Mapping for · mapping was formed from a Consortium of Partners that include Research Center on Climate Change and Forest Policy (PUSPIJAK) at the Ministry of Forestry, a local NGO

March 2013

Mapping for

Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District,Central Kalimantan Province

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PuterI N D O N E S I A

Forestry Research and Development AgencyMinistry of Forestry, Indonesia

In Cooperation withInternational Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)

Center for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development


&Mapping for

March 2013






Mapping for

Change Land UsesNatural Resources Community&

ii

MAPPING FOR CHANGE: LAND USES AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMUNITY MAPPING – EXPERIENCES FROM TERANTANG VILLAGE, KOTAWARINGIN TIMUR DISTRICT, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

Report for Activity 4: ITTO Project REDD+ Feasibiltity Study for the Bilateral Offset Scheme FY 2012 in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

By. Retno Maryani, Lukas R. Wibowo, Arwin M. Harahap, Yuli Nugroho, and Ismatul Hakim

ISBN:

This work is copyright © 2013

Published byCenter for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development, MoFForestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry, IndonesiaITTO REDD+ Feasibiltity Study for the Bilateral Offset Scheme FY 2012 in Central Kaliman-tan, IndonesiaJl. Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor, West Java, IndonesiaPhone : + 62 – 251 – 8633944Fax. + 62 – 251 8634924

Photo by project team

Printed by CV. Nuansa Makro, Bogor

iiiMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

List of Contents

List of Contents ......................................................................iii

List of Tables .......................................................................... v

List of Figures ........................................................................vii

List of Appendices .................................................................. ix

Acknowlegdments ................................................................. xi

Foreward .............................................................................xiii

Summary ..............................................................................xv

Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................xvii

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1

2. BACKGROUND ...................................................... 3

2.1 The Concept of Map and Its Functions .............................32.2 What is Community Mapping ...........................................32.3 Why is Community Mapping ............................................4

3. THE CONTEXT OF PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY MAPPING ............................................................. 5

3.1 Brief description about the village Terantang .....................53.2 Population ........................................................................63.3 Supporting Infrastructure .................................................8

4. OBJECTIVES .........................................................11

5. METHODOLOGY ...................................................13

6. BASELINE INFORMATION .....................................15

6.1 Village History ...............................................................156.2 Village landuses ...............................................................166.3 Income sources ...............................................................17

6.3.1 Rattans ..........................................................................176.3.2 Rubber ...........................................................................20

iv List of Contents

6.3.3 Bird Nest .......................................................................216.3.4 Forest products: Timber and Non-timber .....................216.3.5 Fisheries .........................................................................226.3.6 Agriculture and perennial crops ...................................22

7. GROUND PREPARATION FOR PARTICIPATORY MAPPING .............................................................25

7.1 Socialization ....................................................................257.2 Understanding the Process of Participatory Mapping .......317.3 Training .........................................................................32

8. DYNAMICS OF PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY MAPPING .............................................................35

8.1 Training .........................................................................358.2 Setting the Scope of Mapping ..........................................378.3 Field Survey ...................................................................398.4 Capturing Community Understandings ...........................428.5 Workshop on Community Map ........................................448.6 Ratification of Community Map .......................................468.7 Handing over the Map ....................................................488.8 Rural development ..........................................................49

9. LESSONS LEARNT .................................................51

9.1 Spatial Learning and Interpretation .................................519.2 Collective Decision Making ............................................519.3 Scaling up .......................................................................51

References ...........................................................................53

Appendices ...........................................................................55

vMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

List of Tables

1. Number of population in the village Terantang in year 2011 .........7

2. Number of population based on age distribution at the village Terantang .........................................................................................7

3. Number of Population in the village Terantang based on level of education ......................................................................................8

4. Types of commodity and Price for each commodity .....................23

5. Steps of participatory mapping .......................................................25

viiMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

List of Figures

1. Terantang village in sketched ..........................................................7

2. Rattan production at the village Terantang of Kota Waringin Timur district Central Kalimantan ................................................19

3. Rubber garden ................................................................................20

4. First socialization on 5 October 2012 ............................................27

5. Presentation and list of attendance during 2nd Socialization on 30 October 2012 .......................................................................30

6. Flow chart participatory community mapping in process ..............32

7. The process of selecting participants and list of participants for community mapping .......................................................................33

8. Training for developing sketsa village and the result by group 1 ..36

9. Training for developing sketsa village and the result by group 2 ..37

10. Flow chart on capacity building in mapping ..................................39

11. Preparation for Field Survey ...........................................................40

12. Mapping along the river Segiri at km 5,6,7 and 8 at the village Lubuk Bunter ..................................................................................41

13. Evaluation in the field and preparation to map at km 8 ................42

14. Workshop on Community Map .....................................................44

15. Presentation of Landuse Map and Ratification of the Map ...........47

16. Handing Over the Map from Participatory Processes ...................48

ixMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

List of Appendices

1. Administrative Map Based on Community Mapping [Peta Administrasi Desa Terantang Kecamatan Seranau, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur, Kalimantan Tengah] ........................................56

2. Public Facilities Based on Community Mapping [Peta Fasilitas Umum Desa Terantang] ..............................................58

3. Landuse Map Based on Community Mapping) [Peta Tata Guna Lahan Desa Terantang] ...........................................60

xiMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

Acknowlegdments

This report is one of the products of a joint REDD+ feasibility study for the fiscal year 2012, commissioned by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan, conducted by Marubeni Corporation, the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, Yayasan Puter Indonesia and the International Tropical Timber Organization. The study was conducted in Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Distric, Central Kalimantan from October 2012 through February 2013.

Lead Authors:

Retno MaryaniLukas Rumboko WibowoArwin M. HarahapIsmatul Hakim

Authors would also like to thank administrative, field survey and technical staff for their support.

xiiiMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

Foreward

As has been identified in the Feasibility Study of REDD+ for the Bilateral Carbon Offset Mechanism in 2011, local communities who are living in the surrounding Katingan Project practice small-scale farming and agroforestry, and very few practices shifting cultivation. Local traditions and customs (adat) form a large part of social norms among communities and shaped pattern of landuses in the area. Such practices need to be protected and be safeguarded in term of social and economical benefits that local communities may attain from natural resources.

Participatory landuse mapping is among the activities under the REDD+ FS 2012 that intend to facilitate local communities leading the process in developing landuse map. By having landuse map at their hand will enable local communities to negotiate their rights and interests and to incorporate their future planning into the regional planning. Community mapping is among important measures necessity to improve local livelihoods in the area where people rely from natural resources for their daily living and facing population pressures in using the resource.

In this book, we describe the process in conducting community mapping at the village Terantang of Central Kalimantan. It includes the process in setting social-economical baseline of the study area, introducing the concept of mapping to local community, training on technical aspect of mapping, and mapping actual landuses at the area. The book also reports discussions within the community concerning the map, and it outlines community expectation over the map. Upon finalizing landuse mapping, it is hoped improvement on the existing agroforestry system can be done through reduced impact farming, better crop selection and intensification and improved land husbandry practices. We belief, a better farming system need to be supported by protected rights and interests of local communities.

We thank the ITTO project REDD+ for the Bilateral Carbon Offset FY2012 in Central Kalimantan who facilitates the formation of a team from Consortium of Partners to conduct the activity of Participatory Mapping at the Katingan Project area.

xiv Foreward

The activity has been made possible with collaboration among Partners that include R&D Center on Climate Change and Forest Policy of the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia (“FORDA/MoF”), Mazars Starling Resources (“Starling”), Yayasan Puter Indonesia (“Puter”), and Hokkaido University of Japan (“Hokkaido”). We thank PT. Rimba Makmur Utama (“RMU”) for hosting the project at the area designated for the Ecosystem Restoration. We also thank all village members at Terantang for their enthusiatic participation. We hope anyone who read the book will learn something from it.

Team of author

xvMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

Summary

A successful REDD+ project must protect the rights and interests of indigenous peoples and forest dependent communities. The rights and interests of local communities in using natural resources could be identified through the process of community mapping. Participatory or often being called as community mapping is among the methods or tools that enable village members to participate in assessing existing landuses by providing information, and at the same time also verifying and analysing the information provided. The instrument in lines with the Cancun Agreement at COP16 year 2010 that highlights social safeguards to be in place to address not only ‘no harm’ to indigenous peoples and local communities, but also to promote governance and multiple social benefits from relevant project activities.

The ITTO project REDD+ for the Bilateral Carbon Offset FY2012 in Central Kalimantan facilitates communities at the village Terantang of subdistrict Seranau at the district Sampit to build a landuse mapping in order to empower the community with a tenurial platform during negotiation processes for planning and implementation of REDD+ activities, and to safeguard their social benefits. A team of landuse mapping was formed from a Consortium of Partners that include Research Center on Climate Change and Forest Policy (PUSPIJAK) at the Ministry of Forestry, a local NGO of Yayasan PUTER Indonesia and representatives from the village of Terantang.

Community mapping at the village Terantang aims to attain two objectives. The first is to gather a baseline information on socio-economical and cultural situations at the village Terantang, and the conditions that support capacities of the villagers to conduct planning and to manage natural resources in surroundings the village. The second is to produce a thematic map as an instrument for developing local resources and empowering local communities in negotiation processes related with landuse planning.

A combined approaches were applied, they include field surveys, focused group discussions and capacity building through trainings. Six steps of

xvi Summary

activities was set for the total 20 days duration that involve at least 50 villagers. Socialization as the first step aims to get all villager members well inform about the activities. The three times of socialization serves as the media to explain about scopes of community mapping and goals to be achieved. Representatives from the village members were given trainings on technical matters concerning equipments to be used and concerning the concept of community mapping and its implementation. By enriching and building capacity of community in mapping, it enables them to actively participate in any development activities. For ten days the team dedicated the work by conducting field survey to identify among others administrative boundaries of the village, public facilities, existing areas under utilization of communities, and stocking area for the future utilization. The field survey produces landuse maps, which is presented to all village members through a workshop. Some improvents were suggested in the workshop to include corrections for some names of public facilities and confirmation on areas under utilization for five farmer groups existed at the village. The landuse map finally was ratified by given signature from the local government and all stakeholders in the village.

At the end of of the process community mapping, two outputs were delivered. Firstly, a digitized thematic map that contains information on administrative boundary of the village; locations of public facilities and its types; Land under community uses or actual landuses (wilayah kelola); land stocking (usulan wilayah kelola) up to 1200 hectares for future uses. The second output is a document that reports the process of community mapping at the village Terantang. Further actions are awaiting to formalize the landuse map into district planning, and to scale up the map and to harmonize it with formal landuse maps established by the provincial government.

xviiMapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADD : Village Fund Budget

BPD : Village representative body

BPN : The Indonesian National Land Agency

Cm : centimeter

CO2 : Carbon dioxide

CV : Limited Partnership Bussines

FORDA : Forestry Research and Development Agency

FS : Feasibility Study

GEF : Global Environment Facility

GPS : Global Positioning System

Ha : Hectare

IFAD : International Fund for Agricultural Development

ITTO : International Tropical Timber Organization

ITTO : International Tropical Timber Organization

Kg : Kilogram

KT : Farmer group

m : meter

PNPM : The National Program for Community Empowerment Mandiri

PRA : Participatory Rural Appraisal

PRISAI : Principles, Criteria and Indicator for Safeguard Indonesia

PT : A joint Stock Company

xviii Acronyms and Abbreviations

PUSPIJAK : Center for Climate Change and Policy Research and Development

REDD+ : Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Plus sustainable forest management and carbon stock enhancement

RMU : Rimba Makmur Utama.

Rp. : Indonesian Rupiah

RT : Household

SATGAS : Task Force

SD : Elementary School

SGPTF : Small Grand Programme to operation Promoting Tropical Forest

SMA : Senior High School

SMP : Junior High School

USD : United States Dollar

UTM : Universal Transverse Mercator

VCS : Voluntary Carbon Standar

1Mapping for Change: Land Uses and Natural Resources Community Mapping Experiences from Terantang Village, Kotawaringin Timur District, Central Kalimantan

INTRODUCTION

A successful REDD+ project must protect the rights and interests of indigenous peoples and forest dependent communities. As speculated in the Cancun Agreements, social safeguards should be in place to address not only ‘no harm’ to indigenous peoples and local communities, but also to promote governance and multiple social benefits from relevant project activities.

Community mapping is among essential instrument to identify rights and interests of local communities in using natural resources. It could be means to present livelihoods patterns of local communities in around location of the project at Katingan Peat Forest of Central Kalimantan Province. The process of community mapping becomes particularly important as Central Kalimantan is selected as a pilot province for the implementation of REDD+ mitigation strategy. The selection assures continues efforts in safeguarding local interests and in building capacity of local stakeholders, including the efforts to strengthen capacity of non-government parties in facilitating arrays of meetings as among the strategy to deal with climate change (Affif et al. 2011). The involvement of community in the processes of landuse mapping will strengthen their capacities, particularly in implementing REDD+ through by conduvting activities related with mitigation and adaptation.

Participatory community mapping is one of components Feasibility Study initiated by the project ITTO REDD+ for the bilateral carbon offset FY 2012 in Central Kalimantan. By conducting participatory community mapping, an actual landuse map for the village Terantang can be built based on existing activities and agreed by stakeholders. The map will serve for all members of community with a tenurial platform to better position on negotiation processes, planning and implementation of REDD+ project activities at the most appropriate location. The map essentially will empower communities and safeguard their social benefits.

1

2 INTRODUCTION

In conducting participatory community mapping, the project selected village Terantang as a pilot study and as a place to set the study on social baseline.

Public consultations and arrays of meetings were organized by the project as means of communications between the project with local leaders and village members. Principles of mapping were introduced to the villagers, beside introduction about Global Positioning System of GPS as a tool for developing thematic community maps. A consortium of partners forms a teamwork involving Research Center and Development on Climate Change and Forest Policy (PUSPIJAK), Yayasan Puter Indonesia, and the team from the Terantang village that represents the community. Final digitalized maps on landuse pattern in Terantang village had been discussed with village members and local leaders, and then it has been presented at a workshop attended by stakeholders not only from the Terantang but also from the neigboring village of Terantang Hilir.


BACKGROUND

2.1 The Concept of Map and Its Functions

Studies from all over the world show the importance of spatial information for various purposes. The studies from South East Asia, Africa and America tell how local communities do better planning and managing natural resources to support their livelihoods, and they monitor implementation of development projects in more effective and efficient ways.

Spatial information may help community to facilitate conflicts resolutions that happen internally within certain community. By having a map as sources of reference, community will understand their resources better and hence will help them in responding any problems into good manners. For local communities, map will give comprehensive understanding about natural resources in their surroundings and awareness for communities in public discussions with other communities, government agency and private entity (Fox et al. 2006).

Given its ability to contain rich information about particular area concerning particular area, maps could be used as essential references to establish multiple aspects of spatial planning in the context of national development (Puter, 2012). Such changes on administrative boundaries as the result of transfer political power from centralized into decentralization, as happened in Indonesia and the Philippines, had given the context in which the mapping becomes a critical tool for negotiations with other groups. Hence, community mapping serves as among the instruments to empower and mediate local communities. Moreover, mapping also improves clarity on controlling the uses of natural resources in many Asian countries, including in Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia and the Philippines (Fox et al.2006).

2.2 What is Community Mapping

Mapping by community or participatory mapping is among the methods or tools that gives opportunity for every members of community to

2

4 BACKGROUND

draw particular area or region where they familiar with, and where they visualize their interests or expections to be developed in future. Simply put, people acts as actors, they map important information on its own territory (Puter, 2012).

Participatory mapping is a part or a tool in the process of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA itself is an assessment process that require village members to participate in the process, by means among others providing information and at the same time also verifying and analyzing the information provided. In participatory mapping, important information resulted from discussions and agreements with villagers will be translated or portrayed into two-dimensional media, or even three-dimensional. Types of information produced from the process of community mapping might be diverse, the information ranges from social information, resources and territory, possession on certain locations, or even places known as cultural sites. The important message from the process of community mapping is, any information which are portrayed in the mapping should be based on community agreement (IFAD, 2009).

2.3 Why is Community Mapping

Rapid development has brought into dynamics that led to a process of spatial planning cannot be done in conventional way. Meaning, any allocation to use certain space or location cannot be done only by government initiatives or planners, but community engagement to verify the process has become very important component (Akil, 2003). Community mapping can be used to to raise awareness of all members on the extent of rights to land and natural resources. In community mapping, any kinds of spirits can be fostered- both in the forms of energy, time, money and materials- that can be used to explore local knowledge, to explore origins of local institutional system, and to identify important aspects of natural resources from the perspective of local community. By having participatory mapping at hand, local community has certain media that can be used as a platform for negotiation with other parties, and it helps other parties to understand reasons for certain things to happen in particular area (Puter, 2012).


THE CONTEXT OF PARTICIPATORY

COMMUNITY MAPPING

It is important to put participatory mapping into certain context, early from the beginning (Fox et al. 2006). The mapping in this Feasibility Study is conducted at the village Terantang of Central Kalimantan, the area will be described as the following.

3.1 Brief description about the village Terantang

Terantang is one among six villages under the Seranau sub district of the Kotawaringin Timur district of Central Kalimantan Province. The village is situated on the river banks of Mentaya covering the area of 4 x 20 km2. The village shares the borders: at the North it borders with the Lubuk Bunter village of Cempaga sub district; at the South it borders with the Terantang Hilir village of Seranau sub district; and at the West side it borders with Tinduk village of Baamang sub district; and at the East it borders with Telaga village of Kamipang sub district.

The Terantang village administers 9 units of households (rukun tetangga, RT), which are compounded into 3 units of rukun warga or RW. The organization at village level is structured into a Village Leader or Kepala Desa supported by a Village Secretary (Sekretaris Desa) and it is supported by three divisions so called kepala urusan. The three divisions are on governance (tata pemerintahan), development (pembangunan) and general matters (bagian umum). In addition to the executive body at the village level, there is a Village Monitoring Body of BPD (Badan Perwakilan Desa) that serves as a judicative body and it has seven members.

The village Terantang is located at the altitude of 10 – 12 meters from the sea level, and it has plain topography. Two main seasons generally apply in the area, March until September is hot or dry season with temperature ranges from 270C – 350C and the wet or rainy season is on the period of November until April where humidity reaches 2500 – 3500 mm/year under classification of type A according to Schmidt & Ferguson.

3

6 THE CONTEXT OF PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY MAPPING

The village Terantang can be reached from the main road that connect Palangkaraya with Sampit, at km 12 before the city of Sampit and turn toward the river side for about 8 km and crossed the River Mentaya. Public transportation is still limited, only people who have a car / motorcycle that can travel this route every time. Other possibility is to travel by a small boat from the City of Sampit upstream along the river Mentaya. The village can be reached by boats that serves regularly or based on needs. The boats schedules early morning to depart from Sampit city, and the second departs during mid-day. The cost for each departure or one way is Rp. 12,000 for every person. The village is 18 km distance from the headquarter of sub-district Seranau, and it is 21 km distance from the city of Sampit, and it is 295 km away from the provincial headquarter of Palangkaraya.

The Terantang village covers an administrative area of 10,000 hectares. It is situated along 5 km of Mentaya river toward the area of state forest for 20 km long. Proportion of landuses are grouped into 10% for settlement, 5% for public facility, 30% for plantation of commercial crops, 10% for agriculture and 45% as secondary forests.

Monographs of the village outlines landuses of Terantang that covers 5,000 ha dry forests and 2,500 ha swamp forests. Plantation of commercial crops were located on drylands and it covers the area of 1,445 ha, while for swidden cultivation covers 700 ha, and homegarden covers 5 ha. Simple irrigated area were constructed and it covers 250 ha, and technical irrigation area covers 50 ha. Other areas include public facilities such as roads, public buildings, residential (102 ha), and graveyard.

3.2 Population

Population number of Terantang village is 1,761 people or 438 families, which consisted of 881 men and 880 women as shown in Table 1. They settled along the side of the road on the banks of the River Mentaya. The river serves daily needs of villagers, it is needed for cooking, washing and bathing, also for transportation. Most people lives as farmers beside few who work in services.


Figure 1. Terantang village in sketched

Table 1. Number of population in the village Terantang in year 2011

YearNumber

Total HouseholdMale Female

2011 881 880 1.761 438

There two ethnic groups that composes majority of population at the village, namely the coastal Dayak and Madurase. Majority of villagers are Moslem as presented by six mosques in the villages.

Most of villagers are under productive age, whereby about 555 residents of men falls under the age group of 15 – 65 years old, and the number of women at that ranges of age is about 559 people.

Table 2. Number of population based on age distribution at the village Terantang

GenderAge/year

Number0 – 15 15 - 65 65 - up

Male 225 555 101 881

Female 228 559 93 880

In term of education, in general the villagers attain good education, majority of the villagers finish high school at the village site. Even more, about 12 persons graduated from university, as it could be seen from the table below.

8 THE CONTEXT OF PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY MAPPING

Table 3. Number of Population in the village Terantang based on level of education

Graduate level School type Number

General Public school

Kindergarten/TK 55

Elementary school/SD 322

Junior High School/SMP 586

Senior High School/SMA/SMK 778

Bachelor/D1-D3 8

University / S-1 12

Special School Moslem school/Pondok Pesantren 10

Religion/Pendidikan Keagamaan 9

Special School/Sekolah Luar Biasa -

Corses/Kursus Keterampilan 15

Not graduated

Not in school/Tidak bersekolah 5

Elementary/SekolahDasar 11

Junior High/SMP 7

Senior High/SMA/SMK 8

3.3 Supporting Infrastructure

There are several supporting facilities at the Terantang village, the facilities for education include school buildings from elementary level up to senior high level are available at the village (while, in many villages outside Jawa school buildings that are available only up to junior high school).

Health facilities are also available at the village level, such as Pos Kesehatan Desa/center of village health, Poliklinik Desa, and Pustu. Beside those facilities, there also economic infrastructure and that for religion.

Market is not available at the village, and the villagers get their daily needs from four kiosks or groceries that provide both primary and secondary needs for village members. Goods are mostly obtained from Sampit. There are 3 small boats of kelotok that every day leave and return to Sampit, among others, are used to bring the goods for sale at a groceries. The needs for fresh vegetable is fulfilled from three mobile vendors who buy the vegetable from Sampit.


Observation from field shows that up to now villagers do not use their homegarden to grow vegetables. The only type of vegetable they can get from homegarden are klakea (type of fern) and sprouts of rattans.

The need for fuel or gasoline is fulfilled from so called ‘pelangsir’ who sell Rp 6,000 for a liter gasoline and sell Rp 7,000 for a liter of ‘minyak tanah’ or kerosene. However, most of villagers use fuelwood for cooking.


OBJECTIVES

Two objectives that are to be attained by participatory community mapping are the following:

1. The first objective is to attain baseline on social-economical and cultural situations at the Terantang village, and conditions that support capacities of the villagers to conduct planning and to manage natural resources in surrounding the village.

2. The second objective is to produce a thematic map as an instrument for developing local resources and empowering local community in negotiation processes related with landuse planning

By achieving the objectives, two outputs will be delivered, namely:

1. A digitized thematic map that contains information on: a. Administrative boundary of the village area b. Public facilities c. Existing Landuses (wilayah kelola) by community d. Land stocking (usulan wilayah kelola) up to 1200 hectares for future uses

2. A document and report on participatory community mapping

4


METHODOLOGY

The engagement of teams from FORDA and PUTER in the process of participatory community mapping play crucial roles. By engaging in the process from preparation phase up to final presentation enable the team to follow the process and to understand the dynamics inside the community. Such approach could be considered as participatory appraisal.

In order to get understanding about situations and dynamics inside the village, the teams conduct depth interviewed with selected respondents. There more than 10 respondents being selected, two of them act as facilitator from PUTER, three respondents voice local elite, and six respondents as representatives village community.

While collecting data in the field, the team from FORDA conducts participatory observation by engaging in various processes, among others in the process socialization and series of discussions with villagers who participate in mapping.

And finally, team from FORDA also participated in two workshops held in Terantang village assembly meeting. The first workshop was held on January 11, 2013 with the purpose to present landuse map and asked the workshop’s participants to comment and correct with regard to some items such as: legend, name of river, name of street, village border, etc. The second workshop was held on January 25, 2013 to present three maps namely administrative, public facilities, and landuse. Attended by wider participants, including representative of Terantang Hilir village which is neighbored with Terantang village, the three maps which was presented in the second workshop was legitimate.

5


BASELINE INFORMATION

6.1 Village History

Understanding village history is important in the process of community mapping. Such understanding will inform about development of landuses in particular region and it tells who control over the resources.

The Terantang village has established far before independence of the country, it has populated ever since colonial era. It has been speculated, the village has developed due to its accessibility and fast development of trade, in particular rattan products, after the 1980’s.

After political reform of decentralization early year 2000, the village was affected several times by administrative expansion at subdistrict level. The first administrative expansion on year 2004, when the law mandated for each subdistrict to supervise in minimal 5 villages. Head of Sub District at that time (Pak Machfud) announced the village of Terantang should be expanded into two villages given number of population has exceeded the quota. Two villages were formed at that time and they have given name as village Terantang and village Terantang Hilir.

Expansion of two villages left problems on village border/boundary, and that problem emerged when selection for new village leader at Terantang Hilir started. According to Terantang village order No: 141/02/Year 2001 dated 20 July 2001 on ‘Development a new village through village separation proposal’ a border between Terantang (Hulu) village and Terantang Hilir village is Alai river. However according to Kotawaringin Timur Order No: 6/Year 2003 on “A development of villages: Bajarum, Bajarau, Damar Makmur, Agung Mulya, Bagendang Permai, Pelantaran, Tumbang Koling, Terantang Hilir, Bapeang, and Eka Bahurui in Kotawaringin Timur district”, the border between Terantang and Terantang Hilir was not mentioned clearly. Article no 8 of this order mentioned that area of Terantang Hilir village are from RT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and RT7 of the Terantang village.

6

16 BASELINE INFORMATION

In the view of Terantang village’s elites, Kotawaringin Timur Order No: 6/Year 2003 is multi interpretative. Number of RT in the village can not become a border since it is always developing following increasing number of population. Right now in these two villages of Terantang and Terantang Hilir consist of nine RTs and three RWs each.

Considering many aspects such as hierarchy regulation that district order is higher than village order, local political situation, and administrative consequences; finally some elites of Terantang village can accept a new border of Terantang and Terantang Hilir is Pasii river as a result of participatory mapping.

6.2 Village landuses

Participatory mapping of Terantang village resulted two village areas, namely village landuse of 2,086,420 ha1 and a proposal additional village landuse of 894,317 ha. Village landuse have been divided into public facilities and community housing which is located along Mentaya river and agriculture or estate of the community which is located beyond the housing till around four kms. And these area also has been divided into five farmer groups, namely: Mimbar Jaya (member 80 persons), Karya Mufakat (member 30 persons), Warga Tani (member 150 persons), Budi Karya (member 60 persons), and Karya Bonot Bersatu (member 100 persons).

Historically the land/estate in this village was opened by some pioneers (such as Pak Muhri, Pak Aswin, Pak Darlan, Pak Asmail Adi, dan Pak Sinarta) who developed a small canal into the forest to transport logs during 1970-1980s or well known as ‘banjir kap’ era.

People in the village view that these pioneer persons (and his/her descent) have a privilege to ‘own’ the land along the small canal for estate development particularly after logs are over.

1] As compared to the village monographs which is stated 10,000 ha, the landuses from participatory mapping is far smaller. The decree issued by BPD Terantang village (Kec Baamang, Kotim) No: 02/Kpts-BPD/year 2001 dated 19 July 2001 stated ‘Confirmation on proposed establishment, unification/separation of villages’ for the area 51,00 km2 or 5.100 ha.


In KT Mimbar Jaya for instance, Pak Mimbar Jaya as descent of one pioneer namely Pak Muhri has a privilege to choose estate area where located near the river or community housing for an area of 30%. While the rest of the area will be distributed to KT Mimbar Jaya members equally.

Land distribution to farmer groups member had been done through lottery during year 2002 – 2004. Each family got an area of one hectare. People then planted some trees mainly rubber and rattan and some annual crops such as pineapple and chilly. There are some fruit trees also such as durian, mango, jackfruit, etc. Unfortunately however, due to the season these area had been fired several times that destroyed farmers estates.

Due to marginal condition of land and frequent fire, people thought that land ownership of 1-5 hectares per family is not enough to meet future needs. Based on this situation they were asking additional land use during participatory mapping by extending village border from point of 5 km to point of 8 km from Mentaya river.

6.3 Income sources

Most residents at the village Terantang lives as farmers, including gardening, fishing, and collecting various products from forests. Agricultural output has so far only used to meet its own needs, which sometimes even inadequate. The need for cash income has been generated from the garden especially rattan and rubber, as well as fruit crops such as pineapple. In average, villagers may earn up to 9 million rupiahs per year. The survey from Statistical Bureau reported number of household lives below poverty lines has reached 170 households from the total 438 households.

6.3.1 Rattans

About 60% of village members in Terantang cultivate rattans, and if we include rattan gardens under cultivation of villagers in Terantang, the figure will climb into 80%.


Many villagers also have rattan gardens at the village Terantang Hilir, Tinduk, Luwek Bunter and also at the village Ganepo. In average, for every houshold may cultivate up to 2 or 3 hectares small diameter rattans so called ‘taman’.

Rattans play key roles for village economics, it has been harvested all week long, with exception on Friday. For one farmer may harvest up to 100 kg rattans in wet weight, and that will be sell at small collector who will pay for Rp. 225.000/100 kg. Often, the farmer or owner of rattan garden may use a labor to harvest his garden, and sell the product to local collector. The owner will share his earnings with his labor. In the village, there 13 rattans collectors. In some cases, the farmer may sell his rattans to the bigger collector, who obtain rattan collections from other villages in surrounding Terantang and may get profit up to Rp. 100.000 per ton. In the village, there 5 persons who has that profession. Rattan gardens serve as an important asset for farmers in the study area, that will be converted into cash money whenever the farmers need it such as for pilgrimage or for wedding.

Rattans processing follow several steps, it starts with removing rattan skins through the process so called ‘peruntian’, washing, and sulphurized for one night before finally it is dried under sunlight. Such process will change the color of rattans from green into yellowish color, and sometime the process of steaming with sulphur will be repeated and be dried again in order to get particular color.

Dried rattans will be stored in bundled. In average from 100 kg of wet rattan will produce about 37 – 40 kg of dried rattans. For one collector may produce 5-6 tons of dried rattans per week. Labour cost is calculated based on weight, of which for every kg of rattan being processed the cost is Rp 500,-. For a single labour that usually a woman may earn Rp 50,000/day for steaming 500 kg of rattans with sulphur or she may earn about Rp 10,000 up to Rp 13,000,- for every 100 kg of rattans.

After being processed, the rattans is sold to a local collector with the price Rp. 800.000/100 kg. The local collector (Haji Jabar) will transport the processed rattan to Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan and sell it further with price Rp 1,000,000/100kg.


In the past, collector could sell directly to Sampit (CV Mekar Baru and PT Sampit), but recently the government issued policy to forbid rattan export. The policy has shutted down two enterprises in Sampit.

Policy that forbid rattan export has shaked economical activities in the research area, as rattan is among main sources of income for people leaving in the village Terantang and surroundings, beside rubber and fish products. As an impact of policy on forbidding rattan export that accounted up to 6000 ton per year for the whole country, price of rattan at farm gate has dropped dramatically and that affected to farmer income. With average income for farmer about Rp 750,000/month, the policy is confronted with rattan smuggling as happen sometime ago with 9 trucks of rattan being smuggled and only 3 trucks being cought. At present, rattan farmers expect central government will abolish the policy for forbidding export rattan, in order to uplift price of rattans into the level of Rp 250,000 – Rp 300,000,- to be able to cover production cost.

In average, village Terantang could produce up to 250 tons of rattan every month. The production come from rattan plantation mixed with rubber in the gardens cultivated by farmers. According to informan, rattan cultivation has been practised ever since the era of Dutch colonial time.

Figure 2. Rattan production at the village Terantang of Kota Waringin Timur district Central

Kalimantan


6.3.2 Rubber

Rubber is the second source of cash money for people in Terantang village. Numbers of farmer who engage in rubber trees cultivation will be equally the same as the number who cultivate rattans. Both rubber and rattans grow at the same land, and they are planted in mixed cropping. In fact, rubber tree provides supporting tree for the rattans to climb.

For a farmer who own a garden might get 10 up to 15 kg of crumb rubber per day, and he may collect it three times in a week. For one hectare of rubber garden, a farmer may get 5 kg crumb rubber per day for 8 hours working from 4 - 11.00 o’clock, and from about 150 rubber trees at age 7 years. Meanwhile, another 250 rubber trees yet not ready to be tapped although they are at the same age. The rattan collector also act as collector for crumb rubber who will pay Rp 9000/kg, which is considered low for farmers as they expect to get the price up to Rp. 15.000 – 20.000/kg.

Although farmers receive low price from rubber tapping, but they have no other choice for earning cash income and hence continue to tap their rubber trees. In addition, rubber business require low capital and relatively easy for farmers, as they could sell their crum rubber in coconut shell without doing any further processing activity.

Figure 3. Rubber garden


6.3.3 Bird Nest

Bird nest is among other sources of income owned by few of village members, since lot of investment is needed to build the nest. Although the area of Terantang has lots of potential for the bird nest of walet, but it requires over 100 millions rupiahs (or over 10,000 USD) to built the nest. Such business is considered high risks, not always successful, as it is presented by an example after two years not a single nest being produced. Other risk from this business is fluctuated price, as compare to the price last year that could reach up to 10 million rupiahs per kg, at present the price for bird nest has dropped up to 3-4 millions per kg. In the village Terantang there 7 locations of bird nests but only one that is profitable with monthly production in average reaches up to 2 kg per month.

6.3.4 Forest products: Timber and Non-timber

Wood or timber for daily need of people is collected from forests as far as 5 – 10 km from the Mentaya river. The collection usually happen during the period of November up to April, when people can easily pull-out the logs from forests by making use of high tide season. There several types of wood being collected by villagers, in general the woods are known in their local name as sabun, puna, meranti, keruing, purik and terantang. Production of wood from forest is limited with only 1 m3 of sawn timber could be obtained by one single week working in the forest. In the village Terantang, three persons were identified as timber collector, and they set price for every m3 of sawn timber in according to types of timber, for meranti it cost Rp 1,200,000/m3 and the price for mixed meranti is Rp 800,000/m3.

Beside for house construction, woods that are collected from forests may be used for constructing boat, which is an important transportation means in the region, not only to travel but also to carry agricultural products and cash crops from their garden. In the village, four persons were identified to have skills in making boat using the local trees of bunyao and rasak.


Gemor, is a local name for non-timber product that has been collected by local villagers and being used as mosquito repellents. Other product may include resin from jelutung that becoming scarce at this time.

6.3.5 Fisheries

Fishing is also an income source for people who lives in the village Terantang and surroundings, and river Mentaya plays important roles for that. It has many kinds of fishes, which in local names known as among others ikan lawang, patin, baung, tampahas, udang, pipih, kapar, tempala, ngeow, kerandang, gabus, and also shrimps. There many ways to catch fishes from the river, often people uses traps (bubu) or nets. While most of fishes being catched for own consumption, shrips were catched to earn money. Price of shrimps in average is Rp 60,000/kg and other fishes cost Rp 20,000 – Rp 30,000/kg.

Villagers told that five years ago, in year 2007, the government introduced a small ponds of keramba as a tool to cultivate fishes. Five kerambas were built in different places and one keramba were built in year 2011. However, the system was failed due to bad quality of water, and inability for new types of fishes (introduced by ythe government) to adapt with water condition in Mentaya river.

6.3.6 Agriculture and perennial crops

Like many other farmers in Katingan, farmers in the village Terantang rely their livelihoods from agriculture and perennial crops cultivated in dry lands. Irrigation system was introduced by the government in year 2008, and farmer groups were formed for that purpose.

In general, lands for agricultural cultivation could be distinguished into three types, each known as dryland, tadah hujan or rain-fed, and peatland. Most of the farmlands are located in the village Bonot, it covers about 800 ha. Land productivity for rice is considered low, in average only 2 tons per hectare for one harvest every year. Local types of rice being planted, named as Owei which mainly for domestic consumption, but it could be sold in price Rp 12,000/kg. Fruits were harvested from mixed garden of agroforestry, some of those fruits were annanas, mango, rambutans, duku, durians, mangosteen, jambu air,


jambu mete and bulalek, also ramban. Cultivating vegetables are not populair in the village with some reasons, among other are un-familiarity with the system and types of vegetable, also pests, and sulphurization process on rattans that affect on plants.

While many daily needs were supplied from Sampit, only rattan sprout that can be sold into the market outside the village Terantang. The table below summarizes estimated contribution of each commodity for village income.

Several programs were introduced by the government to develop the village and surroundings, these include among others are PNPM Mandiri, Raskin, and the program from district Sampit to establish 60 ha of rubber plantation in year 2012 – 2013.

Table 5. Types of commodity and Price for each commodity

No Types of commodity Price1 Rattans Rp. 225.000/100 kg2 Rubber Rp. 15.000 – 20.000/kg. 3 Bird nest Rp. 3,000,000 – 4,000,000/kg4 Timber and non-timber Rp. 1,2 million/m3 and Rp. 800,000 /m3

for mixed meranti type5 Fisheries Rp. 60.000/kg (shrimp)6 Agriculture and peren-

nial cropsRp. 12.000/kg (rice)


GROUND PREPARATION FOR PARTICIPATORY MAPPING

Participatory mapping contains six steps of activities, which for the villages Terantang types of activities and number of days which are needed to execute is elaborated as the following:

Table 6. Steps of participatory mapping

No Types of activity on participatory mapping Number of days

1 Socialization 1

2 Training and Group Discussion 2

3 Field Survey 8

4 Drawing Landuse Map 7

5 Workshop on draft of Landuse Map 1

6 Ratification of Landuse Map 1

7.1 Socialization

In participatory mapping, all village members shall be informed about the process and the community shall be given understandings for reasons and purposes to conduct the activities. Among some aspects that will determine sucessful results of participatory mapping, experiences of the facilitator is crucial. Yayasan PUTER has the experiences through similar activities conducted in neighboring villages.

PUTER has experiences in conducting participatory community mapping since 2008, and that experiences facilitate smooth processes for conducting the activity in the village Terantang. Among the experiences of PUTER are the following:

1. In year 2008 PUTER had cooperation with the Starling Resources to establish transects in the Katingan forest area.

2. In the period 2008 – 2010, PUTER established pilot project to revitalize peatlands through community participation in the REDD program. In collaboration with Packard Foundation, the pilot project

7

was located at village Kampung Melayu and the village Tewang Kampung. Both villages were located at the sub district Mendawai, district Katingan. Other village of Bapinang Hulu at the sub district Pulau Hanaut, district Kotawaringin Timur was also selected in addition of the village Mentawai Seberang of sub district Seranau.

3. In the year 2010 – 2011, PUTER conducted a survey on rattan potential at the village Telang Kampung of the sub district Mendawai, in collaboration with SGPTF GEF. The approach was repeated on 2012-2013 for the village Terantang at the sub district Searanu of district Kalimantan Timur.

4. In the year 2012, PUTER is conducting Socialization on PRISAI, in four villages that include the village Tewang Kampung, Galinggang, Terantang and the village Bapinang Hulu. PRISAI is a safeguard approach developed by SATGAS REDD, and it is abbreviated from principle, criteria and safeguard indicator for Indonesia.

5. In the year 2010 – 2013, PUTER collaborates with consortium of Partners that include the Research Center on Forest Policy and Climate Change at the Ministry of Forestry, together with Hokkaido University, Starling Resources, VCS of Voluntary Carbon Standard and Merubeni also ITTO to conduct a Participatory Community Mapping and to establish sustainable agroforestry and husbandry at the village Terantang of sub district Seranau, district. At the beginning, four villages were proposed to be locations of pilot project, but one village was selected considering other villages will hold an election for local village leader and that agenda is feared will affect project activities.

6. In the year 2012, PUTER starts to give assistanships on handicraft making to utilize wastes from rattan and woods. In this activity, PUTER receives support from Emily of the Poshgravity England.

Field activities for collaborative project on bilateral carbon offset started on the third week of September, when the field leader Arwin Harahap from Puter gave a courtessy call to the village leader at Terantang and reported about his assignment from the project to conduct participatory community mapping and to establish sustainable agroforestry practices in the location. The activities will be last up to mid February 2013.


During the courtessy visit, Arwin also reported to the village leader about the schedule to socialise the activities to all village member.

The activities of participatory community mapping were socilized to all village members. Three times of socialization were conducted in order to get understanding on the purposes of the activities and to identify participants who will be involved in field survey.

The first socialization was set on Friday the 5th October 2012, starting from 14.30 until 17.00 at the village auditorium or Balai Desa. The date was selected in purpose because most villagers were Moslems, and Friday is a religious day when the Moslem go the mosque and they do not go to their field garden. There 38 villagers present in the meeting form 60 villagers who were invited.

Figure 4. First socialization on 5 October 2012

The first socialization takes a theme of “Sosialisasi awal rencana kegiatan belajar bersama masyarakat tentang kewilayahan dan percontohan agroforestry untuk alternatif peningkatan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan”, or early socialization on learning with community about regionalisation and agroforestry pilot demonstration for sustainable economical alternative.

28 GROUND PREPARATION FOR PARTICIPATORY MAPPING

Agenda for the first socialization:

1. Opening by Desmon (local partner)2. Speech from Village Leader Terantang, Chairil Anwar SH3. Speech from Head of BPD Terantang, Buhari Muslim4. Speech from Coordinator Program Yayasan Puter Indonesia, Arwin

MH5. Discussion and closing

Several comments were arised in response to the presentation about planned activities of community mapping. More explanations about the activities with simple language were demanded. Other comment is about the term of agroforestry, which is considered as a new term for village members, but they argue for already applying the concept of agroforestry in their daily practices. They pointed on mixed cultivation between rubber, tuber types plants, and also rattans that have already been practised in their garden. Other questions arised concerning activities of PT. Rimba Makmur Utama atau RMU, but that question cannot be answered by the facilitator.

In detail, questions raised by participants were listed as the following:

1. Boundaries of the two villages Terantang and Terantang Hilir were unclear

2. Boundaries between community lands and state forestlands were unclear

3. Demand from village members to expand number of farmer groups who could participate in the agroforestry activity.

4. Clarification concerning support of budget from the project, whether in term of grant or loan

5. Kinds of relationships between Yayasan Puter and PT. Rimba Makmur Utama

Simple explanations were given to response the above questions posted by the villagers.

1. In order to solve problems on village boundary, it is important to built certain mechanisms for coordination and communication, Yayasan Puter Indonesia has such experiences by mediating two


villages in problems that involve the village Tewang Kampung and village Kampung Melayu at the district Katingan to communicate for finding solutions.

2. It is important to have explanation and clarification from the government concerning the most updated map that inform boundary of lands under the state forest jurisdiction and land under village utilization. The existing knowledge tells the boundary is located along the Mentaya riverine, which has distance from the Lake Klaru as much as 20 Km.

3. It is important to give clarification for community that their involvement in the process of participatory mapping is voluntarily and full of awareness without any financial obligation to be beared by community. Any participations of the members shall bring benefits for the whole community.

At the end of the first socialization, all participants were agreed to have second meeting for socialization that was scheduled on 30 October 2012.

The second socialization was conducted on the 30th October 2012 at the school building of Junior High School SMP 5 village Terantang. The place of a school building was selected considering availability of space that can accommodate more than 50 attendees. The building also has relatively good ventilation or air circulation and good lighting. Beside to clarify about activities of community mapping and establishment sustainable agroforestry, the second socialization also aims to introduce other Partners member of the project who will attend the meeting. Representatives from the Forestry Research and Development Agency/FORDA from the Ministry of Forestry attended the meeting together with Marubeni and Starling Resources also from Hokkaido University. From the village administration presents in the meeting representatives from BPD, RW, RT and farmer groups (5 groups), also women group.

The socialization started with presentations from Retno Maryani as a coordinator of the REDD+FS Project, and Ismatul Hakim who represents FORDA of the Ministry Forestry and presented about research aspects of community mapping and establishment of agroforestry.


Rumi Naito from Mazars Starling Resources gave a presentation about the importance of partnerships in the Katingan project and roles of Starling in the project. In his presentation, Prof. Mitsuru Osaki from Japan presented success story from Japan in utilizing peatlands in the country by applying biochar from bamboo ash to improve fertility of the peat. The last presentation was delivered by Arwin Hasan from PUTER who presented detail activities on community mapping and the planning to establish sustainable agroforestry. After some questions and answer the socialization was ended with agreement to train 10 villagers in participatory mapping.

Figure 5. Presentation and list of attendance during 2nd Socialization on 30 October 2012

The third socialization was held on 21st November 2012, in the village office Terantang and last for three hours from 14.00 up to 17.00. Almost all invitee were present in the meeting, all these 29 participants represent diverse characteristics of community in the village Terantang. The third socialization made use of the visit from Satgas REDD+ who introduced the concept of Social Safeguard for Indonesia so called PRISAI that comprise the following:

1. Assurances on status of landrights in certain region 2. Consistency with the target of emission reduction, existing

convention and other related international agreements 3. Improvement of forest governance


4. Respected and Empower local knowledge and rights of traditional people and local communities

5. Assurance for full and effective participation of stakeholders and to consider equality of gender

6. Strengthening conservation of natural forests, biodiversity and its ecosystem

7. Prevention acts on risks of reversal

8. Prevention on leakage

9. Assurance on equal distribution of benefits from REDD+ for all rights holders and relevant stakeholders

10. To assure transparent information, accountable and institutionalized

In order to gather comment from villagers upon social safeguard concept of PRISAI, participants were divided into two groups, each being facilitated with PUTER staff. The group were encouraged to comment on what were their major concerns if the concession RMU were granted with rights for restoration ecosystem. During the socialization, one question arised regarding boundaries of land cultivated by villagers whether up to 5 km or up to 8 km. It was agreed by villagers the border up to 5 km is under existing cultivation and up to 8 km will be considered as being planned for cultivation in future. Most important in this process is all stakeholders should agree on a decision being taken in the meeting.

7.2 Understanding the Process of Participatory Mapping

Community mapping requires participation of whole village members from the process of socialization up to declaration about the map. Socialization is early process in mapping, it is intended to enhance understanding of village members on the importance of community mapping. It is a collective decision whether or not community mapping is to be conducted. As certain decision was taken up by community, hence technical training could be started. The training shall involves few number of villages who represent their community which were diverse.


All data and information will be edited and be digitized and be managed for evaluation process. Results from the evaluation will be brought into a workshop that will be attended by all village members and related stakeholders. In the workshop any information being captured will be confirmed by community, it will be revised and will be confirmed as final map. Steps to produce community mapping is presented in the following flow chart.

WorkshopIntroduction tocommunity

Community decisionmaking

TrainingSurvey andmapping

Informationgathering, editing,

digitizing andmanagement

Community evaluation

Presentationmentt

Confirmation

Revision

Endorsement

Entire community

Source: Corbert and Keller (2006) modified

Community operators

Figure 6. Flow chart participatory community mapping in process

7.3 Training

In the process of community mapping villagers play active roles, in other words the villagers need to understand how the process work, and also have understanding on technical matters in conducting mapping. Participants who will be involved in the the process of community mapping needs to be selected from village members. The process of selection started from facilitators who listed candidates to join trainings in using GPS and formulating maps. Based on the list of candidates provided by facilitators, the village leader selected participants for the training with inputs from Head of BPD. Figure 2 explains the process of selecting participants for community mapping.


In selecting village members to participate in community mapping, the village leader applies certain criteria. The first criterium related with roles of candidates in village development. The second criterium relates with familiarity of candidates with the area to be mapped. There 10 participants were selected, all of them are men, the oldest is 60 years old and the youngest is 20 years old. The participants were confirmed by a decree from village leader. The selected participants were trained for two days by Yayasan PUTER, on the 7 and 8 November 2012. List of participants for community mapping is the following:

Figure 7. The process of selecting participants and list of participants for community mapping

34 DYNAMICS OF PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY MAPPING


DYNAMICS OF PARTICIPATORY COMMUNITY

MAPPING

8.1 Training

Participatory community mapping is a dynamic process, due to diverse characteristics of participants and their understanding on the process vary. Participants for community mapping in the village Terantang was selected by village leaders and they were confirmed by a decree from the village leader signed on the 6th November 2012. Ten participants were selected, they represent diverse characteristics that exist in the community. These participants shall follow series of trainings and discussions with facilitators.

The first training was organized on the 7 – 8 November 2012, and for each day the training last for three hours. It has started in the evening after the working hours, from 20.00 up to 23.00 pm, and it was held at the home of village member, namely Budianto (RT 04/RW 02). The training was facilitated by PUTER supported by researchers from PUSPIJAK.

The training began with introduction about the concept of mapping, that include about the importance of map and mapping, in addition of main purpose for map and mapping. The facilitators also tried to gather responses from participants by proposing question on participants expectations on the training. Responses from the participants were summarized as the following:

1. To know and to understand about their own village, and to plan for future livelihoods of next generations

2. To improve knowledge about environment and natural resources

3. To improve livelihoods of local communities

4. To know more about Yayasan Puter Indonesia

5. To promote and to make well known village Terantang for outsiders

8

After introduction session, participants were grouped into two. Each group were given assignment to discuss about landuses in the village (Terantang), they were asked to make sketches of the landuses with information about boundaries of the village, landuses, river, supporting infrastructure and areas that consider to be sensitive for natural hazard, such as landslide, flooding, etc. Results from the two groups were compared and were discussed in order to get clarification on possible knowledge gaps on landuses that exist between the two groups.

On the second day, 8 November 2012, training facilitator introduced detail preparation for field survey, in addition of introducing tools or equipment to be used in the mapping, and also facilitates discussions concerning survey preparation.

A small changes was made by participants who were already listed in the survey. One participants withdraw from membership due to time clash with his work. Introduction about tools for mapping include brief information about GPS and how to use it. The facilitator also explain about roles of coordinate in mapping, and how its functioning in relation with UTM.

Figure 8. Training for developing sketsa village and the result by group 1


Figure 9. Training for developing sketsa village and the result by group 2

8.2 Setting the Scope of Mapping

Intense discussions were happen concerning interest of community to map village area up to 8 km from the riverside of Mentaya. On the other hand, the existing map indicated for restoration ecosystem area of PT. RMU has 3.75 km distance from the riverside of Mentaya. Moreover, the night before, the two groups of participants have agreed to sketch 4.75 km distance from riverside toward forest area as land area under village cultivation (lahan kelola). That distance was taken as a general rules in the region, in which lands under community uses applies for 5 km distance from the village, because further up will be forests.

Discussion on boundary for lands under community uses will be brought further into plenary meeting to give opportunity for bigger group to discuss about possibility of pros and cons as consequences. That meeting that initially was scheduled on 16th November 2012 finally was held on 17th November 2012. Invitation was distributed to 30 village members to represent 12 units of RT/RW, 5 from village administration, 7 from BPD, 4 from teams for mapping, and 2 from villagers in general. Ten (10) invitees responded to the invitation and these who attend the meeting were 3 representatives from BPD, 2 represents RT/RW and 3 from village administration and 2 village members.


The meeting agreed on several points and it has demanded for community mapping to start soon as possible. The following listed agreement between facilitators with participants for community mapping:

1. Mapping for the area of village Terantang shall be done within six days (6), and that shall be done during working days starting from 20 up to 25 November 2012

2. Mapping for the village Terantang will be done by certain team with 10 members and to be facilitated by Yayasan Puter

3. Mapping shall include borders of the village area, boundary of land under existing utilization of community that start from Mentaya river side up to 5 km, in addition of the land in between 5 – 8 km that will be allocated as a stock lands to be utilized in future, also the borders for areas of RT and RW, in addition of public utilitie.

4. Result of the community mapping will be presented as a map of village area Terantang and Profil area of Terantang

5. Maps resulted from the process shall be socialized and that shall be informed and ratified to all village members

6. Any costs incur for community mapping shall be paid by both Terantang village and its facilitators

7. A village regulation will be drafted soon by the village administration together with BPD Terantang. The regulation shall cover about areas for existing land uses by community, and also shall cover proposal from community to utilize areas in between the distance of 5 - 8 km. The proposal shall be directed to the government at district, province and also central government.

In short, the two days training each four hours meeting in the evening time finally could transfer knowledge on mapping that include the technique and concept of space.


SocializationVillage

membersPUTER Villagers

Information distribution

Improve understanding

Shared understanding

Figure 10. Flow chart on capacity building in mapping

8.3 Field Survey

After agreement on scope of areas for mapping, finally a field survey

could start on 20 November and last up to 3 December 2012. Changes

for participants to conduct mapping has happened again due to

engagement of 5 people in their permanent work. Other 5 participants

were selected to replace the previous name, so in total 10 participants

will do the mapping in two groups. The participants represent village

elite (6 persons), represent youth (2 persons), and represent ordinary

villagers (2 persons). In order to support the activity and to declare that

activity also belongs to village activity, the village leader of Terantang

issued a letter No 300/…./Bang/XI/2012 dated 18 November 2012.

Four different themes were identified, namely:

1. Administrative boundary

2. Public facilities

3. Areas under management or utilization by community

4. Stocking areas that cover 1200 ha for future utilization


Figure 11. Preparation for Field Survey

Agenda for for survey and lists of activities during the survey are presented as the following:

1. 20 November: mapping public facilities at the village. That include health facilities (Polindes, Pustu, Poskesdes), education facilities (TP Al Qur’an, SD N 3, SMP N 5 sampit, dan SMA PGRI 2 Sampit), religious facilities (4 mushola, 2 masjid), a village office, graveyard (5), and sacret places (sungai simpang empat and old graveyard).

2. 21 November: transect Sungai Pasi the target is for 5 km but it was stop temporarily up to 1.5 km

3. 22 November: continue to finish the transect of Sungai Pasi for km 5

4. 25 November: transect Sungai Segiri up to km 8 while also checking the area that belongs to farmer group KT Karya Bonot Bersatu

5. 26 November: transect a farmer group named KT Warga Tani up to km 5

6. 27 November: transect a farmer group named KT Mimbar Jaya up to km 5

7. 4-5 Desember: transect Sungai Pasi up to km 8

8. Maps digitalizing in Yayayasan Puter Indonesia at Bogor

9. 11 January 2013: presented maps and gather some inputs and corrections

10. 25 January 2013: workshop to approve three maps as a result of participatory mapping


Figure 12. Mapping along the river Segiri at km 5,6,7 and 8 at the village Lubuk Bunter

In defining boundaries between land under the uses of community with forestlands under the state authority, the team uses dipterocarps trees as marker. Beside dipterocarps, other trees were considered as useful, such as gemor which can be used as mosquito repellents and jelutung that produced tannin.

From the perspectives of legality, land uses such as ricefields, homegarden and rubber garden in Terantang village were considered as state forestlands. In using the lands, the villagers were supported by ‘local certificate’ in the form of surat keterangan tanah issued by local leader, or segel adat that uses water-canals to borders among individual land users, and sound of gong to mark the border of village area. Such recognition over lands were inherited from their ancestors.

Mapping can be done more easily and quickly in dry areas, and when it comes on peatlands and shrubs with thorny types vegetation then the process was slower and tiresome due to absent of the paths that need to be established.

While the process is still ongoing, midterm evaluation was conducted on the 25th November 2012 by looking at the video of past activities and organizing discussions with all participants of mapping. Some issues being raised during the process of evaluation were listed as the following:


1. Often the process of mapping was too quick to capture important landmarks in the process of marking. That particularly happens when marking boundaries along riverside, as often difficult to slow down the boat.

2. Questions about clarity on landmarks will be expected to arise during the workshop, before the map was approved by all stakeholders.

3. Heavy rains have stopped the process of mapping for several times.

4. Questions were aroused with regard to rights of community to expand areas under utilization up to 8 km distance.

Figure 13. Evaluation in the field and preparation to map at km 8

8.4 Capturing Community Understandings

Understanding of villagers concerning community mapping has improved during the process as compared to the beginning when they questions about the usefulness of doing mapping. In this respect, roles of facilitator to make all participants aware about what participants were doing were crucial. Facilitators use an agreement that has been signed by stakeholders, Berita Acara Pemeriksaan (BAP) as reference to improve understanding of all villagers. In general, local leaders finally aware and appreciated the initiative to conduct village mapping that can be used as reference for landuses in future. Having thrust from participants of community mapping process, who were also village members, is among key point for facilitators to speed up community understanding on what they are doing.

Learning from experiences, it is not easy to introduce new understanding to certain community. That particularly more difficult when project


activities conduct measurements on the field, on the gardens where villagers cultivate lands for their livelihoods. Lands are particularly sensitive in the village Terantang and the region surroundings. Status of legality, and social-economical aspects also cultural aspects, they are all attached to lands.

After three times of socializations there is no guarantee that all village members in Terantang has the same understanding on the purpose of community mapping. Some mis-perception and mis-interpretation that arised from the activity of community mapping include the following:

1. Measurements and land use mappings to anticipate new coming investors such as palm oil plantation,

2. The existing area under community utilization cannot be expanded because other areas belong as state forests.

3. Fear for village members who attend meetings and who give signature for their attendance will be mis-used by other parties.

4. Fear that after mapping landuses village members will not be allowed to collect timber and non-timber products from forest areas, including the timber needed for construction houses and for boats.

It can be concluded that community will respond to any interventions or new concepts in different ways, and they need time to really belief for interventions to benefit them. This is particularly true for the concept of community mapping, as the community has no experiences on this field. One of the approaches being used by facilitators is explaining the village elite first, so the elites will disseminate their understandings to other village members.

At the end of the day, according to the village leader majority villagers have understood the importance of community mapping. Rather than a village sketch being made by community before, community mapping provides more clear orientation over landuses in the village, in addition of clear uses of village space in future.


8.5 Workshop on Community Map

Workshop on the result of participatory mapping were conducted at the village office on 11 January 2013. The meeting was attended by 17 participants who represent village leaders including BPD, RW and RT, also other participants who were considered as traditional leaders at the village. Head of the BPD, Pak Buhari Muslim moderates the meeting.

As compared to other villages in surrounding, the village Terantang has never have any experiences with community mapping. In the villages Bapinang Hulu and Mentawai Seberang, mapping by community has ever been conducted before, even more the village allocated its budget through Anggaran Dana Desa (ADD) to support community mapping. The reason for this support were two things. Villagers aware the importance of clarity about landuses, and no other ways to get their landuses mapped from the Agrarian Office of Badan Pertanahan Negara/BPN, as it will be too costly and the map that BPN produces mainly administrative map. The case in Terantang village, the cost for community mapping will be shared between PUTER with PUSPIJAK, and the map will include the area of 1200 ha as a landuse development area. The village will also share the budget, especially to pay wages for mapping areas which will be allocated for development of village landuses in future.

Figure 14. Workshop on Community Map

Contribution of funding from the village is also important to get sense of ownerships from the village to the map that will be produced later. However, it is not that easy to get the support. Even though the Head of BPD has agreed on the support but it should be approved by the Village


Leader who promises to seek possibility to partly finance the activity of community mapping.

During the workshop, some important information were documented. The information include the following:

1. Lands under utilization of village Terantang is located in between km KM 0 up to KM 5. The area is located along the river, from the southern part village border up to the northern border at 4,1 KM long it covers the area of 2.086 Ha.

The land stocking for future utilization is located from the KM 5 up to KM 8 with the area of 984 Ha.

2. Cultivation of the land is grouped into five (5) in accordance with number of farmer groups at the village Terantang. a. The farmer group Karya Bonot Bersatu cultivates the land from

KM 0 up to KM 4,250 bordering at Tabukan Sungai Bonot Bersatub. The farmer group Tani Budi Karya cultivates the land from KM 0

up to KM 4,250 bordering at Tabukan Tani Warga Tanic. The farmer group Tani Warga Tani cultivates the land from KM

0 up to KM 4,250 bordering at Tabukan Sungai Warga Tanid. The farmer group Tani Karya Mufakat cultivates the land from

KM 0 up to KM 3 bordering at Tabukan sungai Sakidine. The farmer group Tani Mimbar Jaya cultivates the land from KM

0 up to KM 4,250 bordering at Tabukan sungai Papanca

3. Correction for name of the river Kelotok into the new name of menjadi Talotok

The reason for such correction, in the past people used to store talotok, kinds of tool made from bamboo which is used to call or spread information to all members of community.

4. Correction for the name of river Soko into its new name of river Sadikin.

The reason for such correction is to appreciate and memorate person named Sadikin who build the river.


5. Other corrections for names of river, village and sub-district.Adanya pembetulan redaksional pada nama-nama sungai, desa dan kecamatan

Agreement made in the workshop concerning the result of participatory mapping need to be ratified by local government. The workshop proposed the result of landuse mapping to be ratified by local government, and it is scheduled to be organized on 18 January. The schedule for ratification was delayed into 25 january 2013 to give opportunity for village leader and his staffs to coordinate with other officials from the neighboring village of Terantang Hilir to get clarification on disputed borders between the two villages.

8.6 Ratification of Community Map

The landuse map produced by participatory process of mapping need to be ratified by local government. The ratification gives opportunity for the government to take into account and consider existing landuses for development activities in future.

The result of landuse mapping for Terantang village was ratified on 25 january 2013 at the village office, presented by 31 attendees including representatives from neighboring village, they include:

1. representatives from the government at village Terantang2. representatives from the government at village Terantang Hilir3. Traditional leaders from the village Terantang4. Traditional leaders from the village Terantang Hilir5. Members of team survey participatory mapping 6. Representatives from woman group7. Other village members

Acting as the Chairman for the meeting is the Head of BPD, bapak Buhari Muslim, who lead the meeting with presentations from the village leader, Yayasan PUTER and FORDA. The landuse map was presented to the participants and it was followed with declaration of new name for the border of village Terantang and Terantang Hilir by using Sungai Pasi as the border between the two villages of Terantang


and Terantang Hilir. The border between village Terantang with the village Luwuk Bunter is Sungai Segiri.

Figure 15. Presentation of Landuse Map and Ratification of the Map

Although further agreement will be needed for the village Terantang Hilir concerning the Eastern border located between Sungai Pasi and Sungai Alay, the government from Terantang Hilir puts his signature to agree on the existing landuse map. Other correction also been made to change names of the Terantang road with the Boelgasan Kampar street. The name is to appreciate and co-memorate Bapak Boelgasan as hero for the village.

To summarize the findings, the process of participatory mapping has produced succesful results, one of village member, Bapak Arlamsyah, elaborates key findings from the provess:

1. Participatory mapping consists of three phases, that begins with prepaparation, implementation, and ratification. Participants of community mapping were 10 villagers who get assignment from the village leader. Yayasan PUTER act as the facilitator for participatory mapping with support from FORDA of the Ministry of Forestry.

2. The mapping was conducted from position of km 0 up to km 8 toward the area of state forest.

3. The results of participatory mapping are three (3) maps, namely: a. A Spatial Map of the Village Terantangb. A Map on Public Facilityc. A Map on Administration Area

4. The existing area for landuses at the village Terantang covers 2.086 Ha, and the stocking area for future uses is allocated 984 Ha


5. Traditional uses on village lands were identified, the area is located in between km 0 up to km 2,2, it covers the area 900 ha.

6. The area for demonstration plot of sustainable agroforestry covers 5 ha, each being utilized by the following farmer groups:

a. Karya Bonot Bersatu covers the area 3 Hab. Warga Tani covers 1 Hac. Mimbar Jaya covers 1 Ha

7. Cultivation of agricultural lands were organized by farmer group, and in the village Terantang six (6) farmer groups were identified, each cultivate the following area:

a. Karya Bonot Bersatu : 413 Hab. Budi Karya : 194 Hac. Warga Tani : 155 Had. Karya Mufakat : 110 Hae. Mimbar Jaya : 163 Haf. Sumber Usaha Baru : 127 Ha

8.7 Handing over the Map

The submissions of participatory mapping results were held on February 4, 2013 at Budianto’s place in RT 04/02 Terantang village.

Three agreed maps i.e. a spatial map of the village Terantang, a map on public facility, a map on administration area, delivered to the Chief of Terantang Village to be used as to be used as appropriate in organizing and planning the future of the village Terantang agenda.

Figure 16. Handing Over the Map from Participatory Processes


8.8 Rural development

Participatory mapping also can be used as guidance for rural development in the future. From the map we can see main infrastructure of Terantang village that can be used as center of development. The first infrastructure is provincial road located along the village 200 m from Mentaya river, which will become an alternative road of Tjilik Riwut (the existing national road where located 9 km from the village) connected Terantang and Sampit and even Palangkaraya city.

The second infrastructure is three primary irrigation canal which across the village area from Mentaya river to the forest for around 4-5 kms. These three canals was built by Public Development office during the year of 2004-2011, as development (widening and deepening) of former canals that were developed manually by people to transport agriculture or forest product. And along the new canals, the Public Development office also develops an inspection road of 5 - 6 meter wide.

The development of canals and inspections road has helped farmers in accessing go and back to the field. Even many farmer has developed a second house (hut) I the field. Unfortunately however, due to the water availability only canal in KT Bonot Bersatu which can be used for boat transportation in the day and night, while two other canals (KT Mimbar Jaya and KT Warga Tani) only can be used for boat transportation in the night where there is a water from Mentaya river.


LESSONS LEARNT

9.1 Spatial Learning and Interpretation

Participatory community mapping is a process that not only provides benefits for community because it gives detail information on administrative boundaries but also information on landuses and community assets. For example, certain location that in the past villagers believes as km 7, after it was plotted in the map it becomes clear the location is km 5. Such information serves as the basis for development and empowerment of local community. The mapping also benefitting other institutions that include governments at central, provincial and district levels, also business institutions.

9.2 Collective Decision Making

In mapping landuse of the Village Terantang, local elites play dominant roles in the process in particular the Head of BPD. Such dominancy may fasten the process, or it may be in contrary. In the case of village Terantang facilitators is benefitting from that particular roles of BPD as his interests support the activities of community mapping. Further supports from local elites at the village will be needed by giving their positive inputs and approval for land use map, when the result from community mapping to be presented at the workshop with local government and all village members.

9.3 Scaling up

The process of community mapping need to be scaled up with several requirements that are listed as the following:

1. A more thoroughful and systematic approach will be needed to scale up the process of community mapping into wider scopes. Dynamics at community level shall be taken into account by providing more space and time to gather community understandings on the process of participatory mapping.

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52 LESSONS LEARNT

2. The process of mapping needs certain level of acceptability at community level, accordingly understanding diverse characteristics that exist in certain community and understanding social-culture of community are prerequisite in community mapping

3. Local elites play essential roles in the process for gaining common understandings on benefits over the activities of community mapping.

4. Participatory mapping need to refer to existence maps, such as map of land use plan of district or province.

5. Participatory mapping need to consider the status of forest area either state forest area or non state forest area.


References

Fox, J., Suryanata, K., Hershock, P., and Pramono, A.H. 2006. Mapping power: ironic effects of spatial information technology in CTA-IIED. 2006. Mapping for change: practice, technologies and communication. Number 54 April 2006

CTA-IIED. 2006. Mapping for change: practice, technologies and communication. Number 54 April 2006

Corbett, J., and Keller, P. 2006. Using Community Information Systems to communicate traditional knowledge embedded in the landscape in CTA-IIED. 2006. Mapping for change: practice, technologies and communication. Number 54 April 2006

Affif, S., Kussarianto, and Ibie, B.F. 2011.Kajian Para Pihak Terkait dengan Upaya Pengurangan Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi Hutan di Kalimantan Tengah Kemitraan untuk Pembaruan Tata Pemerintahan.

YPPL dan TNC. 2011. Laporan Akhir Pemetaan Partisipatif Taman Nasional Perairan Laut Sewu. Yayasan Pengembangan Pesisir dan Laut (YPPL) bekerjasama dengan The Nature Conservancy.

IFAD.2009. Good Participatory Mapping. A reviewed prepared for International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

Appendices

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Appendix 1. Administrative Map Based on Community Mapping [Peta Administrasi Desa Terantang Kecamatan Seranau, Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur, Kalimantan Tengah]


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Appendix 2. Public Facilities Based on Community Mapping [Peta Fasilitas Umum Desa Terantang]


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Appendix 3. Landuse Map Based on Community Mapping) [Peta Tata Guna Lahan Desa Terantang]


March 2013

Mapping for


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&Mapping for

Mapping for · mapping was formed from a Consortium of Partners that include Research Center on Climate Change and Forest Policy (PUSPIJAK) at the Ministry of Forestry, a local NGO

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