africa Rice Development
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
DP Development Partner
ERP Economic Recovery Programme
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FASDEP Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy
GAPs Good Agronomic Practices
GFSR Global Food Security Response
GHEL Ghana Heavy Equipment Limited
GIDA
GLDB
Ghana Irrigation Development Authority
Grains and Legumes Development Board
GPRS-I Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy
GPRS-II Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy
GRIB Ghana Rice Inter-Professional Body
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JIRCA Japan International Research Centre for Agriculture
MDBS Multi-Donor Budgetary Support
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MES Ministry of Environment and Science
MiDA Millennium Development Authority
MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture
MOFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
MOTI Ministry of Trade and Industry
MTADP Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme
NDPC National Development Planning Commission
NDS National Development Strategy
NEPAD New partnership for Africa Development
NRDS National Rice Development Strategy
PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy
TICAD Tokyo International Conference for Africa Development
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), Sector Strategies and Policies Related to Rice
Development in Ghana
v
0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The agriculture sector in Ghana continues to serve the traditional role of providing food
security, supplying raw materials to industry, creation of employment opportunities, and the
earning of foreign exchange. This sector is still the largest foreign exchange earner and the
largest contributor to Ghana’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Its dominant role in the
economy makes this sector a target for national development programmes and strategies.
Although a largely agrarian economy, Ghana is 51% self-sufficient in cereal production
whilst rice self-sufficiency is estimated at 30% in 2009. Rice is cultivated as a food crop and
a cash crop and produced under three different ecologies: lowland rain-fed ecology (78% of
production); upland rain-fed ecology (6%), and irrigated ecology (16%). The greater part of
local rice production is cultivated in the Upper East, Northern, and Volta regions of Ghana.
Rice is the second most important cereal next to maize in terms of consumption. It constitutes
58% of all cereal imports. The rice import bill is estimated at US$500 million annually and
has become a source of concern to government. In view of food security and foreign currency
savings, increased production of domestic rice with higher competitiveness against imported
rice is paramount to Ghana’s agricultural sector development (JICA, 2007).
The National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS) has therefore been initiated to double local
rice production and curb the negative impact of rice importation on Ghana’s economy.
Ghana’s increasingdependency on rice imports and the consequent negative impact on
foreign exchange balances will continue to increase if there is not significant strategy and
policy shift in support of the local rice industry. Since the early 1970s, several project
interventions have sought to revive and develop the rice industry. National and agricultural
development plans and strategies, such as MTADP, AAGDS, GPRS I and II, FASDEP I and
II, and METASIP have since featured rice as one of the targeted food security crops. Since
2001, there have been about 16 completed and on-going rice-related development projects
implemented by MOFA and some donor partners.
With the objective of doubling rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa to meet one of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,
the Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) initiative was launched in 2008 and
spearheaded by JICA, NEPAD and AGRA. It brings together research agencies and
regional/international financial institutions and aims at doubling rice production in Sub-
Saharan Africa from 14 to 28 million tonnes in 10 years. Ghana is therefore among the first
CARD group of countries to design a National Rice Development Strategies (NRDS) that
focused on the following areas:
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
vi
• review of the national rice sector,
• challenges and opportunities related to the development of the rice sector including
trans-boundary/regional issues,
• priority areas and approaches including institutional and policy aspects,
• Vision and scope of the NRDS,
• Strategy by sub-sector, i.e. every component of the rice value chains with human and
financial resources’ needs and the financing sources.
To complement efforts of the NRDS, in the framework of a grant funded by the International
Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the specific duties assigned to the Ghana
national consultant are as follow:
1. Mapping of on-going or planned poverty reduction and national development
strategies, sector strategies, policies, programmes, related budget processes and
expenditure frameworks of direct or potential relevance to NRDS’ financing.
2. Mapping of on-going or planned frameworks of dialogue of direct or potential
relevance to the NRDS’ implementation.
3. Ensuring that investments in rice value chains is mainstreamed into Ghana’s national
annual budget allocations
4. To examine how resources can be mobilized from national and external sources for
investments in rice value chains
5. To analyse the role and responsibilities of key stakeholders who can improve the
status of rice value chains in the Ghana’s national strategies and investments plans.
6. To reconcile the proposed demand side of Ghana’s NRDS’s in terms of policy,
institutional and investment measures with the related opportunities (supply side) as
indicated in the above planning frameworks and tools, and
7. Identify gaps between the demand and the supply side of rice development strategies
in Ghana in terms of programmes, various measures or actions to be undertaken,
additional financial resources, and opportunities.
Secondary and primary data sources were used. The study reviewed relevant policy,
planning, sector-based, and strategic documents and frameworks from relevant sector
ministries and development partners. Some key stakeholders consultations were held with
relevant personnel at targeted Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDA’s) and the
private sector. Through the FAO/MOFA organised workshop on rice and aquaculture
development in Ghana from the 9-13th August 2010, stakeholders views were sought from a
cross-section of workshop participants through interactions to glean a deeper understanding
on how to reconcile and integrate the NRDS with relevant national development policies and
strategies and the way forward in achieving Ghana’s rice development strategies.
The national development strategy of Ghana is embodied in the Growth and Poverty
Reduction Strategy (GPRS II). The vision and objectives for the food and agriculture sector
as contained in FASDEP II indicates a link to (a) the GPRS II, (b) all the pillars of the
Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the New
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
vii
Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and (c) the Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS) Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP). Moreover, the programme
components of METASIP, the implementation wing of FASDEP II, also contain all the
CAADP pillars.
FASDEP II demonstrates consistency and coherence with GPRS II, sub-regional, regional,
and even global development goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
For example, the implementation of FASDEP II directly impacts on at least five of the
MDGs.
All government programmes, project, and strategies related to the agriculture sector are
prepared and implemented by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA). MOFA is the
lead ministry responsible for policy, planning, and implementation for the agriculture sector
within the context of a coordinated government programme. MOFA also collaborates with
development and donor partners to achieve policy objectives in the agriculture sector.
Development policies, programmes, strategies, and various projects undertaken by the
Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) include the following:
Plans/Strategies/Programmes
1. Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme-Vision 2020 (MTADP)
2. Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS)
3. Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy I (FASDEP I)
4. Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy II (FASDEP II)
5. Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP)
Projects
1. Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project (2003-2008)
2. Special Programme for Food Security in Ghana (2002-2007)
3. Project for Promotion of Farmers' Participation in Irrigation Management (FAPIM)
(2004-2006)
4. The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana (2006-2008)
5. Small Scale Irrigation Development Project (2001-2009)
6. Inland Valleys Rice Development Project (2004-2009). May be extended to 2011
7. Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Rice through Within-Species Gene Transfer
(2007-2009)
8. Small Farms Irrigation Project (2003-2009)
9. NERICA Rice Dissemination Project (2005-2010)
10. Rice Seed Production (2008-2010)
11. Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (2008-2012)
12. Rice Sector Support Project (2008-2014)
13. Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production (2009-
2014)
14. Development of low-input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa (2009-2015)
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
viii
15. Development of rice varieties with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency and salt
tolerance(2010-??)
16. Improving yield, quality and adaptability of upland and rain-fed lowland rice varieties
in Ghana to reduce dependency on imported rice (2010-2012)
17. An Emergency Initiative to Boost Rice Production (USAID – SARI) (2008-2010)
18. Improving Organic Matter content of soil for increased yield of NERICA (2006-2011)
19. Development of Rice Varieties with Enhanced Nitrogen-Use Efficiency and Salt
Tolerance (NUE-EST-AATF) (2010-2015)
20. Improving Yield, Quality and Adaptability of Upland and Rainfed Lowland Rice
Varieties in Ghana to Reduce Dependency on Imported Rice (CRI-AGRA) (2009-
2012)
21. Expanded Rice Programme (2008-on-going)
22. Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to
Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana (2011-2014)
The Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), General Budget Support (GBS), and
Sector Budget Support (SBS) and Sector Wide Approach (SWAp)1are the four funding and
expenditure frameworks in use by the government to efficiently allocate financial resources
to rice-related and other projects in sector ministries. MOFA has a decentralised system
through which policies and strategies related to rice are implemented at the regional and
district levels.
The seven (7) NRDS sub-sectors are linked to the GPRS II, FASDEP II, and the existing
(since its emergence in 2003) ECOWAP/CAADPframeworkanchored on 5 principles/pillars
and subscribed by Ghana for implemented through the FASDEP II. Various completed and
on-going rice projects are also linked to the NRDS sub-sectors, with the exception of sub-
sector two (Fertilizer Marketing and Distribution Strategy).
The challenges and constraints confronting all the identified value chain actors, namely, rice
input suppliers, farmers, bulkers, processors/millers, importers, wholesalers, retailers, and
consumers must be holistically addressed to create synergy to enhance efficiency and
productivity along the value chain. Some of the difficulties emanate from unfavourable
government policies whilst others are linked to relevant research, high input costs,
processing/milling technology, and financial constraints. These actors require tremendous
support from major stakeholders, such as the Government of Ghana, MOFA, MOFEP, GIDA,
GLDB, MOTI, Financial institutions, agricultural extensions agents, civil society and non-
governmental organisations.
Gaps identified that require immediate solution include the need to harmonise policies for
consistency, difficult land tenure arrangements, inadequate inputs (includes financial and
human resource capacity) for rice production, inadequate and outmoded infrastructural and
1SWAp (Sector Wide Approach) is a way of working of government and partners based on a unified multi-annual budgetary
framework and coordinated planning, funding and implementation that ensures local ownership, increases coherence between policy spending and results and relies on country systems.
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
ix
processing/milling facilities, mainstreaming of NRDS value chain activities into national
budgets, inadequate research (including socioeconomic research), weak extension delivery
services, and the need to factor in potential losers of the strategy into the value chain.
Remedial actions, some in the form of (research) projects, should be implemented.
Opportunities exist for the successful revamping of the rice industry through the NRDS.
These include the commitment from government, availability of huge tracts of land (for all
the rice growing ecologies), an existing strong marketing and distribution networks across the
country, and the gradual acceptance and consumption of local rice due to its health benefits
compared to imported rice, inter alia.
It is generally concluded that
• The implementation of the NRDS has the potential to contribute to food security,
poverty reduction, and enhanced welfare of the rice value chain actors through
employment creation outcomes.
• Ghana’s national development plans and strategies (GPRS I & II) and the agriculture
sector plans, policies, and strategies (FASDEP I & II, METASIP) have consistently
targeted rice as one of the food security crop.
• The NRDS sub-sectors are also linked to the GPRS II, FASDEP II and METASIP and
to regional and global national development programmes, such as CAADP and the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
• As Stakeholders, the government of Ghana, its sector ministries, departments, and
agencies and Ghana’s development partners are committed to the successful
implementation of the national rice development strategy.
To consistently achieve the NRDS objectives and targets over the 10-year horizon, the study
makes the following major recommendations for consideration:
• The NRDS vision should be a national vision to revamp the rice industry. Hence, key
players at the policy and highest decision-making levels on the government side,
notably cabinet members, parliamentarians, and sector ministers, chief directors and
budget officers in MOFEP and MOFA should be lobbied to ensure that investments at
all stages in the rice value chain receives attention and mainstreamed into annual
budgets. The NRDS task force should adopt workable strategies to communicate this
vision to these players.
• Through a combination of appropriate trade policy interventions, government should
consider giving some level of protection to the domestic rice industry to enhance its
take off through the NRDS. This policy should be evidenced-based so that credence
can be given to its implementation.
• There should be strong linkages of all actors (including input suppliers, financial
institutions, and agricultural extension services) and key stakeholders in the value
chain in order to sustain the strategy to achieve the desired results. Effective
collaboration is also required among the relevant sector ministries, departments, and
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
x
agencies such as MOFA, MOTI, Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA),
and Grains and Legumes Development Board (GLDB) on any issue related to NRDS.
• The NRDS team should link up with the Land Administration Project (LAP) for easy
accessibility to land for agricultural purposes.
• There are also numerous NGOs that are strategically positioned for the rice sector.
Collaborations with these NGOs will help provide the technical capacity requirements
of the strategy.
• Where necessary, public private partnerships (PPP) should be fostered among actors
in the value chain to create synergies for enhanced efficiency and project impacts.
• Access to affordable credit by farmers in general is still a big challenge. The NRDS in
collaboration with state-owned financial institutions such as the ADB should be roll
out a special low interest rate loan scheme for identified rice farmers to lower the cost
of production.
• Demand-driven and market-focused socio-economic research is needed to investigate
consumer perceptions, preferences (including quality issues), and willingness to
consume locally produced riceon continual bases. Empirical findings from such
studies will feed into the development, production, and marketing of locally produced
rice.
• GRIB is an important stakeholder that must be empowered to in terms of influential
and dedicated personnel to fully function and support the rice sector.
• Feasibility studies should be conducted to examine the welfare gains in establishing a
fertilizer production plant in Ghana as this is likely to improve the accessibility and
affordability of chemical fertilisers to Ghanaian farmers.
• All required infrastructural facilities for efficient rice production all year round (seed
production, rice production and milling) and other crucial and complementary
facilities to enhance the marketing and distribution of rice (good trunk and feeder
roads, electricity power supply, mechanisation and agricultural extension services,
input availability and delivery services, access to credit from formal and informal
sources, cold storage facilities, and warehouses at strategic locations, etc.) should be
provided.
• Simply rice irrigations facilities should be developed in all identified rice-growing
communities and districts in Ghana. Attention should be focused more on irrigated
ecology as high productivities can be achieved compared with the other two rice
ecologies. The installation of on-farm rice milling equipment should be included as
this will go a long way to improve the quality of local rice for therefore its
competitiveness.
• Model large-scale irrigation systems in areas with vast irrigable lands, areas as the
Afram Plains in the Eastern region and Nasia areas in the Northern region of Ghana
should also be pursued.
• Successful schemes should be scaled-up whilst focusing in productivity increases.
• There should be an ambitious and aggressive competitive rice value chain strategy
rolled out by NRDS task force that will promote the patronage and consumption of
local rice through branding and advertisements, and effective distribution networks.
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
xi
• Government should make it mandatory for all public institutions that serve meals,
such as the Ghana prisons service, primary and secondary educational institutions
(including the Ghana School Feeding Programme) to make the consumption of local
rice a significant portion of their rice purchases. This can be extended to some hotels
and restaurants to include the serving of Ghanaian rice as part of the menu.
• There should be a quasi-state organisation, as found in the cocoa industry (i.e.,
COCOBOD), that will oversee the production, quality-control, marketing,
distribution, and welfare of rice farmers in Ghana.
• Donor/development partners should continue to financially support Ghana’s efforts at
poverty reduction through research, “bankable” projects, and budgetary support.In
addition, funding to build productive capacities of both public and private
implementing institutions/organisations such as MOFA and champion stakeholders
such as GRIB to make them resilience for coordinated implementation of the NRDS
should be pursued.
• To avoid plummeting rice prices for farmers and the tendency of lowering production
levels, the government,through an established business unit or department in MOFA,
and not through the private sector,should provide a guaranteed minimum price per
unit of rice output.Modalities could be worked out to ensure the effective running of
this business unit. MOFA should collaborate with the National Food Buffer Stock
Company (NAFCO) to undertake this exercise. A specified percentage of all donor
sector budgetary support to MOFA could be allocated for the effective running of this
business unit.
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background
The agriculture sector in Ghana continues to serve the traditional role of providing food
security, supplying raw materials to industry, creation of employment opportunities, and the
earning of foreign exchange. Its dominant role in the economy makes this sector a target for
national development programmes and strategies. The agriculture sector is still the largest
foreign exchange earner and the largest contributor to Ghana’s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). Although an agrarian economy, Ghana produces 51% of its cereal needs, 60% of fish
requirements, 50% of meat, and less than 30% of the raw materials needed for agro-based
industries (FASDEP, 2007). Production of roots, tubers and vegetables such as tomatoes and
onions, the most widely used staple food crops, is rather erratic and vacillates between
scarcity, sufficiency and glut, depending on the vagaries of the weather (FASPEP, 2007).
Rice is the second most important cereal next to maize in Ghana and is fast becoming a cash
crop to many rice farmers. The total rice consumption in 2005 amounted to 500,000 tonnes
which was equivalent to 22 kg per person. Rice consumption has increased sharply in recent
years whilst the self-sufficiency ratio of rice in Ghana is as low as 20% to 30%. The rice
import bill is estimated at US$500 million annually and has become a source of concern to
government. In view of food security and foreign currency savings, increased production of
domestic rice with higher competitiveness against imported rice is paramount to Ghana’s
agricultural sector development (JICA, 2007).
With the objective of doubling rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa to meet one of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,
the Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) initiative was launched at the Tokyo
International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) in 2008 and spearheaded by
JICA, NEPAD and AGRA. CARD brings together research agencies and
regional/international financial institutions and aims at doubling rice production in Sub-
Saharan Africa from 14 to 28 million tonnes in 10 years.
In line with the aforementioned aims, a first CARD group of countries was selected. These
include Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria,
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda. These selected countries are to design their
National Rice Development Strategies (NRDS) during 2009 and every National Rice
Development Strategy (NRDS) has more or less focused on the following areas:
• review of the national rice sector,
• challenges and opportunities related to the development of the rice sector including
trans-boundary/regional issues,
• priority areas and approaches including institutional and policy aspects,
• Vision and scope of the NRDS,
• Strategy by sub-sector, i.e. every component of the rice value chains with human and
financial resources’ needs and the financing sources.
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
2
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is the main sponsor of these
country mapping strategies / programmes / projects with the NRDS’sub-sectors through a
grant in favour of the CARD Secretariat. IFAD aligns its assistance with each country's main
policies and strategies in the agriculture and rural sector.
1.2.Study Objectives
The purpose of the CARD initiated study on mapping Poverty Reduction Strategies, Sector
Strategies, and Policies related to Rice Development in the first group of CARD countries is
to:
1. To assess the coherence and linkages between the National Rice Development
Strategy (NRDS) and the relevant planning and programming frameworks including
(a) Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategies or equivalent, (b) relevant Sector-Based
Strategies, (c) Public expenditure frameworks at national/sector levels, (d) On-going
rice related programmes, and (e) Other relevant international programmes (including
CAADP and REC initiatives
2. To provide a basis for reconciling the NRDS’s requirements (demand side) in terms
of policy, institutional and investments2 measures/actions and the related
opportunities (supply side) as indicated in above planning frameworks and tools
The outcome of this initiative is to:
1. Enhance the integration of NRDS’s with the Poverty Reduction and National
Development Strategies (PRS/NDS), related sector priority setting and financing
processes and the four pillars of the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development
Programme3 CAADP) – by determining their linkages.
2. Laythe ground for broader donor support which will contribute to the funding of the
NRDS implementation, and
3. Contribute to ensure the sustainability of the funding of the NRDS implementation.
The specific duties assignedto the Ghana national consultant areas follow:
8. Mapping of on-going or planned poverty reduction and national development
strategies, sector strategies, policies, programmes, related budget processes and
expenditure frameworks of direct or potential relevance to NRDS’ financing.
9. Mapping of on-going or planned frameworks of dialogue of direct or potential
relevance to the NRDS’ implementation.
10. Ensuring that investments in rice value chains is mainstreamed into Ghana’s national
annual budget allocations
2Investments refer to both human and financial resources. 3 The four pillars of CAADP are: (i) Extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems, (ii) Improving rural infrastructure and trade-related capacities for market access, (iii) Increasing food supply, reducing hunger and improving responses to food emergency crises and (iv) Improving agriculture research, technology dissemination and adoption. The Sustainable development of livestock, fisheries, and forestry resources cuts across the four CAADP pillars and is considered in FASDEP II as the fifth CAADP pillar.
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
3
11. To examine how resources can be mobilized from national and external sources for
investments in rice value chains
12. To analyse the role and responsibilities of key stakeholders who can improve the
status of rice value chains in the Ghana’s national strategies and investments plans.
13. To reconcile the proposed demand side of Ghana’s NRDS’s in terms of policy,
institutional and investment measures with the related opportunities (supply side) as
indicated in the above planning frameworks and tools, and
14. Identify gaps between the demand and the supply side of rice development strategies
in Ghana in terms of programmes, various measures or actions to be undertaken,
additional financial resources, and opportunities.
1.3.Methodology
The study uses secondary and primary data sources and employs two main methodologies to
achieve the objectives. First, the study reviews relevant policy, planning, sector-based, and
strategic documents and frameworks through desk top research. Sources of secondary data
used for the study included the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Ministry of Trade
and Industry (MOTI), National Development Planning Commission (NDPC), Ministry of
Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP), Ministry of Environment and Science (MES),
Private Sector rice producers and importers, International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD), Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the Web, and other related sources.
Second, some key stakeholder consultations were held with relevant personnel at targeted
Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDA’s), private sector and non-governmental
organisations involved in rice development in Ghana. This report also benefited from the
FAO/MOFAorganised workshop on rice and aquaculture development in Ghana from the 9-
13th August 2010. Views were sought from interactions with a cross-section of workshop
participants to glean a deeper understanding on how to reconcile and integrate the NRDS
with relevant national development policies and strategies and the way forward in achieving
Ghana’s rice development strategies (see Appendix 0 for the list of individuals and /
orinstitutions consulted).
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), Sector Strategies and Policies Related to Rice
Development in Ghana
4
2. REVIEW OF NATIONAL AND SECTORAL STRATEGIES, POLICIES AND
EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORKS
2.1.Ghana’s Poverty Reduction Strategies
The development agenda for Ghana has been enshrined in the numerous poverty reduction
and growth strategies/programmes rolled out and implemented by successive governments, as
shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Duration of Development Plans and Strategies Name of plan/strategy/programme Planned Actual
Period Duration Period Duration
The Guggisberg Plan 1919-1926 7 1919-1926 7
The First Ten Year Development Plan 1951-1959 10 1951-1956 5
The Consolidation Development Plan 1957-1959 2 1957-1959 2
The Second Development Plan 1959-1964 5 195.9-1963 4
The Seven-Year Plan for National Reconstruction and Development
1963/64-1969/70 7 1963/64-1966 3
The Two-Year Development Plan 1968/69 -1969/70 2 1968/69 - 2
The One Year Development Plan May 1970 - June
1971
1 July 1970 -June
1971
1
The Five Year Development Plan 1975/76-1979/80 5 1975/76-1978 3
The Economic Recovery Programme/ Structural Adjustment Programme
1983-1989 7 1983-1989 7
The Ghana Vision 2020 (the First Medium-Term
Development Plan-1997-2000)
1995-2020 25 1996-2000 5
The Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP)
In 1983, Ghana implemented an economic recovery programme (ERP) and structural
adjustment programme (SAP) to stabilise the economy, reduce poverty, and to spur growth
and development in the economy. The First Medium Term Development Plan (MTDP) under
Ghana-Vision 2020 (1997-2000) was the first step for sustained poverty reduction
implemented. This had limited impact as it lacked poverty-focused policy initiatives. A
succession of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) were therefore initiated since 2000
as well as adopting the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as the
minimum requirements for socio-economic development and poverty reduction.
Consequently, an Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP) for Ghana was
prepared in June 2000 for the period 2000 to 2002 and has been used as an outline for growth
and poverty reduction.
The implementation of the I-PRSP was plagued with several bottlenecks due to the lack of
proper treatment of issues on the environment as cross cutting, among others. Following from
the deficiencies identified with respect to the implementation of I- PRSP, the concept of
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
5
mainstreaming was adopted as a relevant tool for ensuring improved comprehensiveness and
total inclusiveness.
The government of Ghana, through the NDPC, initiated the preparation of the Ghana Poverty
Reduction Strategy I (GPRS I) and GPRS II. GPRS Ibuilt on the I-PRSP, with greater
emphasis on mainstreaming of cross cutting issues, participation of key partners, including
civil society, the media, private sector, all arms of government and development partners.
The implementation of GPRS I was unable to accelerate growth through wealth creation and
was criticised along the lines of inadequate participatory processes and absence of a gender
focus when addressing various poverty issues, among others.
GPRS II was then launched with emphasis on growth-inducing policies and programmes
which have the potential to support wealth creation and sustainable poverty reduction.
Agriculture is expected to lead the growth and structural transformation in Ghana under this
development strategy. It placed emphasis on changing the structure of the economy by
diversifying Ghana’s export base to increase government revenues through international
trade, increasing agricultural productivity, processing and rural incomes and developing the
private sector. In GPRS-II, the economy was targeted to grow at an annual rate of 6-8% and
towards achieving a middle income status with a per capita income of at least US$1000 by
the year 2015 (JICA, 2007). Areas of intervention for modernising agriculture as specified in
the GPRS II are:
• Reform of land acquisition and property rights
• Accelerating provision of irrigation infrastructure
• Enhancing access to credit and inputs for agriculture
• Promoting selective crop development
• Improving access to mechanised agriculture
• Increasing access to extension services
• Provision of infrastructure for aquaculture
• Restoration of degraded environment
A current assessment of the Ghanaian economy at the end of 2009, after the implementation
of GPRS II reveals greater uncertainty about its economic growth prospects. This finding has
led to the formulation of another policy framework to guide national development in the
medium term. The Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework (MTNDPF):
Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA), 2010-2013 is yet to be unveiled
by the government for implementation.The strategic direction of this new medium-term
policy framework is to lay the foundation for structural transformation by the end of 2020
through industrialisation that is based on a modernised agricultural sector and the sustainable
exploitation of natural resources (including oil and gas) (NDPC, 2010).
According to the GSGDA, expenditure will be prioritized in favour of policies, programmes
and projects inthe areas of agriculture, infrastructure (including energy, oil and gas), water
and sanitation, health, education (including ICT, science, technology and innovation).
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2.2.Sector-based policies, programmes, and strategies
2.2.1. Agricultural Sector
Due to the importance and the dominant role of the agriculture sector in national economic
development, this sector has been a major focus in the national development agenda to reduce
poverty and accelerate growth and development. All the poverty reduction strategies and
programmes as contained in theMedium Term Development Plan (MTDP) under Ghana-
Vision 2020, GPSR I and II, and the yet-to-be-implemented GSGDA (2010-2013) serve as
national policy frameworks for all sector Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) to
subsequently prepare their sector plans and strategies. This is to ensure consistency with
national development objectives.
All government programmes, project, and strategies related to the agriculture sector are
prepared and implemented by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA). It is the lead
ministry responsible for policy, planning, and implementation for the agriculture sector
within the context of a coordinated government programme. MOFAalso collaborates with
development and donor partners to achieve policy objectives in the agriculture sector. The
development plan/programmes and the various projects undertaken by the Ministry of Food
and Agriculture (MOFA) are presented below.
Plans/Programmes
Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme (MTADP) (1991-2000)
During the third phase (liberalisation and growth phase) of the ERP and SAP in 1989, the
World Bank and the Government of Ghana through the Ministry of Food and Agricultural
(MOFA) initiated in 1988 the Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme
(MTADP) which provided policy guidelines for the operations of the Ministry. The
programme starting in 1991 and was meant to be a two 5-year rolling plan. This was a
comprehensive framework for recovery and accelerated growth in the Ghanaian agriculture
sector. Due to the slow growth in the agriculture sector, the MTADP was halted in 1995 and
the Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS) introduced.
Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS) (1996-1999)
To carry out its function and to further consolidate the gains made during the ERP/SAP era
and the MTADP implementation, MOFA in 1996 developed the Accelerated Agricultural
Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS). AAGDS estimated that the agricultural
sector’s growth rate of 4.0% envisaged under Vision 2020 should be increased to at least
6.0% per annum over the medium term (2001-2010) to achieve rapid, sustainable, and
equitable growth. To transform the agriculture sector, policies and programmes, such as the
Agricultural Services Sector Investment Programme (AgSSIP), and the Village Infrastructure
and Rural Financial Service Projects (VIRFSP) were implemented. The proposed
Agricultural Development Fund (ADF) was expected to complement these two facilities
(JICA, 2007).The AAGDS was also abandoned and another policy, the Food and Agricultural
Sector Development Policy (FASDEP), was introduced by the government of the day.
Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy I (FASDEP I) (2002-2006)
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The first Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy (FASDEP I) was formulated in
2002 to consolidate the key elements of AAGDS. FASDEP I was designed to provide a
holistic policy framework to modernize (commercialize) agriculture and to catalyse rural
transformation. The policy also emphasised on the linkages among the various agricultural
sub-sectors and non-agricultural sectors.This policy also focused on strengthening the private
sector as the engine of growth. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) later indicated
the inability of FASDEP I to achieve the desired poverty reduction objectives. This led to the
formulation and implementation of a second sector policy, called FASDEP II.
Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy II (FASDEP II) (2007-date)
The implementation of FASDEP II commenced in 2009. This policy benefited from the
weaknesses of FASDEP I. The six (6) agricultural policy objectives set under FASDEP II are
as follows:
• Food security and emergency preparedness
• Improved growth in incomes and reduced income variability
• Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration into domestic and international
markets
• Sustainable management of land and environment
• Science and Technology Applied in food and agriculture development
• Improved Institutional Coordination
FASDEP adopts the sector-wide approach to managing agricultural development as opposed
to the discrete project approach pursued in the past. It is the strategic framework within which
all on-going and future programmes and projects operate. FASDEP II provides a broad
framework for agricultural development out of which detailed projects and programme
implementation plans and activities will be developed to deal with specific issues.
FASDEP II avoids duplication and waste by making efforts to bring all donor-funded projects
within a coordinated framework by harmonizing procurement, disbursement, and reporting
procedures. In addition, this policy framework identifies the private sector as the engine of
growth and market access as a major element required for its success (JICA, 2007).
FASDEP is to ensure food security and promote import substitution. In particular, FASDEP I
aimed at reducing rice import by 30% by 2004 by increasing domestic levels of production to
370,000 tonnes. However, this production target could not be realized. Specific measures
planned to attain this level of production were geared toward increased mechanization,
increased cultivation of inland valley, and effective and efficient utilization of the existing
irrigated systems. In addition, varietal improvement and increased seed production and
utilization were pursued. The provision of credit for production, improved production and
marketing were covered (JICA, 2007). Among others, FASDEP II also focuses on rice
development along the rice value chain whilst the development of irrigation schemes for
different categories of farmers is pursued. However, FASDEP II focuses on controlling
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imports, such as rice imports, through the use of standards instead of quotas and import
tariffs.
Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP)
The Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) 2009-2015, is an
investment plan prepared by MOFA to implement the medium term (2009-2015)
programmes contained in FASDEP II. Thus, the METASIP details the strategies to
implement the agricultural policy objectives contained in FASDEP II. The development of
rice using the value chain approach is captured strongly in the investment plan. Financing the
METASIP will require financial support from both the private and public sectors. Under the
food security and emergency preparedness programme, agriculture productivity (yield) of
rice, among others, will be increased by 50%. Moreover, the productivity of irrigation
schemes and intensification of irrigation will be increased by 25% and 50% respectively by
the end of 2012 (MOFA, 2007). The plan targets to increase rice self-sufficiency ratio from
22% in 2009 to 75% by 2015.
The METASIP will require GH¢958 million in the first year and increasing to GH¢2.59
billion in the seventh (final) year of implementation to finance the plan. A funding gap
analysis suggest that amounts of GH¢607 million (first year) and GH¢2.23 billion (seventh
year) will have to be sourced from elsewhere to complement what will be readily available to
implement the METASIP.
ECOWAP/ CAADP
Since the emergence of CAADP in 2003, Ghana has adhered to the five CAADP principles as
part of its efforts to promote and deepen its commitment for agriculture, economic, and social
development,as well as planning and budgeting developments in the agriculture
sectorthrough the successful implementation of FASDEP II. The ECOWAS countries have
also adopted the CAADP implementation framework, hence ECOWAP/CAADP. In 2005,
Ghana requested the assistance of FAO to prepare a National Medium-Term Investment
Programme (NMTIP) and a Portfolio of Bankable Investment Project Profiles (BIPPs) that
would enable partners to make preliminaryindications of interest in any of the identified
projects, and the level of funding commitment. The ECOWAP / CAADP Compact was
officiallysigned by Ghana in 2009, which further confirms the determination and
commitment with which Ghana aims at achieving the five CAADP pillars.
It was noted that to ensure adequate support to FASDEP II, the pillars of the ECOWAP/
CAADP Compact has been align with the objectives of FASDEP II and the agricultural
investment plan (METASIP) as shown in Table 2.2:
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Table 2.2: FASDEP Objectives and their Alignment with CAADP Pillars and the
Investment Plan Corresponding CAADP Pillars and
crosscutting issues
FASDEP Objectives
Medium Term Agriculture
Sector Investment Plan
(METASIP) (2009-2015),
programmes and
components
Pillar 3:
Increasing Food Supply and Reducing
Hunger Across the Region by Increasing
Smallholder Productivity and
Improving Responses to Food
Emergencies. Includes emergency food supply management, nutrition, school feeding schemes, HIV/AIDS support strategies, attention to priority livelihood sectors. Pillar 5:
Sustainable Development of Livestock,
Fisheries and Forestry Resources(cross-cutting) Pillar 1:
Extending the Area Under Sustainable
Land Management and Reliable Water
Control Systems. Includes soil fertility management and conservation, agricultural water use and irrigation, and land policy and administration.
1. Food Security and
Emergency
Preparedness.Includes vulnerability in food security through contingency planning, emergency preparedness including establishment of strategic stocks to address the negative effects of climatic change and natural disasters.
• Productivity improvement • Support to improved nutrition • Support for Diversification of Livelihood Options of the poor with Off-farm Activities Linked to agriculture • Food storage and distribution • Early Warning Systems and Emergency preparedness • Irrigation and water management • Mechanisation services
Pillar 2:
Increasing Market Access Through
Improved Rural Infrastructure and
Other Trade Related Interventions.
Includes supply chain development, quality control and management system development, export infrastructure, and global trade policies and agreements
Pillar 5:
Sustainable Development of Livestock,
Fisheries and Forestry Resources (cross-cutting)
2. Improved Growth in
Incomes and Reduced Income
Variability. Includes income diversification activities involving a range of commodities including cash crops, livestock and indigenous commodities. This will be done through the value chain approach and application of science and technology to improve productivity.
• Promotion of cash crop, livestock and fisheries production for income in all ecological zones • Development of new products • Development of pilot value chains for one selected commodity in each ecological zone • Intensification of FBOs and out-grower grower schemes concept • Rural infrastructure • Support to
Pillar 2:
Increasing Market Access through
Improved Rural Infrastructure and
other Trade Related Interventions.
Includes supply chain development, quality control and management system development, export infrastructure, and global trade policies and agreements.
3. Increased Competitiveness
and Enhanced Integration
into Domestic and
International Markets.
Includes enhancing capacity of players to access markets, improving quality standards, safety and provision of infrastructure such as cold chain facilities.
Marketed output of non-export smallholder commodities increased. • Export of non-traditional agricultural export commodities by men and women smallholders increased. • Grading and standardization
Pillar 1:
Extending the Area under Sustainable
Land Management and Reliable Water
Control Systems. Includes soil fertility
4. Sustainable Management
of Land and Environment.
Includes sustainability in utilisation of resources through
• Policies and regulations to support SLM at all levels reviewed and strengthened. • Institutional capacity at all
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management and conservation, agricultural water use and irrigation, and land policy and administration.
programmes, policy, regulation and mitigation measures against environmental degradation.
levels within the food and agriculture sector built to support the promotion of SLM. • Technology dissemination and adoption for scaling-up of SLM. • Technical capacity at all levels built to support promotion and dissemination of SLM technologies. • SLM knowledge to support policy and investment decision making generated and adequately managed. • An effective, efficient and motivating incentive system for SLM established
Pillar 4:
Improving Agricultural Research and
Systems to Disseminate Appropriate
New Technologies and Increasing the
Support Given to Help Farmers Adopt
Them. Includes technology development, access and dissemination; innovation systems platforms; building research capacity and training
5. Science and Technology
Applied in Food and
Agriculture Development.
Includes enhancing application of science by all economic agents, improved technologies to support priority areas and client linkage systems to ensure demand driven research and utilisation of results.
• Adoption of improved technologies by men and women farmers increased. • Agricultural research funding increased. • A MOFA Unit to coordinate research output of the agricultural sector is well resourced and made functional. • A sustainable funding mechanism for RELCs established and operational.
Coordination. Includes enhanced partnership and harmonisation of efforts in order to achieve maximum results in growth and development of the sector.
• Strengthen Intra-ministerial coordination • Inter-ministerial coordination • Partnership with Private sector and Civil Society Organisations • Coordination with Development Partners
Source: Ghana ECOWAP/CAADP, 2009
Projects
Various on-going and completed rice-related development projects implemented by MOFA
and some donor partners are presented below. Sixteen of such projects have been identified
and the details can be found in the Appendix 1.
1. Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project (2003-2008)
2. Special Programme for Food Security in Ghana (2002-2007)
3. Project for Promotion of Farmers' Participation in Irrigation Management (FAPIM)
(2004-2006)
4. The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana (2006-2008)
5. Small Scale Irrigation Development Project (2001-2009)
6. Inland Valleys Rice Development Project (2004-2009). May be extended to 2011
7. Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Rice through Within-Species Gene Transfer
(2007-2009)
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8. Small Farms Irrigation Project (2003-2009)
9. NERICA Rice Dissemination Project (2005-2010)
10. Rice Seed Production (2008-2010)
11. Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (2008-2012)
12. Rice Sector Support Project (2008-2014)
13. Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production (2009-
2014)
14. Development of low-input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa (2009-2015)
15. Development of rice varieties with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency and salt
tolerance(2010-??)
16. Improving yield, quality and adaptability of upland and rain-fed lowland rice varieties
in Ghana to reduce dependency on imported rice (2010-2012)
17. An Emergency Initiative to Boost Rice Production (USAID – SARI) (2008-2010)
18. Improving Organic Matter content of soil for increased yield of NERICA (2006-2011)
19. Development of Rice Varieties with Enhanced Nitrogen-Use Efficiency and Salt
Tolerance (NUE-EST-AATF) (2010-2015)
20. Improving Yield, Quality and Adaptability of Upland and Rainfed Lowland Rice
Varieties in Ghana to Reduce Dependency on Imported Rice (CRI-AGRA) (2009-
2012)
21. Expanded Rice Programme (2008-on-going)
22. Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to
Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana (2011-2014)
2.2.2. Other Sectors
It is revealing to know that,apart from MOFA,the other sector ministrieshave no specific
policy or programmes geared towards rice development in Ghana although some of their
projects and programmes largely contribute to agricultural development.The Ministry of
Food and Agriculture (MOFA) is solely responsible for the formulation and implementation
of agriculture policies and programmes. However, MOFA collaborates and leverages on the
capacity of other ministries and agencies such as Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI), the
Ministry of Roads and Highways (MORH), Ministry of Transport (MOT), the Ministry of
Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR), the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), the Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA), and Grains and Legumes
Development Board (GLDB). The last two institutions are sub-vented organisations under the
Ministry of Food and Agriculture. For example, MOFA is collaborating with the Ministry of
Roads and Highways (MORH) to identify, rehabilitate, and construct feeder roads leading to
areas of high agriculture potential in all the ten regions of Ghana. Since MORH has the
mandate to construct feeder roads, among others, it is the Ministry’s sole responsibility to
seek funding sources for such laudable projects. In this regard, there is no co-funding
between MOFA and MORH. Rather, MOFA leverages or influences MORH’s decisions by
identify feeder roads of interest to MOFA. Moreover, research institutions under the CSIR,
such as the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) and the Crop Research Institute
(CRI) undertake rice-related research
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2.2.3. Consistency with sub-regional, regional, and global development programmes
The national development strategy of Ghana is embodied in the Growth and Poverty
Reduction Strategy (GPRS II). A careful examination of the vision and objectives for the
food and agriculture sector as contained in FASDEP II indicates a link to (a) the GPRS II, (b)
all the pillars of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)
of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and (c) the Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP) (see sub-
section 2.2.1 on ECOWAP/CAADP for more details). Moreover, theprogramme components
of METASIP, the implementation wing of FASDEP II, also containall the CAADP
pillars.Although the Ghanaian ECOWAP/CAADP agreement is not explicit on rice
development, the CAADP Pillar 3, which aims at increasing food supply and reducing
hunger,makes room for the development of rice in Ghana. Moreover, rice is one of the
targeted crops to be promoted in FASDEP II.
Thus, FASDEP II demonstrates consistency and coherence with GPRS II, sub-regional,
regional, and even global development goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs). For example, the implementation of FASDEP II directly impacts on at least five of
the MDGs.
2.2.4. Status of rice in national development plans
Rice is the second most important staple crop, next to maize, and now considered a cash crop.
Since the early 1970s, efforts have been made to develop the rice industry in Ghana. The
implementation of the Structural Adjustments Programmes (SAP) in the 1980s, which saw
the removal of input subsidies, marked the decline in the local rice industry in Ghana. Since
then, several project interventions have sought to revive the industry. National and
agricultural development plans and strategies have since featured rice as one of the food
security crops. It must be emphasised that all the national development plans, policies,
programmes, and strategies as captured in MTADP, AAGDS, GPRS I and II, FASDEP I and
II, and METASIP have sought to promote rice development but with various degrees of
success.
It is the broad strategy of the FASDEP II to attain food security through the promotion and
development of five staple crops (i.e., maize, rice, yam, cassava, and cowpeaby focusing at
the national and agro-ecological levels. Rice being the second most important staple crop in
Ghana, it is the objective of CAADP therefore to increase food supply and reducing hunger
across the region by increasing smallholder productivity and improving responses to food
emergencies. To achieve this, it is the strategy of the CAADP to give attention to priority
livelihood sectors such as rice.
2.3.Current public expenditure framework and funding processes
The Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) budgetary process was introduced in
Ghana in 1998 for two reasons: first, to provide a better tool for deficit management through
realistic revenue projections, and second, to identify priority objects of expenditure. The
MTEF is a budgeting tool that allows government to plan its public expenditure outlays over
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the medium term (3 years) to ensure the most efficient and sustainable allocation of
resources.
The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) provides the guidelines to sector
ministriesto prepare their annual budgets using the MTEF, which is the main public
expenditure framework for the implementation of policies and national strategies, such as
GPRS II and FASDEP II.
There are two main sources of funds for implementing the annual budgets. These are the
Government of Ghana (Consolidated Funds and Internally Generated Funds (IGF)) and from
Donor/Development Partners.
Since 2003, Ghana and her Development Partners (DP) agreed to adopt a Multi-Donor
Budget Support (MDBS) which serve as additional sources of funding. Currently, eleven
DPs4 provide budgetary support to assist Ghana implement its national budget and its
associated public expenditure plans. Eight of the DPs are bilateral development
partners/donors and three are multilateral in nature.The budgetary support includes both
General Budget Support (GBS) and Sector Budget Support (SBS).
General Budget Support (GBS) can be allocated in the form of grants or loans by DPs and
the funds go directly into the national budget. It covers financial assistance as a contribution
to the overall budget with any conditionality focused on policy measures related to overall
budget priorities. Sector Budget Support (SBS) is similar to GBS, but the funds go to support
the budget of a particular sector. The government receives also grants and loans that are
specifically related to the implementation of certain projects. This financial aid disbursed
may come with any conditionality relating to these sectors.The Sector Wide Approach
(SWAp)typically contains a mix of project aid and other modalities, the bulk of which is not
disbursed through government systems.
At the sector level, MOFA’s plans and budgets are prepared in line with the planning
procedures of the MTEF. The planning and budgeting procedures assumes a bottom-up
approach, through the decentralized framework of MOFA whiles implementation assumes a
top-down approach.
As a bottom up approach, budgets are prepared by districts and regions as units based on the
Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF).That is, the District Agricultural
Development Units (DADU) estimate the actual financial requirements needed to achieve
their sectorial objectives. These budgets are then submitted to their Regional Agricultural
Development Units (RADU) for onward submission to the Head office in Accra. MOFA at
the national level (i.e., head office) then submits the MOFA’s budget to the Ministry of
4These are the African Development Bank (AfDB), Canada, Denmark, the European Commission (EC), France,
Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, UK and the World Bank.
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Finance and Economic Planning (MFEP). Funds are then allocated directly by MFEP toall
Regional and District Directorates of MOFA.
The top down process of allocating resources to all Ministries, Departments, and Agencies
(MDAs)for implementation is guided by a policy review process. The MOFEP estimates the
total resources available and cabinet decides how these resources should be allocated between
the five broad sectors based on government priorities. Following the policy hearings, sectorial
ceilings are developed and communicated to all MDAs in the Budget Guidelines circulated to
them, which indicate the total resources to be available for the forthcoming three years,
including donor resources. The MDA’s, including MOFA, then review their strategic plans
and policies in the context of the total resource envelope.
With regards to projects and programmes, whereby grant and/or technical assistance is
involved, the process of implementation often begins with the designing, together with a
sector or government department (depending on the size of the programme and the funding
involved) and a development partner. However, in the case of a loan financed programme or
project, the process begins with the ministry (MOFA) designing and decentralising the
implementation through its regional and district units to impact beneficiaries at the
grassroots, especially farmers.
To ensure that the agriculture sector in developing economies received adequate funding to
accelerate growth and productivity increases through investments in the sector,inter alia,
Ghana became a signatory to the Maputo Declaration in 2003 to annually allocate at least
10% of government expenditure to the agricultural sector. As shown in Table 2.3, annual
government budgetary allocation to the agriculture sector increased from 5.7% in 2003 to
10.3% in 2006 and then declined to 9.0% in 2009. The likely cogent explanation for these
observed trends is consciousness and renewed commitment on the part of government in
2006 to achieve the Maputo Declaration target. That may explain the close to 10% allocations
to the agriculture sector from 2006. Since 2004, budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector
has, on the average, being 9.6% of national budget. Generally, there seems to be some level
of commitment by government in complying with the Maputo Declaration.
Table 2.3: Share of Actual Agricultural Expenditure as against National Actual Expenditure(GH¢ ‘000)
Expenditure Area 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total – National Expenditure 760,070 1,102,910 1,031,810 2,515,885 3,569,970 3,964,297 3,842,750 8,659,268
Share of Agric. to national (%) 6.8% 5.7% 8.8% 9.6% 10.3% 9.9% 10.2% 9%
Source: MOFEP, 2010
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However, there are plans to establish an Export Development and Agricultural Fund (EDAF),
which is to replace the initially proposed Agricultural Development Fund (ADF), to increase
investments in the agricultural sector. The EDAF is to build upon the existing Export
Development and Investment Fund (EDIF) which was established in 2000 to provide
financial resources for the development and promotion of the export trade of Ghana. The
EDIF’s sources of funding include the following: 10% of net proceeds realised from
divestiture of stateenterprises; 0.5% of cost, insurance and freight (CIF) value ofcommercial
imports, excluding petroleum products; grants from government and other sources; recoveries
of loans and interest payments; and loans and other credit facilities that the board of thefund
may obtain with government guarantee. Hence, EDAF will be funded through these sources.
2.4.Process of implementation of strategies, policies and programmes
A number of agricultural strategies, policies and programmes implemented by the
government of Ghana and her Development Partners (DPs) are done through the existing
decentralized system. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) operates a
decentralised system. Thus, since the passage of the local government Law (Act 462) in
1993, policies are to be implemented at the district level. However, this has been fraught with
many challenges, such as the flow of limited funds to the districts to implement policies and
projects, lack of requisite human resource capacity to implement projects, and the multi-
tasking of projects (FASDEP II, 2009).
At the national level, MOFAfacilitates and coordinates agricultural programmes and also
engagescentral government and the DPs in promoting agriculture. At the regional level, the
Regional Agricultural Development Units (RADU) coordinates agricultural
programmeswhilst the District Agricultural Development Units (DADU) carry out these
national strategies and programmes at the grassroots level to benefit targeted farmers and
other private individuals.The DADUs also collaborate with District Assemblies to implement
projects through the district common funds to benefit the entire district. The process of
implementation involves both direct contacts with farmers as well as use of third party
institutions such as NGOs to increase the capacity of rural farmers’ organizations.
With such decentralized framework and administrative infrastructure in place, it is the
deliberate policy of government in decentralizing budgetary processes and programme
implementation. This means at the regional level RADUs receive government budget
allocation to carry out research and develop human resource needs for the various DADUs
under it. Other budgetary allocations also go to DADUs to carry out their outreach
programmes and extension services to farmers and other agricultural actors in the districts.
The district assembly common funds, allocated from the government’s Common Fund, is
allocated to District Assemblies for community development purposes. And in the
performance of its function, the District Assembly works through the Executive Committee
(presided over by the District Chief Executive and consists of not more than one-third of the
total members of the Assembly excluding the Presiding member). The executive committee
also works with five mandatory subcommittees: development planning, social services,
works, justice and security, and finance and administration.
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Through thesesubcommittees that comprisethe heads of departments and the various units at
the assembly (including MOFA), these funds are allocated to designed and targeted
programmes. To ensure proper reallocation of these funds,various sub-committees (who are
the members of the sub-committees?) are formed to plan, design and oversee targeted
projects and programmes at the district level. Most often, DADUs receive additional funding
from the district common funds, especially when agriculture is a priority to the district.
However, the priority of the district common fund is to implement government’s programmes
and projects.
Over the years the focus and priority of agricultureprogrammes and projects has been on food
security and income generation.Most intervention approaches by donors, governments and
development organisations tend to focus on on–farm production where most poor people
operate.Impact on the livelihood of resource-poor farmers has been limited as this approach
only looked at one side of the value chain. However, the new strategic direction and focus of
most government or donor-driven agricultural programmes and projectsis to address the
challenges of the entire value chain. This has made collaborations easier as agencies can
target interventions at different levels of the value chain to ensure an improved impact on
chain actors.
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3. MATCHING OF THE STRATEGIES / POLICIES / PROGRAMMES AND
THE EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORKS WITH THE NRDS’SUB-SECTORS
3.1.Goal and Objectives of NRDS
Ghana’s National Rice Development Strategy (G-NRDS), designed for an 10-year period
(2009-2018), seeks to contribute to national food security, increased income, and reduced
poverty towards the attainment of self-sufficiency from sustainable rice production. The
objectives of the NRDS are as follows:
1. To increase domestic production by 10% annually using gender-sensitive and
productivity-enhancing innovations for small holders, commercial rice producers, and
entrepreneurs along the value chain.
2. To promote consumption of local rice through quality improvement by targeting both
domestic and sub-regional markets.
3. To enhance capacity of stakeholders to utilize rice by-products, thus contributing to
sound environmental management practices, and
4. To promote dialogue among rice stakeholders within the value chain towards building
efficient information sharing and linkages.
3.2.The Ghana NRDS sub-sectors
As part of efforts to accelerate the development of the rice subsector, the Ministry of Food
and Agriculture (MOFA) has developed a rice sub- sector strategic plan in collaboration with
stakeholders. This national rice development strategy focuses on seven thematic areas,
namely:
1. Seed production system,
2. Fertilizer marketing and distribution,
3. Post-harvest handling and marketing,
4. Irrigation and water control investment,
5. Equipment access and maintenance,
6. Research and technology dissemination, and
7. Community mobilization, farmer-based organizations and microcredit management
The G-NRDS plan was derived from a joint initiative for developing the African rice sector
by Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), CARD, and JICA. The policy
initiatives, inter alia, seek to: (i) adopt value chain approach to agricultural development with
emphasis on value addition and market access, (ii) build capacity to meet challenges of
quality standards on the international market, whilst focusing on increasing productivity
along the value chain, (iii) scale up appropriate land and water management practices in
various farming systems, (iv) build stronger partnerships between government and the
private sector, (v) develop FBOs to improve small holder access to services and (vi) enhance
support to commercial farming ventures (NRDS,2009).
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3.3.Matching the Strategies, Policies, and Programmes with the Various NRDS
subsectors
As noted earlier, various development strategies and policies have sought to promote rice
development in Ghana. The Ghana NRDS has been designed with linkages to key national
agricultural strategic and policy frameworks such as the current agriculture sector
development policy guideline (FASDEP II), GPRS-II and CAADP. Table 3.1 shows the
matching/mapping of the NRDS sub-sectors to relevant strategic policy frameworks in
Ghana.
It must be noted that the issue of access and control over land in different communities to
ensure equity and security of tenure is a fundamental problem that must be addressed. Land
tenure insecurity hinders the effective development, through research, of suitable rice seed
varieties for the identified agro-ecologies. Improving the system of land registration to
protect the interest of smallholders is equally important to ensure tenure security, the
continuous production ofrice seed varieties on large scale, and investments on the land.
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
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Table 3.1: Linkage between NRDS subsectors and some relevant policy frameworks NRDS GPRS FASDEP (II) CAADP
Sub-sector 1: Seed System
Developefficient rice seed system within the remits of the overall input needs of the rice sector
- Promoting selective crop development
- Develop and multiply new improved seeds and planting materials of selected crops (which includes rice). - Reform to land acquisition and property rights: Re-examine existing variations in access and control over land in different communities to ensure equity. (This has a link to the seed system in that access to appropriate land and the security of
tenurematter to the effective development, through research, of suitable rice seed varieties for the identified agro-ecologies.) - Improve the system of land registration to protect the interest of smallholders (to have tenure security to devote their fields/crop lands to the continuous production seed rice).
- Introduce high-yielding and short-duration (crop) rice varieties. - Establish contingency plans and strategic stocks (of rice seeds) to support national emergency preparedness - Bridge knowledge and skills gap through education and training tailored more closely to needs of the sector (e.g., rice seed technologist and pathologists, etc.)
Pillar 3: Increase food supply to reduce hunger across the region by increasing smallholder productivity and improve response to food emergencies
Sub-sector 2: Fertilizer Marketing
and Distribution Strategy
- Enhancing access to credit and inputs for agriculture - Fertilizer use: enhance fertilizer use through efficient distribution, access and affordability by smallholder farmers. - Ecology-specific organic fertilizer use system will be encouraged
-
-
Sub-sector 3: Post-Harvest and
Marketing Strategy.
Paddy to be processed into acceptable national minimum standards by providing appropriate harvesting, threshing and milling facilities. (N5b) Marketing, branding and promotion of local rice, packaging, retailing and food bazaars.
- Development of FBOs capable of securing fair prices for products. - Encourage the setting up of satellite markets in urban centres to provide outlets for rural farmers to dispose off their products. - Encourage private sector to set-up produce buying companies - Promote processing, preservation and utilisation of crops, animals, and fish products. - Promote the establishment of storage facilities, including community level facilities - Increasing access to extension services and expand the coverage and effectiveness of extension agents.
- Improve accessibility and facilitate distribution of crops - Develop effective post-harvest management strategies, particularly storage facilities at the individual and community levels
Pillar 2: Market Increase – market access through improved rural infrastructure and other trade related interventions which includes supply chain development, quality control and management system development, export infrastructure and global trade policies and agreements.
Sub-sector 4: Irrigation and Water
Control Investment Strategy
Irrigation and water control
- Accelerating the Provision of Irrigation Infrastructure: small-scale interventions such as dug-outs, hand pump systems, valley bottom schemes, etc. - Rehabilitation, expansion and promotion of the use of the
- Develop appropriate small-scale irrigation schemes for the different ecologies of farmers to ensure production throughout
Pillar 1: Extend the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
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investment strategy – expand rice production under irrigation (existing schemes rehabilitated and new gravity controlled schemes built). Low cost water control structure developed for rain-fed lowland systems.
existing irrigation facilities and infrastructure. - Promote valley-bottom irrigation schemes; ground water development and exploitation for irrigation purposes. - Restoration of degraded environment – minimize the impact of environmental degradation (restoring degraded natural resources)
the year
systems which includes soil fertility management and conservation agricultural water management, agricultural water use and irrigation land policy and administration
Sub-sector 5: Equipment access and
maintenance strategy
Easy and timely access to improved agricultural equipment / machinery
- Improved access to mechanised agriculture - Ensure easy and affordable access to tractor services to all irrespective of gender - Provide shellers and processing equipment
-
-
Sub-sector 6: Research and
Technology Dissemination strategy
Need to enhance technology development and dissemination along the rice value chain
- Promoting and supporting the development of key selected crops with proven potential to contribute significantly to domestic food security, agro industry and export. - developing and multiplying new improved seeds. - Agriculture mechanisation: development and use of small-scale technologies that target smallholder farmers especially women in the area of tillage, storage and processing
-
Pillar 4: Research – improve agricultural research and systems to disseminate appropriate new technologies and increase the support given to help farmers adopt them which includes building research capacity and training
Sub-sector 7: Community
Mobilization, FBOs and Credit
Management strategy
Important key actors (smallholders, processors, traders, etc.) mobilized and animated into cohesive and well-functioning groups Effective management of credit system put in place
Access to credit and inputs for agriculture. - Initiate special interventions to improve access to affordable credit by farmers (special emphasis on increasing the proportion of women to gain access to credit) - Promote and support the establishment of FBOs to enhance access to group credit and other crucial inputs and services.
- Introduce high-yielding and short duration (crop) rice varieties.
Pillar 3: Increase food supply to reduce hunger across the region by increasing smallholder productivity and improve response to food emergencies
Source: NRDS, 2009
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The following programmes and projects in the rice sector of Ghana, as shown in Table 3.2 are also strongly in alignment with the NRDS’
subsectors. Although some of these programmes have just ended whiles others are near completion, they provide fertile grounds for the NRDS
subsectors. See
Appendix 0: List of representatives and institutions consulted
No. Name of contact person Institution
1 Mr Richard Twumasi-Ankrah MOFA, Accra
2 Mr Daniel OhemengBoateng Budget Officer, PPMED, MOFA, Accra
3 Mr Ebenezer Azasu MOFA, Cape Coast
4 Mr Fidelis Avogo Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB), Accra
5 Mr Kofi Addo Commercial Officer, MOTI, Accra
6 Ms Agnes Addae African Development Bank (AfDB) desk, MOFEP, Accra
7 Ms Victoria Adongo Programme Coordinator, Peasant Farmers Association of Ghana (PEFAG), Accra
8 Dr Robert AgyeibiAsuboah Seed Technologist/Pathologist, Grains and Legumes Development Board, MOFA, Kumasi
9 Mr Isaac Boateng ACDI/VOCA-ADVANCE Project
10 Ms Hannah Nyamekye Project Coordinator, Farmers Organisation Network for Ghana (FONG), Accra
11 Mr Tanko Ibrahim Rice Farmer, Tanokrom, BrongAhafo Region, Ghana
12 Dr RukunudinIbniHajar Director, Mechanization and Automation Research Centre, P.O. Box 12301, 0774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
Appendix 1for details of the following programmes and projects.
Table 3.2: Matching of rice projects to NRDS sub-sectors
NRDS Subsector 1: Seed System
Matching Strategy/
Programme/ Project
Component of Strategy/
Programme/ Project matching
NRDS subsector
Funding
Agency
Cost of Strategy/
Programme/ Project
(Period)
Coverage Field of Support
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NERICA Rice Dissemination Project (Project is also linked
to NRDS subsectors
3)
Access to high yielding seedlings, Technology transfer, improved production output, marketing of aromatic variety
AfDB USD 3,667,326
(2005-2010)
Tolon-Kumbungu District (Northern Region), Ejura-Sekyedumase District (Ashanti Region), Hohoe Municipality (Volta Region)
Seed, Marketing, Extension and Training, Production
Inland Valleys Rice Development Project
(Project is also linked
to NRDS subsectors
3, 4, 6, and 7)
Land management, Adaptive research and surveys, credit for crop development, capacity building
AfDB USD 15 million
(2004-2009)
Brong-Ahafo, Ashanti, Eastern, Western, Central Regions
Research and Development, Extension and training, credit, marketing, production, seedlings, Irrigation, postharvest management
Rice Seed Production Rice seed production to provide farmers with affordable price
AGRA USD 149,973 (Grant for Seed Production for
Africa)
(2008-2010)
Upper East, Upper West and Northern Regions
Seedling Production
Table 3.2: continued
NRDS Subsector 2: Fertilizer Marketing and Distribution
Matching Strategy/
Programme/ Project
Component of Strategy/
Programme/ Project matching
NRDS subsector
Funding
Agency
Cost of Strategy/
Programme/ Project
(Period)
Coverage Field of Support
- - - - - -
Table 3.2: continued
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NRDS Subsector 3: Postharvest and Marketing
Matching Strategy/
Programme/ Project
Component of Strategy/ Programme/ Project matching NRDS
subsector
Funding
Agency
Cost of
Strategy/
Programme/
Project
(Period)
Coverage Field of Support
Rice Sector Support Project
(Project is also
linked to NRDS
subsectors 7)
1.Land development to provide adapted infrastructure in lowland areas 2. Build capacity of rice stakeholders to form farmer-based organizations 3. Provide technical support to producers and improved technologies to processors 4. Facilitate access to credit for all activities along the rice value chain 5. Test new varieties of rice such as poly-aptitute ones developed in Brazil
AFD USD 17.3 million
(2008-2014)
Upper East, Upper West, Northern and Volta Regions
Extension and training, production, marketing, postharvest management, credit, capacity building
Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB)
1. Facilitate the implementation of studies and other initiatives to enhance acknowledgment of locally produced rice as a quality product on the national market 2. Re-enforcing the capacity of GRIB to respond to the needs of its members
AFD USD 0.14 million
(2008-2012)
Upper East, Upper West, Northern and Volta Regions
Marketing, Capacity Building
Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production
1. Experiment on good practices of rain-fed lowland rice production and improve it. 2. Train Agricultural Extension Agents and key farmers. 3. Develop guidelines for dissemination procedure. 4. Set up demonstration fields within the Project areas.
JICA USD 3.6 million
(2009-2014)
Northern Region, Ashanti Region
Extension and training, production, postharvest management and credit
Table 3.2: continued
NRDS Subsector 4: Irrigation and Water Control
Matching Strategy/
Programme/ Project
Component of Strategy/ Programme/
Project matching NRDS subsector
Funding
Agency
Cost of Strategy/
Programme/ Project
(Period)
Coverage Field of Support
Project for Promotion of Farmers' Participation in
1. Development of implementation structure for the irrigation facility
JICA Japanese yen 250 million
22 irrigation district developed by Ghana
Extension and training, irrigation and capacity
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Irrigation Management (FAPIM)
management between GIDA and farmers
2. Improvement of capacity of GIDA staff for planning and implementation of the training on irrigated agriculture technology
(2006-2008)
Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA)
building
Special Programme for Food Security in Ghana
Water control FAO USD 1.26 million (2002 – 2007)
Bolgatanga, East Gonja, Tano, Jasikan, Dangbe East Districts
Extension and Training, Production, Irrigation and Capacity building
Small Scale Irrigation Development Project
Irrigation, agric. extension services AfDB USD 15 million (2001-2009)
Nationwide Extension and training, irrigation, capacity building
Small Farms Irrigation Project Irrigation, agric. extension services BADEA USD 9.5 million (2003-2009)
Nationwide Extension and training, irrigation, capacity building
Table 3.2: continued
NRDS Subsector 5: Equipment Access and Maintenance
Matching Strategy/
Programme/ Project
Component of Strategy/ Programme/
Project matching NRDS subsector
Funding
Agency
Cost of Strategy/
Programme/ Project
(Period)
Coverage Field of Support
The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana
Field Study JICA Japanese yen 160 million
(2006-2008)
Nationwide Policy, capacity building
Table 3.2: continued
NRDS Subsector 6: Research and Technology Dissemination
Matching Strategy/
Programme/ Project
Component of Strategy/ Programme/ Project matching NRDS
subsector
Funding
Agency
Cost of Strategy/ Programme/
Project
(Period)
Coverage Field of
Support
Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Rice through Within-Species Gene Transfer
Research AGRA USD 35,000 (Grant for Education for African Crop
Improvement) (2007-2009)
Northern Ghana
Research, Seed
Development of low- 1. Development of crop management technologies to increase JIRCAS Japanese yen 150 million Ashanti Research
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
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input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa
productivity of rain-fed rice 2. Selection of superb genetic resources adapted to rain-fed lowland conditions 3. Development of soil fertility management technologies using locally available resources 4. Verification of rice cultivation models adapted to low-input system
(2009-2015)
Region
Table 3.2: continued
NRDS Subsector 7: Communities Mobilization, Farmer Based Organizations and Credit Management
Matching Strategy/
Programme/ Project
Component of Strategy/ Programme/ Project matching NRDS
subsector
Funding
Agency
Cost of Strategy/
Programme/
Project
(Period)
Coverage Field of Support
Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project
1. Institutional Support to the Rice Inter-professional Body and MOFA
2. Institutional Support to the rice producers of the Tamale Region and to the FBOs Development Desk of RADU Tamale
3. reinforcement of the capacities and autonomy of the Rice Producers Organisations
4. reinforcement of the capacities of the FBOs Development Desk of RADU Tamale
AFD €1.4 million
(2003-2008)
Northern Region of Ghana
Extension and Training, capacity building
Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production
1. Experiment on good practices of rain-fed lowland rice production and improve it.
2. Train Agricultural Extension Agents and key farmers. 3. Develop guidelines for dissemination procedure. 4. Set up demonstration fields within the Project areas.
JICA USD 3.6 million
(2009-2014)
Northern Region, Ashanti Region
Extension and training, production, postharvest management and credit
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3.4.Matching of the expenditure frameworks with the NRDS’ sub-sectors
Based on the information presented in the previous section, it can be concluded that the
current medium term expenditure framework (MTEF) on the one hand and the General
Budget Support (GBS) and Sector Budget Support (SBS) funding frameworks by Ghana’s
Development Partners on the other hand are very compatible with the NRDS subsectors. This
is precisely the case since from past experiences all agriculture-related projects are either
funded directly from government’s internally generated resources through the MTEF
framework or through development partners’ budgetary support (general or sector). The
funding of NRDS and for that matter the sub-sectors, after it receives final governmental
approval and ownership, will not differ from the sources of funds of other projects.
The MTEF is a 3-year budgeting planning tool that ensures the efficient commitment of
scarce financial resources to implementation of strategies. Currently, all sector ministries are
required to prepare their medium term strategic plans (2011-2013) which would have taken
account of all government priorities in the sector and in line with the National Medium Term
Strategic Framework. Thus, the release of funds for the implementation of the NRDS
(subsectors) will be linked to the MTEF budgeting process to ensure coherence.
The MTEF will be the main expenditure framework to fund the NRDS at the national
levelwhich trickles down to the regional and district levels. Since the implementation of
FASDEP II and METASIP adopts the Sector Wide Approach (SWAp)5, one implication is
that funding from the Development Partners (DPs) will be considered a part of the national
budget. Hence, resource allocation to MOFA and therefore for the NRDS implementation
will be through the MTEF. It is worth noting that currently, Canada and UK are the only DPs
providing budget support earmarked for the agriculturalsector (OECD, 2008).
5According to OECD (2006) a sector-wide approach (SWAp) is a programme-based approach operating at the
level of an entire sector. A SWAP is “a way of working” and the aim of a SWAp is to focus government and
donor support on a comprehensive sector development programme. The sector development programme can be
supported by a variety of aid instruments (OECD, 2006, p.36-37).
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4. THE NATIONAL RICE SUBSECTOR
4.1.Rice Cultivation in Ghana
Rice is cultivated in Ghana both as a food crop and a cash crop. Rice production is undertaken
in three different ecologies: lowland rain-fed ecology, which includes rice planted in the
receding waters of the Volta and other rivers accounts for 78%of production; upland rain-fed
ecology (6%), and irrigated ecology (16%). The greater part of local rice production is
cultivated in the Upper East, Northern, and Volta regions of Ghana.
Table 4.1: Categorization of Paddy fields in Ghana by ecology
Lowland
rain-fed
Upland
rain-fed
Irrigated Total
Planted area 93,250.0 18,750.0 10,200.0 122,700.0
Yield/ha (MT/ha) 2.4 1.0 4.5 2.4
Paddy production (MT) 224,700.0 18,750.0 45,900.0 289,350.0
% of total area 76.0 15.0 8.0 100.0
% of total production 78.0 6.0 16.0 100.0
Source: GFSR-Ghana Rice Study, 2009
As noted inTable 4.1, rain-fed rice production contributes 84% of total current production,
generating average paddy yields of 1.0-2.4 metric tonnes per hectare. Irrigated production
totals only 16% but produces the highest average paddy yields of 4.5 MT per hectare.
Since 1960s, approximately 19,000 hectares (ha) of land has been developed under irrigation
for rice and vegetable farming. Out of the 19,000 hectares, approximately 10,200 ha have
been developed by the Government of Ghana, through the Ghana Irrigation Development
Authority (GIDA) with the remainder developed by the private sector. It is anticipated that
the on-going Millennium Challenge Account-funded programmes in Ghana, through the
Millennium Development Authority, will bring 5,200 hectares under cultivation distributed as
follows: 1,400 ha in the north, 800 ha in the Afram Basin, and 3,000 ha in the southern
agricultural zone (GFSR, 2009). Although the MCA programme is not explicit on the
distribution of these irrigatedlands between rice and vegetables, the programme intends to
invest only in areas where management and ownership of irrigation structures are very clear
and infrastructure management are in private (including cooperative) hands. The MCA
programme thus tries to avoid the problems associated with ownership and management
structures of government-controlled irrigation sites (GFSR, 2009).
At present, there are 22 public irrigation schemes in the whole country (see Table 4.2). The
major irrigation sites for rice cultivation include the Kpong Irrigation Scheme. The Kpong
Irrigation Scheme has 3,028 ha of irrigable land under the scheme with approximately 1400
ha under cultivation. The Tono Irrigation Scheme, which has 2,400 ha of land developed for
irrigation, is currently cultivating the entire land for rice and vegetables. The case is the same
also with Vea and Afife Irrigation Schemes where all the 1,000 ha and 880 ha potential area
respectively are being cropped for rice and vegetables cultivation. Most of the development
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
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of these public irrigation districts has been conducted with financial and technological
support through bilateral cooperation with foreign countries. Some of these countries include
China, the former Soviet Union, Taiwan, Japan and Republic of Korea, or from international
organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Bank
(JICA, 2004).
Table 4.2: Potential and Developed Areas in Public irrigation schemes, Ghana
Location Potential
area(ha)
Developed
area (ha)
Irrigation system
G-gravity
P-pumping scheme
Major crops
cultivated
Ashiaman 155 135 G Rice
Dawhenya 450 191 P+G Rice
Kpong 3,028 1,400 G Rice, Vegetables
Weija 1,200 220 P Vegetables
Afife 880 880 G Rice, Vegetables
Aveyime 280 60 P+G Rice
Kpando-Torkor 400 40 P Vegetables
Okyereko 100 40 P+G Rice
Mankessim 320 17 P Vegetables
Amate 300 101 P Vegetables
Dedeso 880 30 P Vegetables
Akumadan 150 65 P Vegetables
Nobewam 150 120 P+G Rice
Sata 32 32 G Vegetables
Subinja 121 60 P Vegetables
Tanaso 130 64 P Vegetables
Bontanga 450 450 G Rice, Vegetables
Golinga 40 26 G Rice
Libga 35 20 G Vegetables
Kikam 27 27 P+G Rice
Tono 2,400 2,400 G Rice, Vegetables
Vea 1,000 1,000 G Rice, Vegetables
TOTAL 12,528 7,378 Source: GIDA, 2000
Between 1996 and 2005, paddy production was in the range of 200,000 and 280,000 tonnes
(130,000 to 182,000 tonnes of milled rice)with large annual fluctuations. The annual
production fluctuations were largely due to the area put under rice cultivation, rather than
yield variations. The total rice consumption in 2005 amounted to about 500,000 tonnes (JICA,
2007), which is equivalent to per capita consumption of 22kg per annum. Current estimates
revolve around 30 kg per capita per year and demand projected at 63kg per capita per year in
2015.
Due to the generally low output,poor yields, and poor quality, domestic rice production has
lagged behind domestic demand. Furthermore, domestic rice varieties cultivated have not
kept up with changing consumer preferences toward aromatic and long-grain white rice. As a
result, rice imports from South East Asia and America have grown considerably to fill the
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
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increasing demand gap for quality rice. Average rice imports were 348,182 metric tonnes
between 2003 and 2008, representing 69% of total national rice consumption. Imported rice
was sold at average wholesale prices of $1,100-$1,250 per metric tonnes in 2008-2009
(MiDA 2009).
4.2.The Rice Value Chain in Ghana
The rice value chain in Ghana is quite simple but dominated by imports. This therefore
shortens the chain and the interconnection among actors. There are two main channels in the
rice value chain: the local rice and the import rice value chain (see Figure 4.1).
4.2.1. The local rice value chain
The main actors within the local rice channel are:
Input Suppliers
The local rice value chain begins with input suppliers. These input suppliers include seedling
producers and agrochemical dealers. Most of the inputs, such as chemical fertilisers and
pesticides, required for the production of local rice are imported. The major importers of
these inputs include, but not limited to,Wienco Ghana Limited, Agrimart Limited, Yara and
Dizengoff Ghana Limited. These companies import and distribute to retail chemical shops.
Producers
Local rice production is basically undertaken by smallholder. Farm size ranges between one
hectare and three hectares. There are not many large scale producers of rice in Ghana.
Aveyime Farms in the Volta Region, Brazil Agro-Investment Limited and Bok Nam Kim
Farms6are among the few large farms known to produce rice for the local market and export.
Bulkers
Since production of rice is done on a small-scale, this function has become very important
within the local rice value chain. This is because processors/millers who are also involved in
wholesaling require bulk quantities. Hence bulkers work to collect rice from individual
producers to supply to processors. There are also bulkers who are involved in processing.
Processors/millers
Processors in the chain buy rice from bulkers to parboil and/or mill directly. In some cases,
the milling is done as a commercial service for a bulker who sells to retailers afterwards.
Some processors also sell their output to rice importers who re-bag the rice to wholesale.
Wholesalers
Wholesaling is done on a large scale by rice importers, with some local processors
performing this function on a small-scale. These importers have well-established distribution
networks that enableeasy wholesaling of local rice. Table 4.3 shows the major local rice
wholesalers in Ghana.
6This is a Korean Company producing short grain sticky rice for Korea off-shore fishermen.
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
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Figure 4.1: National Rice value Chain
Function
Source: Adapted from GFSR-Ghana Rice Study, 2009
VIETNAM, USA,
TAIWAN,
THAILAND
INPUT
SUPPLYING
PROCESSING
RETAILING
CONSUMPTION
IMPORTING
BULKING
PRODUCTION
WHOLESALING
Agrochemical / Equipment suppliers
Smallholder Farms
Large Farms
(Aveyime),
Bok Nam Kim
Farms, Brazil
Agro-
Investment
Limited
Individual Bulkers
Large Scale
Bulkers and
Processors
‘Togo
Marshall’
Cottage
Processors
Importers /
Wholesalers of
both local and
imported rice
Urban retailers Supermarkets
Individual and
Institutional consumers
Individual and
Inst. consumers
Imports
KOREA Imports
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Table 4.3: Major local rice wholesalers in Ghana
Company Marketing Brand Buying Area
Ofram Enterprise Gbewaa Rice Tono Irrigation site, Upper East region
House of Rema Rema Rice Afife
CCTC Ghana Pride Afife
Kyei Enterprise Ltd No brand name yet Different locations
Thrive Enterprise No brand name yet Different locations Source: GFSR-Ghana Rice Study, 2009
Retailers
The popular local rice sold by retailers is the local brown rice known as the ‘Viwornor’.
Some retailers buy this rice from importers to sell to consumers. However, there are other
retailers who sell the local rice in the open market.
4.2.2. The imported rice value chain
Importers
Rice represents the highest cereal imports in Ghana, constituting about 58% of total cereal
imports (GFSR, 2009). The imported rice value chain is a very short channel begins with
importing the rice into the country. It is also very efficient and well organized. Rice is
imported from 5 major countries, as shown in Table 4.4. As at the end of 2008, total import
of rice into Ghana stood at almost 1.5 million metric tonnes, with Taiwan being the major
rice exporter to Ghana in 2008.
Table 4.4: Major rice exporting countries to Ghana Country 2004
1. Policy, 2. R & D, 3. Extension & Training, 4. Production, 5. Marketing 6. Post-harvest, 7. Irrigation, 8. Credit, 9. Seed, 10. Other (Capacity building )
6. Fund sources
(Funding
agency)
AFD
7. Budget Euro 1.4 million
8. Project
duration
Start: 2003
(dd/mm/yy) End: 2008
9. Goal and
objectives
Goal: To reinforce rice sub sector and to contribute to the designing of a food security policy
Obj.: Capacity building of rice producers with the view to formation of formidableFBOs and strengthening GRIB at the national level for advocacy on the rice sector.
10. Target Direct: 8000 stakeholders
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beneficiaries Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Institutional Support to the Rice Interprofessional Body and MoFA
2. - creation of a Rice Interprofessional Body
3. - reinforcement of the capacities of the interprofessional Body
4. - reinforcement of the executives of MoFA in the decision of rice policies
5. Institutional Support to the rice producers of the Tamale Region and to the FBOs Development Desk of RADU Tamale
6. - reinforcement of the capacities and autonomy of the Rice Producers Organisations
7. - reinforcement of the capacities of the FBOs Development Desk of RaDU Tamale
12. Expected
results
(outputs)
13. Inputs
14.
Implementing
agency
Directorate of Crop Service, Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Goal: Demonstration of improvement of output and income of rural small farmers
Obj.: To increase small holders' productivity and improve household food security To develop management capacities of farmers and farmers' association To demonstrate, with full involvement of small scale farmers, a wide range of viable opprtunities for deversifying and raising their incomes
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: smallhold farmers
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Water control 2. Crop Intensification 3. Diversification and constraint analysis
12. Expected
results
1. 10 ha of land improved with bunds for water harvesting
2. Capacity of 32 FGs is strengthened to participate in crop intensification
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(outputs) activities.
3. Capacity of agricextention agents is improved to organize farmer field schools.
4. Capacity of FGs is strengthed to engage in improved livestock development.
5. Constraint analysis is undertaken to assess technology adoption mitigating factors.
13. Inputs 1. 17 experts and technicians from China as a South-South Cooperation
Goal: Income increase of irrigated agriculture in the GIDA irrigation project sites and the improvement of farmer participatory irrigation system management
Obj.: To establish the base for farmer participatory irrigation sysytem management depending on the legal system and mutual agreements in the GIDA irrigation project sites. To strengthen the service of GIDA on irrigated agriculture technology.
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: Staff of GIDA
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Establishment of legal system for farmer participation in irrigation system management
2. Development of implemention structure for the irrigation facility management between GIDA and farmers
3. Improvement of capacity of GIDA staff for planning and implementation of the training on irrigated agriculture technology
12. Expected results
(outputs)
1. Legal system to promote farmer participation in irrigation sysytem management is establised.
2. Implemention structure for the irrigation facility management is developed between GIDA and farmers.
3. Capacity of GIDA staff for planning and implementation of the training on irrigated agriculture technology is improved.
13. Inputs 1. Exprets (Long-term and Short-term) 2. Training of GIDA staff in Japan 3. Neccessary machinery and equipment 4. Agreed operational costs of the Project
14. Implementing GIDA
Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD
Goal: Welfare enhancement and poverty reduction of the local people
Obj.: To make policy recommendation and plan of actions to improve rice production which will include post-harvesting and marketing through the competitiveness of rice porduced in Ghana. To carry out technology transfer to Ghanaian counterpart personnel through on-the-job training in the course of the study.
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: Officers of Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Central Government Agencies, Regional and District Offices
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. The Study consists of the Phase 1 (preparation of M/P, 10 months from June 2006 to March 2007) and Phase 2 (preparation of A/P, 12 months from April 2007 to March 2008). In the Phase 1, such issues as development potential and constraints of domestic rice are studies based on the baseline survey covering production, post-harvest and marketing, and the Master Plan will be formulated by prioritizing the issues. In the Phase 2, the priority programmes and areas are selected and their Action Plan will be formulated.
12. Expected
results (outputs)
1. The study results will be reported as following topics; socio-economic condition and development plans, present situation of paddy production, post-harvest and processing, present situation of rice marketing, problem analysis, master plan and action plan.
2. Policy recommendation and plan of actions to improve rice production are made.
13. Inputs 1. JICA study team 2. Workshop on study progress
14.
Implementing
agency
JICA study team and Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Central Government Agencies, Regional and District Offices
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Obj.: To increase rice production and rice import substitution through enhanced access to high yielding upland rice varieties, To contribute indirectly to HIV/AIDS and Malaria control
8. Project duration Start: 17/02/2004 (dd/mm/yy) End: 30/06/2009 (may postpone to June 2011)
9. Goal and
objectives
Goal: To enhance food security, reduce importation of rice and increase imcomes of small holder rice producers
Obj.: To increase incomes of smallholder rice producers, rice traders and processors by increasing the production of good quality local rice
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: Smallholder rice producers, rice traders and processors
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Land management 2. Credit for crop development 3. Capacity building 4. Adaptive research and surveys 5. Project coordination
12. Expected
results (outputs)
1. 4,500 ha is developed within 25 inland valleys across 17 districts in 5 regions.
2. 200 km feeder road is rehabilitated and 80 km access tracks is improved.
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3. 60,000 mt (36,000 mt of good quality milled rice) is produced.
4. 450 farmer groups is formed.
5. 9,000 farmers (1,600 women) and 40 men and 150 women rice millers and traders are directly benefited.
13. Inputs 1. Interim management team (4 members) since end-June 2007 2. team leader & rice production specialist 3. post-harvest and marketing specialist 4. water management engineer 5. financial controller
14. Implementing
agency
Directorate of Crop Service, Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Delay of the implementation. A reconstituted project steering committee will provide policy guidance and direction for smooth implementation of the project.
Goal: Increase of farm household incomes and food security
Obj.: To increase crop production by having about 6,000 small-hlder farmers cultivating an area of 2,590 ha under irrigation or improved water management
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct
:
small-holder farmers
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Farmers' support service 2. Agriculture extension service 3. Training 4. Land Development 5. Monitoring & evaluation
12. Expected
results (outputs)
1. 15 small-scale irrigation scheme of 48-210 ha is constructed.
2. 4 water conservation schemes of 40-120 ha and 12 micro-irrigation schemes of 2-24 ha are constructed.
3. GIDA's efficiency and effectiveness are improved.
4. Irrigation Farmers' Associations are organized.
5. Farmers, extension agents and project implementation staff are trained.
13. Inputs
14. Implementing Ghana Irrigation Development Authority
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Goal: Increase of farm household incomes and food security
Obj.: To expand irrigable land by developing 11 small scale irrigation schemes covering 820 ha. Cropping intensity is expected to increase to 200 % and incremental crop production to be about 5,000 tone per year.
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: Small-holder farmers
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Farmers' support service 2. Agriculture extension service 3. Training 4. Land Development 5. Monitoring & evaluation
12. Expected results
(outputs)
1. Farmers and project extension staff will be trained and farmers will be mobilized and organized into associations.
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10. Capacity building
6. Fund sources
(Funding agency)
AFD
7. Budget Euro 17.3 million (12.5 M€ loan + 1.3 M€ grant + GoG + beneficiaries)
8. Project duration Start: 2008 (Will start in April or May 2009) (dd/mm/yy) End: 2014
9. Goal and
objectives
Goal: Livelihood improvement of poor farmers of northern Ghana
Obj.: To develop rice production in 4 administrative regions To enhance national organisation of the rice sector through support to GRIB To implement some research activities in order to define cropping systems adapted to natural conditions of project area
1. Land development to provide adapted infrastructure in lowland ares
2. Build capacity of rice stakeholders to form farmer-based organizations
3. Provide technical support to producers and improved technologies to processors
4. Facilitate access to credit for all activities along the rice value chain
5. Reinforcing the capacity of GRIB to respond to the needs of its members
6. Experiment no tillage and direct seeding in the ecology of lowland
7. Test new varieties of rice such as poly-aptitute ones developed in Brazil
12. Expected results
(outputs)
1. 6,500 ha of lowland is developed for rice production. 2. Rice yield is expected to increase from 1.5 mt/ha to 4 mt/ha. 3. 1,000 players or 5,000 people are become involved in processing and
marketing.
13. Inputs
14. Implementing
agency
Directorate of Crop Service, Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Obj.: To promote the development of the Ghanaian Rice sector *GRIB: made up of private sector stakeholders in the rice industry with good core of technocratesasobserbers' members. Registered as a company limited by guarantee in October, 2004.
10. Target Direct: 8,000 members
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beneficiaries Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Re-enforcing the capacity of GRIB to respond to the needs of its members
2. Improving dialogue among all stakeholders participating in the rice sector structure
3. Facilitate the implementation of studies and other initiatives to enhance acknowledgment of locally produced rice asaaquality product on the national market
12. Expected results
(outputs)
1. Sustaining GRIB activities including:
2. - advocacy on national rice production and consumption
3. - conduct of surveys and studies on the rice sector
7. Budget USD 149,973 (Grant for Seed Production for Africa)
8. Project duration Start: June, 2008
(dd/mm/yy) End: June, 2010
9. Goal and
objectives
Goal:
Obj.: To avail seed of maize, soybean, sorghum, cowpea, RICE and groundnut at an affordable price to resource-poor farmers in three administrative regions of northern Ghana.
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: Resource-poor farmers
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Rice seed production to provide farmers with affordable price
12. Expected results
(outputs)
1. Rice seeds become available for resource-poor farmers.
Obj.: A new model for sustainable development of rain-fed lowland rice production is established within the Project area.
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct
:
Agricultural extension agents and 1,000 farmers
Secondary: Farmers in the project area
11. Project
component
(activities)
1-1. Study on actual situation of rain-fed lowland rice production practice.
1-2. Experiment on good practices of rain-fed lowland rice production and improve it.
1-3. Develop manuals for package of sustainable rain-fed rice production practices.
2-1. Improve access of farmers to agricultural inputs.
2-2. Improve access of farmers to technical support.
2-3. Organize and strengthen farmers’ groups.
2-4. Improve access of farmers to information on market.
3-1. Find suitable locations for disseminating a new model for sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production.
3-2. Set up demonstration fields within the Project areas.
3-3. Train Agricultural Extension Agents and key farmers.
3-4. Develop guidelines for dissemination procedure.
12. Expected
results (outputs)
1. Package of sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production practice is developped.
2. Farming support system for sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production is established.
3. Dissemination procedure of a new model for sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production, consisting of the technical package and farming support sysytem, is established.
Goal: To develop relevant and sustainable rice production systems in the wetlands in Africa to contribute to the increased and stable rice production in the region
Obj.: To clarify the limiting factors for rice productivity in the lowland and intensified lowland rice ecosystems in sub Saharan Africa, in the aspect of improved resource utilization and management through agronomic and physiological studies, and to develop low-input and sustainable rice producing technologies.
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: Rice farmers, extentionists, researchers in the target district of the country
Secondary: Ghana and other western African countries
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Development of soil fertility management technologies using locally available resources
2. Development of crop management technologies to increase productivity of rainfed rice
3. Selection of superb genetic resources adapted to rainfed lowland conditions 4. Verification of rice cultivation models adapted to low-input system
12. Expected results
(outputs)
1. Characterization of natural resources for rice production (water, soil, organic matter, rock phosphate, etc.) in the region
2. Guideline (manual) for soil fertility management (fertilizer, rock phosphate, organic matter)
3. Guideline (manual) for crop management including weed control
4. Suitable rice varieties for rainfed lowland conditions
5. Guideline for integrated cropping-system models for low-input rice production
13. Inputs 1. Personnel (long-stay post docs, and visit of scientists) 2. Operational budget for glasshouse and field experiments 3. Invitation of collaborating researchers and administrators to Japan
14. Implementing
agency
Leading: JIRCAS
Cooperate: Kinki University; Crop Research Institute*, Soil Research Institute*, Water Resources Research Institute* (*Ghana)
Goal: To boost domestic rice production in three Northern Regions to mitigate possible rice shortages using combination of quality rice seed and efficient use of mineral fertilizer and technical assitance to rice farmers
Obj.: 1. Farmers have access to quality seeds 2.access fertilizer 3. access to good agronomic practices
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct
:
Farmers (10,000)
Sec.:
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. Improved farmer access to seed
2. Improved farmer access to fertilizer
3. Improved farmer access to technology
4.
5.
6.
7.
12. Expected
results
(outputs)
Reach 10,000 farmers by end of project Build capacity of seed growers, farmers and input dealers Strenethenstakleholder linkages along the value chain
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8. Project
duration
Start: 2009
(dd/mm/yy) End: 2012
9. Goal and
objectives
Goal: To improve food security and incomes of small holder farmers through the use of high yielding and high quality rice varieties
Obj.: To develop high yielding upland and lowland varieties that combine good grain quality and good adaptation to the target zones 2. To select and evaluate the new improved vareties in the target zones using farmer participatory approach 3. To release and produce high yelding and high quality rice varieteies developed tha will be adaptable by 30% of target farmers
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: Farmers, consumers
Sec.: Policy makers
11. Project
component
(activities)
1. breeding for high yield and consumer acceptable varieties
2. participatory evaluation of selected varieties at different targeted ecozones
3. dissemination of released varieties
12. Expected
results
(outputs)
high yielding and consumer acceptable varieties released
Approach need to be modified: farmer should be 80% responsible for field activities, improve startegy for credit recovery, private sector be more involved in input and service delivery
20.
1. Country Ghana
2. Title (Full
name)
GCSP/GHA/028/UNO – Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with
Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana (UN-
Goal: To contribute to food security and poverty alleviation of the rural population
Obj.: Transfer NERICA and other improved varieties and integrated crop management systems 2. Facilitate access to and use of appropriate harvest and post-harvest equipment and tools 3. Strengthen capacities of farmer based organisations 4. facilitate access to quality seed including NERICA varieties
10. Target
beneficiaries
Direct: farmers, processors, artisans, consumers
Sec.: policy makers
11. Project 1. seed production and dissemination
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component
(activities)
2. improved access to and use of credit
3. capacity building ( IRM, equipment fabrication)
12. Expected
results
(outputs)
increased farmers income
improved food security
13. Inputs collaboration with research institutions and universities
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Appendix 2: Project Profiles (Completed, On-Going, and Pipeline projects) Project title Funding
Partners
Time Scale Total
Budget
Description
I.COMPLETED PROJECTS
Rehabilitation of Ashaiman and Okyereko irrigation projects
GOG/JICA 1997-2000 $ 0.47M Small scale irrigation works, extension support, institutional development and crop improvement for 136 ha on the schemes.
Rehabilitation of 9 Public Irrigation Schemes
GOG/WB 2004-Sept 2006
$ 0.622M Main and lateral canals rehabilitated. Sprinkler systems replaced. Flow measuring weirs installed for a total of 750 hectares on the 9 schemes.
Land Conservation and Smallholder Rehabilitation Project(LACOSREP II)
IFAD/GOG 2003-2007 $ 15.04M Small dams construction/Rehabilitation for communities in the Upper East Region.
Upper West Agricultural Development Project (UWADEP)
IFAD/GOG 2002-2006 $ 10.81M Small dams and irrigation systems constructed and rehabilitated for communities in the Upper West Region.
Rehabilitation of Tono Irrigation Project
GOG/CIDA 2007-Dec 2008
$ 7.504M Gravity canals system lining and other infrastructure rehabilitation for 1800 ha.
Small Farms Irrigation Project Phase II
BADEA/GOG
June 2003- Dec 2008
$ 11.88M 485 ha of community based irrigation works in 8 communities out of a projected 840 ha.
Accra Plains Irrigation Project-Feasibility Study up-date
Kuwaiti Fund/GOG
2007-2009 $ 1.40M Feasibility study up-date of the 160,000 ha irrigation project downstream of the Kpong hydro-power dam.
Small Scale Irrigation Development Project (SSIDP)
ADB/GOG Dec 2002- Mar 2009
$ 32.48M 2,170 ha of community based irrigation works in 26 communities in 9 regions.
Rehabilitation of Vea Irrigation Project
CIDA/GOG Dec 2008- 2009
$ 5.175M Infrastructure of the gravity irrigated system will be rehabilitated to improve the operation of this 800 ha project.
Rehabilitation of 73 Flood Disaster Dams and Irrigation System
WB/GOG Dec 2008- Dec 2009
$ 15.0M Rehabilitation of Dams and irrigation infrastructure destroyed by floods in Northern, Upper East and Upper West Regions.
II.ON-GOING PROJECTS
Northern Region Poverty-Reduction Programme
IFAD, Government Beneficiaries
2004-2010 $ 59.6M Programme components include two broad lines of support: (i) operational support and capacity building to ensure that processes, services and resource flows function effectively; and (ii) a community Development Fund to finance, among others, the development or upgrading of safe water supply systems, environmental sanitation, water for livestock, irrigation, health and education facilities, etc.
Afram Agricultural Development Project (Afram Plains)
ADF/GOG/Beneficiaries
2006-2011 $ 36.14M Agriculture production development, through rainwater management, improvement to existing community based irrigation activities etc.
National Programme for Food Security
AfDB, FAO 2006-2015 $ 250M Stimulating food production by directly targeting the participation of large number of poor households; promoting social development and equity through improvement in social services addressing the needs of the most chronically food insecure populations; facilitating the establishment of an enabling long term food security policy and
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institutional capacity for early warning, disaster management and monitoring progress on food security.
Northern Rural Growth Programme
IFAD, AfDB, Financial
institutions, Private
Investors, Government
Beneficiaries.
2008-2016 $ 103.6M The programme has four components: (i) commodity chain development; (ii) rural infrastructure including small-scale irrigation development, inland valley bottom/flood recession schemes, improving rainwater productivity, rural roads and market facilities; (iii) improved access to rural financial services; and (iv) programme coordination, management, monitoring and evaluation.
Hemang Hydro-electric Power Project.
IPP 2009-2012 $ 270M 90 MW of electricity to be produced from the project on the River Pra by an independent Power Producer (IPP).
Awisam (Pra River) Hydro-electric Power Project
IPP 2009-2012 $ 290M 50 MW to be produced from the project by an Independent Power Producer (IPP).
Tano Hydro-electric Power Project
IPP 2009-2012 $ 300M 65 MW to be produced. There is a resettlement component.
Programme for the Procurement of Basic Equipment for Maintenance of Irrigation Schemes
AfDB/GOG 2010 $ 4.0M Procure basic equipment for the maintenance
Bui Hydro-Electric Power Project China/GOG Mid 2008- 2012
$ 622.0M Construction and commissioning of 400 MW hydro-electric dam on the Black Volta.
Mapping of irrigation potential using GIS
KFW and GOG
2012 $ 7.5M Identify, collect and compile data on all potential Irrigation and drainage sites in Ghana using GIS.
Bui irrigation project (Study and implementation)
GOG 2015 $ 60M Development of irrigation infrastructures downstream Bui hydropower dam.
Road culvert diversion weirs for irrigation (study and implementation)
GOG 2012 $ 30M Identify locations during road construction for culvert diversion weirs and provide pipe networks for irrigation.
Rehabilitation of Dawhenya Irrigation Project
- - $ 3.0M Replacement of pumps and canal lining for the 260 ha project.
Small Scale Surface Water Extraction Irrigation Project
GOG 2010 $ 12.8M Construction of 2500 ha of community based surface water extraction irrigation projects in 4 regions.
Energy development and access programme; power system reinforcement project in Kumasi
ADF/VRA /ECG
2009 $ 50.83M Provision of (i) a 161/33 kV substation with a capacity of 132MVA; (ii) Reinforcement of an existing 161/33kV substation; (iii) two 33/11 kV substations each with a capacity of 40MVA; (iv) 43km of 33 kV lines; (v) 52km of 11kv lines; (vi) 731 smaller more efficient networks.
Implementation of Accra Plains Irrigation feasibility study
LIBYA/GOG 2012 Implementation of the Accra Plains feasibility study which is currently on-going and will be completed in 2009.
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III.PIPELINE PROJECTS
Project title Funding
Partners
Time Scale Total
Budget
Description
Accra plains irrigation project Libya/GOG 2012/2017 $ 75M Implementation of the Accra Plains feasibility study which is currently on-going and will be completed in 2009
Bankable Investment Project Profile: Small-scale /Micro-scale Irrigation and Drainage Project
FAO, NEPAD 2010 $ 63.3M This project would be aimed at expanding the area under economically viable small-scale and micro-scale irrigation and the rehabilitation of existing irrigation schemes.
Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana
UN Human Security Fund
2011-2014 US $ 970,415
Transfer NERICA and other improved varieties and integrated crop management systems 2. Facilitate access to and use of appropriate harvest and post-harvest equipment and tools 3. Strengthen capacities of farmer based organisations 4. facilitate access to quality seed including NERICA varieties
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Appendix 3: Planned (i) strategies / programmes / projects, (ii) funding frameworks and (iii) frameworks of policies dialogues related
to relevant to rice development.
MATRICE 1: ON NATIONAL STRATEGIES/POLICIES- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS
Examples of Line
Ministries7
Strategies / Policies Status and Period Matching with
NDRS sub-sectors
Remarks
Agriculture8 Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy (FASDEP II)
On-going (2007 – date)
All 7 NRDS subsectors
Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Program (CAADP)
On-going (2003-date)
Subsectors 1,3,4,6, and 7
Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP)
On-going (2009-2015)
All 7 NRDS subsectors
Rice milling machine to assist paddy rice farmers in the three Northern Regions.
To commence in 2011
Subsector 3 The government to acquire about 100,000 metric tonnes capacity rice milling machine in 2011
(Rice) Irrigation in Northern Ghana, Southern agricultural zones, and the Afram Basin.
On-going (from 2007-2011)
Subsector 4 The MCA-funded programme proposes to cultivate additional 5,200 hectares of land under irrigation
Accra Plains Irrigation Projectto promote double cropping of vegetables and cereals (including rice).
To commence in 2011
Subsector 4 Projectcovers an area of about 5,000 hectares.
Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana.
To commence in 2011 Period (2011- 2014)
Subsectors 1 and 6 Another planned programme slated for the period 2011-2014 is the dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana.
Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA)
National Irrigation Policy, Strategy and Regulatory Measures
On-going (May 2010 – date)
Subsector 4 The implementation plan for the Policy will be completed and launched in 2011
Water
Industry
Trade
Finance
Research
7 The contents and the names of the line ministriescanvaryaccording to every country
8 To include the national programme of agricultural investmentelaboratedaccording to the ComprehensiveAfrican Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP)
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MATRICE 2: ON FUNDING FRAMEWORKS- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS
Name of funding
framework
stakeholder (s) /
(champion(s) or leaders
Coverage Category
and type
Status and
Period
Total
Budget
Matching with
NDRS sub-
sectors &
related budget
Remarks
1)National funding frameworks: A.
Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF)
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) and all other Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs)
National
For all Programmes and projects
On-going (since 1998 to date)
Budget determined annually
Subsectors 1,3,4,6, and 7
2) International funding frameworks (MCA9, Donors country strategies…etc.)
A.
General Budget Support (GBS)
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) and all other Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) & the eleven (11) Development Partners (DPs)
National For all Programmes and projects
On-going since 2003 (with 9 DPs and increased to 11 DPs in 2008) to date)
Budget determined annually
Subsectors 1,3,4,6, and 7
B.
Sector Budget Support (SBS)
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) and all other Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) & the eleven (11) Development Partners (DPs)
National and Sector Ministries
For all Programmes and projects
On-going since 2003 (with 9 DPs and increased to 11 DPs in 2008) to date)
Budget determined annually
Subsectors 1,3,4,6, and 7
C.
Sector Wide Approach (SWAp)
Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) and all other Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) & the eleven (11) Development Partners (DPs)
National For all Programmes and projects
On-going since 2000
Budget determined annually
Subsectors 1,3,4,6, and 7
9 MCA : Millenium Challenge Account
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MATRICE 3: ON FRAMEWORKS OF POLICIES DIALOGUE- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS
Name of the framework
of policies dialogue
Stakeholders
(champion(s) or leaders
Status and period Agenda Matching with NDRS sub-
sectors
Remarks
Youth in Agriculture Programme (YIAP)
Ghana Trade and Livelihoods Coalition (GTLC), Farmers, The Youth
On-going since 2009-date
Provide a platform for stakeholders to dialogue on the YIA programme in line with other related policies and programmes such as the National Youth Policy, Accra Plains Irrigation Project, and Ghana’s Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP).
Subsector 1, 2, and 4
Multi-Donor Budget Support (MDBS)
Government and the eleven (11) DPs through the current 15 Sector Working Group (SWG)
On-going since 2003 to date
Representatives of Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and DPs involved in a specific sector discuss strategic plans, performance monitoring and implementation of harmonized projects.
Not Applicable (NA)
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MATRICE 4: ON PROJECTS/PROGRAMMES OF PARTNERS IN DEVELOPMENT- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS10
Partners in
Development
Name of Project
/Programme
Coverage Category Status11&
period
Type (loan or
grant)
Total Budget of
Project /Progr.
Matching with
NDRS sub-sectors
& related budget
Remarks
AFD
Rice Sector Support Project
Northern Region, Upper West, Upper East, Volta Region
Project Ongoing (2008 – 2014)
Grant / Loan €17.3 m Subsector 3 Subsector 7
AFD Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB)
Northern Region, Upper West, Upper East, Volta Region
Project Ongoing (2008 – 2012)
Grant €0.14 million Subsector 3
JIRCA Development of Low-Input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa
Ashanti Region Project Ongoing (2009 – 2015)
Grant ¥150 million Subsector 6
AGRA Rice Seed production
Upper West, Upper East, Northern Region
Project Ongoing (2008 – 2010)
Grant $149,973 Subsector 1
JICA Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production
Northern Region, Ashanti Region
Project Ongoing (2009 – 2014)
Grant $3.6 million Subsector 3 Subsector 7
10
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