MAPEH Renaissance

8/10/2019 MAPEH Renaissance

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Leonardo Da Vinci

Raphael Sanzio

Michelangelo

Submitted by: Lorraine L.

Lacuesta

Submitted to: Mr. Julius H.Ramon

Subject: M. A. P. E. H.

Date: February 5,2013

I. Introduction


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"The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Lamb" (interior view) painted 1432 by Jan van Eyck.

The Renaissance marks the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the

rise of the Modern world. It represents a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th

centuries. Early Renaissance, mostly in Italy, bridges the art period during the fifteenth century,

between the Middle Ages and the High Renaissance in Italy. It is generally known that Renaissance

matured in Northern Europe later, in 16th century. One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art

was its development of highly realistic linear perspective. Giotto di Bondone (12671337) is credited

with first treating a painting as a window into space, but it was not until the demonstrations of architect

Filippo Brunelleschi (13771446) and the subsequent writings of Leon Battista Alberti (14041472)that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique. The development of perspective was part of a

wider trend towards realism in the arts. To that end, painters also developed other techniques, studying

light, shadow, and, famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Underlying these

changes in artistic method, was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature, and to unravel the

axioms of aesthetics, with the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic

pinnacles that were to be much imitated by other artists. Other notable artists include Sandro Botticelli,

working for the Medici in Florence, Donatello another Florentine and Titian in Venice, among others.

In architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical

buildings, and with rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer Vitruvius and the flourishingdiscipline of mathematics, formulated the Renaissance style which emulated and improved on classical

forms. Brunelleschi's major feat of engineering was the building of the dome of Florence Cathedral.

The first building to demonstrate this is claimed to be the church of St. Andrew built by Alberti in

Mantua. The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of St. Peter's

Basilica, combining the skills of Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Sangallo and Maderno. The

Roman orders types of columns are used: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. These can

either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the

form of pilasters. During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures

as an integrated system. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in theOld Sacristy (14211440) by Filippo Brunelleschi.Arches, semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style)

segmental, are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a

section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to

use the arch on a monumental. Renaissance vaults do not have ribs. They are semi-circular or

segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular. Nicola Pisano

(c. 1220c. 1278) imitated classical forms by portraying scenes from the Bible. The Annunciation by

Nicola Pisano, from the Baptistry at Pisa, demonstrates that classical models influenced Italian art

before the Renaissance took root as a literary movement.

II. Renaissance Art


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Leonardo Da VinciLeonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in the town of Vinci. His father

was Ser Piero, a notary; his mother, Caterina, came of a peasant family. They were not married. The

boy's uncle Francesco may have had more of a hand in his upbringing than by either of his parents.

When Leonardo was about 15, he moved to the nearby city of Florence and became an apprentice to

the artist Andrea del Verrocchio. He was already a promising talent. While at the studio, he aided his

master with his Baptism of Christ, and eventually painted his own Annunciation. Around the age of 30,

Leonardo began his own practice, starting work on the Adoration of the Magi; however, he soon

abandoned it and moved to Milan in 1482. In Milan, Leonardo sought and gained the patronage of

Ludovico Sforza, and soon began work on the painting Virgin of the Rocks. After some years, he

began work on a giant bronze horse, a monument to Sforza's father. Leonardo's design is grand, but the

statue was never completed. Meanwhile, he was keeping scrupulous notebooks on a number of studies,

including artistic drawings but also depictions of scientific subjects ranging from anatomy to

hydraulics. In 1490, he took a young boy, Salai, into his household, and in 1493 a woman named

Caterina (most likely his mother) also came to live with him; she died a few years later. Around 1495,

Leonardo began his painting The Last Supper, which achieved immense success but began to

deteriorate physically almost immediately upon completion. Around this same time, Fra Luca Pacioli,

the famous mathematician, moved to Milan, befriended Leonardo, and taught him higher math. In

1499, when the French conquered Lombard and Milan, the two left the city together, heading for

Mantua.

In 1500, Leonardo arrived in Florence, where he painted the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne.

He was very interested in mathematics at this time. In 1502, he went to work as chief military engineer

to Cesare Borgia, and also became acquainted with Niccolo Machiavelli. After a year he returned to

Florence, where he contributed to the huge engineering project of diverting the course of the River

Arno, and also painted a giant war mural, the Battle of Anghiari, which was never completed, largely

due to problems with the paints. In 1505 Leonardo probably made his first sketches for the Mona

Lisa,but it is not known when he completed the painting.

In 1506, Leonardo traveled to Milan at the summons of Charles d'Amboise, the French

governor. He became court painter and engineer to Louis XII and worked on a second version of the

Virgin of the Rocks. In 1507, he returned to Florence to engage in a legal battle against his brothers for

their uncle Francesco's inheritance. In this same year, he took the young aristocratic Melzi as an

assistant, and for the rest of the decade he intensified his studies of anatomy and hydraulics. In 1513, he

moved to Rome, where Leo X reigned as pope. There, he worked on mirrors, and probably the above

self- portrait. In 1516, he left Italy for France, joining King Francis I in Amboise, whom he served as a

wise philosopher for three years before his death in 1519. One of da Vinci's last commissioned workswas a mechanical lion that could walk and open its chest to reveal a bouquet of lilies. The famous artist

died in Amboise, France, on May 2, 1519. Da Vinci's assistant and perhaps his lover, Francesco Melzi,

became the principal heir and executor of his estate.


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Leonardos Artworks:

Mona LisaThe Mona Lisa also known as La Gioconda or

La Joconde, or Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of

Francesco del Giocondo is a half-length portrait of a

woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has

been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited,the most written about, the most sung about, the most

parodied work of art in the world." This figure of a

woman, dressed in the Florentine fashion of her day and

seated in a visionary, mountainous landscape, is a

remarkable instance of Leonardo's sfumato technique of

soft, heavily shaded modeling. The Mona Lisa's

enigmatic expression, which seems both alluring and

aloof, has given the portrait universal fame.

The painting, who was confirmed to be a portrait

of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo,

is in oil on a poplar panel, and is believed to have been

painted between 1503 and 1506. It was acquired by King

Francis I of France and is now the property of the French

Republic, on permanent display at the Muse du Louvre

in Paris.

The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is one of the artist's most well-known works and,

together with theMona Lisa, was one of the two paintings that helped establish Leonardo's fame as a

painter. The work was commissioned by the Duke Lodovico Sforza, Leonardo's patron, for the

refectory (dining hall) of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in Milan, Italy.The wall painting,

which Leonardo worked on between 1495 and 1498, is not a true fresco. The painter chose not to paint

the piece on wet plaster, since that would severely limit the amount of time he could spend on the

work. Instead he sealed the stone wall with a layer of resin and chalk, and then painted over the sealinglayer with tempera. Unfortunately, though this technique allowed him to depict the scene in exquisite

detail, it did not prove very durable. The piece began deteriorating within only a few years after it was


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finished.

The AnnunciationThe Annunciation (14721475) is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Uffizi Gallery in

Florence. It depicts the annunciation by the Archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she will

conceive Jesus Christ and is set in the enclosed courtyard arden of a Florentine villa.The angel holds a

Madonna lily, a symbol of Mary's virginity and of the city of Florence. It is supposed that Leonardo

originally copied the wings from those of a bird in flight, but they have since been lengthened by a later

artist.

The marble table in front of the Virgin probably quotes the tomb of Piero and Giovanni de'

Medici in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence that Verrocchio sculpted in this same period. When

Annunciation came to the Uffizi in 1867 from the monastery of San Bartolomeo of Monteoliveto, near

Florence, it was ascribed to Domenico Ghirlandaio, who was, like Leonardo, an apprentice in the

workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio. In 1869, some critics recognized it as a youthful work by

Leonardo.

The Holy Infants Embracing

The Holy Infants Embracing is a painting ascribed to Leonardo da Vinci, housed in the

Capodimonte Gallery in Naples, southern Italy. It is thought to represent the infant Christ embracing

his cousin John the Baptist. The subject matter relates to the two paintings of the Virgin of the Rocks

by Leonardo and numerous other Renaissance works by Raphael and others of the meeting of the two

children on the road to Egypt while escaping the Massacre of the Innocents.The subject of two Infants

kissing was an inspirational source of quite a few (about thirty) copies of pupils and followers of

Leonardo da Vinci. An early sketch of the subject by da Vinci himself is held at Windsor collection.

The sheet shows various studies of Madonna and Baby playing with the cat, while at the very bottomwe see two infants kissing and embracing each other. The sketch is quite different from the version

presented at numerous compositions, while the baby on the right is shown in a very same pose as Jesus

in Virgin of the Rocks. The connection between those paintings is evident in two copies made by Marco


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d'Oggiono (one of them - the Thuelin Madonna)and copy made by Bernardino dei Conti (lost during

World War II). Madonna, very much like as the one depicted in Virgin of the Rocks is seen blessing

two kissing children, representing Jesus and St John the Baptist.

Virgin of the Rocks

The Virgin of the Rocks(sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the name used fortwo paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, of the same subject, and of a composition which is

identical except for several significant details. The version generally considered the earlier of

the two hangs in the Muse du Louvre in Paris and the other in the National Gallery, London.

The paintings are both nearly 2 metres (over 6 feet) high and are painted in oils. Both were

painted on wooden panel; that in the Louvre has been transferred to canvas.

Both paintings show the Madonna and Christ Child with the infant John the Baptist and

an angel, in a rocky setting which gives the paintings their usual name. The significant

compositional differences are in the gaze and right hand of the angel. There are many minorways in which the works differ, including the colours, the lighting, the flora, and the way in

which sfumato has been used. Although the date of an associated commission is documented,

the complete histories of the two paintings are unknown, and lead to speculation about which of

the two is earlier.

Two further paintings are associated with the commission: side panels each containing an

angel playing a musical instrument and completed by associates of Leonardo. These are both in

the National Gallery, London.


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Raphael

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino was a painter and architect from the High Renaissance. Partof a trinity of great Italian masters, Raphael was perhaps the most productive of them all!. He

was born in 1483 and living just 37 years, Apostolic Palace of the Vatican, house some of themost magnificent fresco artwork anywhere in the world.

Running a hugely successful workshop, Raphael generated more artists than any other.His team included established masters, young pupils and journeymen who were all diffused

across Italy after the Sack of Rome in 1527; Raphaels more serene and harmonious qualitieshave always been regarded as the highest models by art historians.

Contemporary biographer Giorgio Vasari said: Those who are the possessors of such

rare and numerous gifts as were seen in the Raffaello da Urbino are not merely men, but mortal

gods.Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles because he had excellent manners and social skills

due to his knowledge of music and literary culture, though he never got on with his great rivalsLeonardo and Michelangelo during the Florentine sojourn.

Assimilating the influence of Florentine art (such as the pyramidal composition of da

Vinci) with his own style, Raphael reached the epitome of the classical spirit, thus, The School

of Athens is a masterpiece without question in the Stanza della Segnatura; Raphael became thefather of history painting - the highest in the hierarchy of genres.

Scuola di Atene is a painting which depicts branches of knowledge: philosophy, poetry,music, theology and law. The title of Raphaels best-known fresco from 1511 refers to

Aristotles emphasis on wisdom, thus Aristotle and his teacher Plato appear right in the centre

with Plato holding a book in his left hand.

Just a third of this school are Athenians and the architecture contains many Roman elements;Plato and Aristotle are pointing towards heaven and earth which reflects Timaeus - a bible of

mathematics, time and space by Plato and a copy of which is the book he is holding.Remaining in Rome until the end of his life, Raffaello Sanzio da Urbinos work has since

been admired for its ease of composition, its clarity of form and how it achieved visually theideal of human grandeur. Raphaels premature death on Good Friday was possibly his 37th

birthday and after an extremely grand funeral, he was buried in the Pantheon.

Raphaels Artworks:


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The Marriage of the VirginThe Marriage of the Virgin is part of an

altarpiece created for a church at Citta di Castello,

Italy and shows the marriage of the Virgin Mary and

St. Joseph. The painting, an oil on panel, was

completed in 1504 and is an example of Raphaels

increasing maturity and confidence as an artist. Hiscolors here are vibrant, and the faces of his

characters are specific and full of calm. In this

painting, Raphael shows off his mastery of

perspective, for the painting is dominated by a

distinctly Italian Renaissance (as opposed to Roman

occupied Palestinian) round temple in the

background, in the frieze of which the painter has

cleverly painted his name and, below it, the date.

The front and back doors of this temple are open,and through it the viewer can see a bit of the hazy,

sfumato painted background of hills and sky. The

temple sits on a cascade of steps that lead down to a

plaza with walkways that are picked out in a reddish

stone. People in Renaissance garb gather in small

groups, seemingly oblivious to the rather

momentous marriage thats happening in the

foreground.

St. MichaelSt. Michaelis an oil painting by Italian artist Raphael. Also called the Little St. Michael

to distinguish it from a larger, later treatment of the same theme, St. Michael Vanquishing

Satan, it is housed in the Louvre in Paris. The work depicts the Archangel Michael in combat

with the demons of Hell, while the damned

suffer behind him. Along with St. George, it

represents the first of Raphael's works on

martial subjects.

An early work of the artist, thepainting was executed for Guidobaldo da

Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, in 1504 or1505 on the back of a draughtboard,

possibly commissioned to expressappreciation to Louis XII of France for

conferring the Order of Saint Michael onFrancesco Maria I della Rovere, Urbino's

nephew and heir. Whatever the impetus forits creation, by 1548 it hung in the collection

at the Palace of Fontainebleau.


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Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius IIis an

oil painting attributed to Italian

painter Raphael. This painting ofPope Julius II, who was a popular

subject for Raphael and his students,

was unusual for its time and wouldcarry a long influence on papal

portraiture. From its beginning, it was

specially hung at the pillars of SantaMaria del Popolo, at the gates to

Rome, for feast and high holy days.For many years, a version of

the painting which now hangs in the

Uffizi Gallery was believed to be the

original, but in 1970 opinion shifted.

The original is currently believed tobe the version hanging in the NationalGallery, London.

Sistine Madonna

S

isti

ne Madonna, also called La Madonna diSan Sisto, is an oil painting by the Italian

artist Raphael. Finished a few years beforehis death, ca. 15131514, as a commissioned

altarpiece, it was the last of the painter's

Madonnas and the last painting he completed

with his own hands. Relocated to Dresdenfrom 1754, the well-known painting has been

particularly influential in Germany. AfterWorld War II, it was relocated to Moscow for

a decade before it was returned to Germany.There, it resides as one of the central pieces

in the Gemldegalerie Alte Meister. Thepainting has been highly praised by many

notable critics, and Giorgio Vasari called it a"a truly rare and extraordinary work".In the

painting, the Madonna, holding the ChristChild and flanked by Saint Sixtus and Saint

Barbara, stands on clouds before dozens of

obscured cherubs, while two distinctivewinged cherubs rest on their elbows beneathher. The American travel guide Rick Steves

suggests that the unusual worried expressionon Mary's face reflects her original placement

beside a painting of the Crucifixion

The School of Athens


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School of Athens, or Scuola di Atenein Italian, is one of the most famous frescoes by

the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. It was painted between 1510 and 1511 as a part of

Raphael's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms now known as the Stanze di

Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The Stanza della Segnatura was the first of the

rooms to be decorated, and The School of Athens the second painting to be finished there, after

La Disputa, on the opposite wall. The picture has long been seen as "Raphael's masterpiece and

the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the High Renaissance."

Michelangelo

MichelangeloBuonarroti was born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy, a small Italian village


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near Arezzo, Tuscany. For several generations, his family had worked as bankers in Florence. His

father, Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, also held occasional government positions. At

the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was serving as a Florentine government agent in Caprese

and his mother was in failing health. His parents decided to entrust the care of Michelangelo to the wife

of a stonecutter who lived in the town of Settignano where his father owned a marble quarry and a

small farm. Michelangelo's mother died when he was 6 years old.

From childhood Michelangelo was drawn to the arts. However, his father considered this pursuitbelow the family's social status and tried to discourage him. Michelangelo's father recognized his

intellectual potential and enrolled him in the school of master linguist, Francesco Galeota, to prepare

young Michelangelo for a career in business. Michelangelo, however, showed no interest in his

schooling. He preferred to copy paintings from churches and seek the company of painters. Through

the course of his studies, Michelangelo met a student of painter Domenico Ghirlandaio, one of the most

fashionable painters in Florence.

In 1488, at age thirteen, Michelangelo followed his interest in the arts, and became an apprentice

in Domenico's workshop. Michelangelo's decision to defy his father and risk his family's social

standing in Florence created a distance between them that would haunt Michelangelo throughout hislife.

In 1489 Michelangelo left his apprenticeship after one year and excepted an invitation from

Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent, a retired sculptor and ruler of Florence. There he studied

sculpture and anatomy at the school in the Medici gardens. During his studies, he was introduced to

important scientists, and poets. Though their radical ideas were often at odds with the artist's strong

religious beliefs, these men intrigued him. Their impact is evident even in his earliest works. His most

important works during this time include the Madonna of the Steps (1490-1492) and Battle of the

Centaurs(1491-1492).

Lorenzo de' Medici died in 1492, and the Medici family fell from power. As aresult,Michelangelo decided to return to Florence for a short time prior to moving to Rome. It was there

that he carved hisPieta, a sculpture of Mary supporting the crucified Christ across her knees.

In 1501 Michelangelo returned to Florence. Recognized, as the most talented sculptor of central Italy,

he was commissioned to carve the Biblical hero "David" for the Florence Cathedral. Seven years later

he received one of his most important commissions when Pope Julius II asked him to paint the 12,000

square foot ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Michelangelo died on February 18, 1564. He excelled in poetry, sculpture, painting, and

architecture, and his idealized and expressive works have encouraged many to regard him as one of the

greatest masters of European art.

Michelangelos

Artworks:

La Pieta

The Piet (1498

1499) is a masterpiece of

Renaissance sculpture byMichelangelo Buonarroti,

housed in St. Peter's Basilica in

Vatican City. It is the first of a

number of works of the same

theme by the artist. The statue

was commissioned for the

French cardinal Jean de

Billheres, who was a

representative in Rome. Thesculpture, in Carrara marble,

was made for the cardinal's


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funeral monument, but was

moved to its current location, the

first chapel on the right as one

enters the basilica, in the 18th

century. It is the only piece

Michelangelo ever signed.

The Creation of Adam

The Creation of Adam is arguably the most famous section of Michelangelo's fresco Sistine

Chapel ceiling painted circa 1512. It is traditionally thought to illustrate the Biblical creation narrative

from the Book of Genesis in which God breathes life into Adam, the first man. Chronologically the

fourth in the series of panels depicting episodes from Genesis on the Sistine ceiling, it was among the

last to be completed. It is the most well-known of the Sistine Chapel fresco panels, and its fame as a

piece of art is rivaled only by the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. The image of the near-touchinghands of God and Adam has become one of the single most iconic images of humanity and has been

reproduced in countless imitations and parodies. Along with Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, The

Creation of Adam and the other Sistine Chapel panels are the most replicated religious paintings of all

time.


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The Conversion

of SaulThis is the first of

two large frescoes

Michelangelo made in

Paul's Chapel (Cappella

Paolina) in the Vatican.

The other one shows The

Crucifixion of Peter. The

chapel was built as a

private chapel for pope

Paul III. The frescoes were

painted opposite each other

on the long walls of the

chapel. Michelangelo

started working on this

fresco in 1542. The

depiction of the figures inthe sky shows strong

resemblance to his

previous project: The Last

Judgement in the Sistine

Chapel, which he finished

in 1541. The fresco shows

the moment that Saul, a

fanatical persecutor of

christians, is hit by a divine

beam of light, which leaveshim lying on the ground,

blinded. A voice tells him

to continue his journey to

Damascus. There a

christian called Ananias

makes him see again. Now named

Paul, he joins the apostles.

Last JudgementThe Last Judgment is a

canonical fresco by the Italian

Renaissance master Michelangelo

executed on the altar wall of the Sistine

Chapel in Vatican City. The work took

four years to complete and was done

between 1536 and 1541 (preparation of

the altar wall began in 1535.)

Michelangelo began working on it some

twenty years after having finished the

Sistine Chapel ceiling.

The work is massive and spans

the entire wall behind the altar of the

Sistine Chapel. It is a depiction of the

Second Coming of Christ and the final

and eternal judgment by God of all

humanity. The souls of humans rise and

descend to their fates, as judged by

Christ surrounded by prominent saints

including Saints Catherine of

Alexandria, Peter, Lawrence,


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Bartholomew, Paul, Peter Simon, Sebastian, John the Baptist, and others.

The Crucifixion of St. Peter

The Crucifixion of St. Peter is a fresco painting by the Italian Renaissance master

Michelangelo Buonarroti (c. 15461550). It is housed in the Cappella Paolina, Vatican Palace, in the

Vatican City, Rome. It is the last fresco executed by Michelangelo. The artist portrayed St. Peter in the

moment in which he was raised by the Roman soldiers to the cross. Michelangelo concentrated the

attention on the depiction of pain and suffering. The faces of the people present are contracted in a

horrified grim, and several of the observers seem going to die. Pope Paul commissioned this fresco by

Michelangelo in 1541 and unveiled it in his Cappella Paolina.

Restoration of the fresco completed in 2009 revealed an image believed to be a self-portrait ofMichelangelo himself. The figure is standing in the upper left corner of the figure, wearing a red tunic

and a blue turban. Blue turbans were often worn by Renaissance sculptors to keep the dust out of their

hair.

MAPEH Renaissance

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