FMN Fe--S FMNH 2 2H + MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX 2e - 4H + 3H + Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic Membrane 4H + 2H + 1.6.5.3 NADH+H + 2H + 2H + ADP Pi I 2H + Fe--S SUCCINATE FUMARATE FAD 1.3.5.1 Fe-S and Cytochromes 1.10.2.2 2H + 2e - III 1.9.3.1 Cu and Cytochromes 2H + Cyt.c 2H + H O 2 IV ADP 3.6.1.3 Pi 3.6.1.34 ATP II UQ UQH2 M I T O C H O N D RIA L IN N E R M E M B R A N E 2H + Mit o c h on dr ia l O ut e r Membra ne Mit o c h ondria l Inne r Membrane 4.1.1.39 Fixation CO 2 Ribulose-1:5-bis-P H OH OH C C H CO CH O 2 P POCH 2 P680 P700 2H O 2 H + H + H + H + 2H + H + H + H + H + H + H + Thylakoid Lumen H + 2H + 2e* 2e* + T r a n slo c a t e d p r o t o n s Mg ++ 2e * O O 2 2 e - Chloroplast Stroma PC - Thylakoid Membrane Mn PHOTO- Cyt. ADP+Pi 3.6.1.34 Ferredoxin b f Chloroplast Stroma Membrane ATP 3H + 2H + 2H + PC 3.6.1.3 3H + Glyceraldehyde HOCH CH(OH)CHO 2 4.1.2.13 NADP PQ PQH 2 SYSTEM II PHOTO- Pheophytin Chlorophyll Thylakoid To Brain - A M I N O A C I D S P Y R I M I D I N E S P U R I N E S C A T E C H O L A M I N E S A R O M A T I C A M I N O A C I D S STEROIDS hv VISION P O R P H Y R I N S S T E R O I D S I S O P R E N O I D S P H O S P H O L I P I D S L I P I D D E G R A D A T I O N L I P I D B I O S Y N T H E S I S P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S P E N T O S E S H E X O S E S P O L Y S A C C H A R I D E S CO CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + FOLIC ACID C1 POOL VALINE ATP ATP 4.1.1.4 1.1.1.30 CH COCH 3 3 CH COCH COO 3 2 CH CH(OH)CH COO 3 2 3-OH-Butyrate Acetone Acetoacetate KETONE BODIES HYALURONIC ACID DERMATAN BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES PEPTIDO- GLYCAN N-Ac-Neuraminate (Sialate) UDP- Iduronate UDP-N-Ac- Galactosamine UDP- Galacturonate GDP-Fucose TDP-Rhamnose ADP- Glucose UDP-Glucose TDP-4-Oxo- 6-deoxyglucose MANNOSE CHITIN CHONDROITIN PECTIN ALGINATES INULIN CELLULOSE O-ANTIGENS STARCH GLYCOGEN LACTOSE GALACTOSE O OH HO OH OH CH 3 O OPPT O OH OH O OH ACNH HO OH O OH HO OPPU NHAC OH OH OH OH HO OH NHCOCH OH HO O OPPG CH OH 2 HO P UDP-N-Ac- Glucosamine pyruvate N-Ac-Mannosamine-6-P UDP-Glucuronate GDP-Mannose N-Ac-Mannosamine UDP-N-Ac-Glucosamine N-Ac-Glucosamine-6-P Sorbitol Fructose-1-P Erythrose-4-P 3-Dehydrogulonate L-Xylose L-Lyxose D-Xylulose D-Ribose Ribitol L-Arabitol L-Xylulose L-Ribulose L-Ribulose-5-P L-Xylulose-5-P L-Arabinose Xylitol D-Xylose D-Arabinose D-Ribulose ASCORBATE 2, 3-Dioxogulonate N-Ac-Glucosamine-1-P Inositol-P Inositol Glucuronate Gulonate Gulonolactone 2-Oxogulonolactone Fructose 6-P-Gluconate D-Ribulose-5-P D-Xylulose-5-P Mannose-1-P GDP-Glucose TDP-Glucose UDP-Galactose Galactose-P Glucose-1-P Glucose-6-P Fructose-6-P Fructose- 1:6-bis-P OH H H H O HOCH 2 C C C C CO OH OH H OH H H O HOCH 2 C C C CO CO OH H H OH H C C OH CO P-Ribosyl amine Glycerate 2, 3-Diphospho- glycerate 3-P-Glyceraldehyde 1:3-bis-P-Glycerate 3-P-Glycerate 2-P-Glycerate P-enolpyruvate Inositol CH OH 2 CH OH 2 HOCH CH OH 2 CH O 2 HOCH P Glycerol PYRUVATE UDP-Galactose UDP-Sugars CH CH OH 3 2 ETHANOL Dihydroxy- acetone-P (Glycerone-P) Glucosamine-6-P Phospho- serine Chain elongation Mitochondrial Serine Serine Indole-3-glycerol-P 3-Deoxy-D-arabino- heptulosonate-7-P Indoleacetate (Auxin) Indoxyl Formylkynurenine Kynurenine 3-Hydroxy kynurenine 3-Hydroxy anthranilate 2-Amino-3-carboxy muconate semialdehyde NH OH Tryptamine 1-(o-Carboxy phenylamino) 1-deoxyribulose-5-P N-(5-P-Ribosyl) anthranilate Anthranilate Catechol NH Indole- acetaldehyde NH CH CHO 2 Indolepyruvate N H C-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH O 2 P CH 2-Aminomuconate- 6-semialdehyde CH CH NH 2 2 2 NH 1.2.3.7 4.1.1.43 3.5.1.9 3.7.1.3 4.2.1.20 1.13.11.6 4.1.1.45 2.4.2.18 4.6.1.4 4.1.1.48 1.14.13.9 4.6.1.3 Dehydro- quinate 4.2.1.10 1.1.1.25 2.5.1.19 Shikimate-3-P Shikimate-5 enolpyruvate 3-P Chorismate PEP 2.7.1.71 1.4.1.19 Homogentisate Phenylpyruvate Cinnamate Coumarate Prephenate 2-Amino muconate Fumarate Aspartate GLYCINE Sarcosine Hydroxy- pyruvate P-Hydroxy- pyruvate SERINE Imidazole glycerol-P P-Ribosyl-ATP P-Ribosylformimino 5-aminoimidazole- carboxamide-R P Formimino glutamate Imidazolone propionate Urocanate Cystathionine Homocysteine Phosphoadenylyl- sulphate (PAPS) CH (NH )COO 2 3 + Histidinol-P Histidinol Histidinal 3.1.3.15 2.6.1.9 1.1.1.23 3.6.1.31 5.3.1.16 2.4.2.17 Asparagine ALANINE 3-Sulphinyl pyruvate Oxobutyrate 2-Aceto-2- hydroxy- butyrate O-Phospho- homoserine HO SCH CH NH 2 2 2 2 Hypotaurine HO SCH CH NH 3 2 2 2 Taurine Glutamate γ-Glutamylcysteine Glutathione Glycine Cysteine ß-Alanine Cysteate S-Adenosyl homocysteine 4.2.99.2 1.1.1.86 4.2.1.9 1.1.1.86 4.2.1.9 2.6.1.32 4.1.3.18 2-Methylaceto- acetyl-CoA 2-Acetolactate 2-3-Dihydroxy isovalerate 2-Oxo- isovalerate 3-Hydroxy- isobutyrate 3-Hydroxy- Isobutyryl-CoA Methyl acrylyl-CoA 2-Methyl-3- hydroxy- butyryl-CoA Tiglyl-CoA 2 Methylbutyryl- CoA 2:3-Di-OH- 3-methylvalerate 2-Oxo-3-methyl valerate Isobutyryl-CoA Cysteine sulphinate 4.2.99.9 2-Isopropyl- malate CH CH COCOO 3 2 + CH CH(NH )COO 3 3 CH CH(OH)COO 3 HO SCH COCOO 2 2 OCH COCOO 2 P OCH CH(NH )COO 2 3 P HOCH COCOO 2 HOCH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + + OH CH COCOO 2 COO OH OH O COO OH OH HO P COO OH OH O CH 2 P COO O-C-COO OH O OH OOC CH COCOO 2 N H HOC-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2 OP CH COO NH 2 COO OH NH 2 COO COO OCH OOCCH NHCH 2 3 CH (CH ) COS-ACP 3 2 14 CH (CH ) COSCoA 3 2 14 CH (CH ) CH=CHCO-S-ACP 3 22 CH CH=CHCO-S-ACP 3 CH CH(OH)CH COS-ACP 3 2 COSCoA Linoleate Oleoyl-CoA Stearoyl-CoA Dehydrostearoyl-CoA OH-Stearoyl-CoA Oxostearoyl-CoA Palmitoyl-ACP Palmitoyl-CoA ACYL-ACP 2, 3-Enoyl-ACP 3, 4-Decenoyl-ACP 2, 3-Decenoyl-ACP 3-OH-Acyl-ACP 3-Oxoacyl-ACP 3-Oxo-Decanoyl-ACP 3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-ACP 3-OH-Hexanoyl-ACP 2, 3-Hexenoyl-ACP Butanoyl-ACP Crotonoyl-ACP 3-OH-Butanoyl-ACP Acetoacetyl-ACP Hexanoyl-ACP 3-OH-Decanoyl-ACP Decanoyl-ACP Palmitoleoyl-ACP γ-Linolenate Arachidonate Leukotriene B4 COSCoA CO-S-ACP Thromboxane B2 HOOCCH CO-S-ACP 2 Malonyl-ACP HOOCCH CO-SCoA 2 Malonyl-Co-A CH CO-S-ACP 3 Acetyl-ACP CH O-CO-R 2 CH OH 2 R’-CO-OCH FATTY ACID ACYL-CoA (Cytosol) CH O-CO-R 2 CH O 2 R’-CO-OCH P Cardiolipin Phosphatidylglycerol Acetylcholine Glycerophosphocholine Lysolecithin Choline plasmalogen CDP-choline Choline-P Mevaldate CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH 3 2 12 2 Dehydrosphinganin Sphinganin 4-Sphingenin Psychosine Acyl-CoA Acyl-CoA Cerebroside Galactose CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O- 3 2 12 2 NHCOR Isopentenyl-PP (C5) Dimethylallyl-PP (C5) Geranyl-geranyl-PP (C20) Farnesyl-PP (C15) Squalene (C30) Geranyl-PP (C10) Desmosterol Zymosterol Lanosterol CH C = CHCH O 3 2 PP CH 3 Ceramide Gangliosides NHCOR CH O 2 PP OPP CH 2 CHOLESTEROL CH C(OH)CH CH OH 3 2 2 CH COO 2 CH C(OH)CH CHO 3 2 CH COO 2 NADP + Dehydroascorbate OH H O HOCH 2 C C C C CO OH H OH OH H O HOCH 2 C C CO CO CO H NAD+ Pi ADP Phytoene (C40) Lycopene (C40) ß-CAROTENE (C40) Rhodopsin Metarhodopsin Retinoate trans-Retinal 11-cis-Retinol trans-Retinol (Vitamin A) Retinol esters Dark Light Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) Menaquinone Plastoquinone Phylloquinone (Vitamin K) Opsin CHO CH OH 2 CHO CH OH 2 CH 3 CH O 3 CH O 3 n O O O O Phytol (C20) α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 5-Amino levulinate Porphobilinogen Uroporphyrinogen III Coproporphyrinogen III Protoporphyrinogen IX HEME Quinolinate Quinolinate- nucleotide Nicotinate- nucleotide Desamino-NAD 5-Hydroxy- tryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptamine (SEROTONIN) N-Acetyl-5-O-methyl-serotonin (MELATONIN) NH CH CH NHCOCH 2 2 3 HO NH CH CH NHCOCH 2 2 3 CH O 3 NICOTINATE N-Acetyl-serotonin 2.4.2.19 Dopamine Dopa Dopaquinone THYROXINE MELANIN OH OH CHOHCH NHCH 2 3 OH OH CHOHCH NH 2 2 4-OH-3-Methoxy- phenylglycol CHOHCH NH 2 2 OH OCH 3 OCH 3 CHOHCH OH 2 OH OCH 3 4-OH-3-Methoxy- D-mandelate Cyclic AMP ATP Dephospho-Coenzyme A 4-P-Pantetheine 4-P-Pantothenylcysteine 4-P-Pantothenate Pantoate 6.3.2.1 1.1.1.169 3.5.1.22 2.7.1.33 NH N H O O O O CH OH 2 OH OCH 3 CH(OH)COO H 2 NH 3 + CH-COO C O O COO N Ribose- P N + COO NH CH COO 2 O OH CH O 2 P NHCOCH NH 2 2 OH Formyl glycinamide-R P Urea Formyl glycinamidine-R P Allantoate Allantoin URATE ADP Xanthine Hypoxanthine Inosine Adenine Adenylo- succinate 5-Amino imidazole-R P 5-Amino-4-imidazole carboxylate-R P 5-Amino-4-imidazole (N-succinylcarboxamide)-R P 5-Aminoimidazole carboxamide-R P Formylamido- imidazole- carboxamide-R P H NCONH 2 2 HN HC 2 CHO NH RP NH C C C O C CO OC NH NH H N HN H C C O C CH OC NH N N HN Carbamoyl ß-alanine Dihydro- uracil Uracil d-ADP d-ATP GTP GDP XANTHOSINE-P (XMP) TTP TDP ß-Ureido isobutyrate Dihydro thymine Thymine d-UMP d-CMP d-CDP CDP Carbamoyl aspartate Dihydro orotate Orotate Orotidine-P Uridine-P (UMP) UDP 3-Amino- isobutyrate CH C NH 2 CH OC NH N CH C O CH OC N H HN CH-CH 3 C O OC NH HN CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C O OC NH HN C O CH OC NH HN C CH 3 Methylmalonyl semialdehyde OHCCHCOO CH 3 CH 2 C O CH-COO OC NH HN CH C O C-COO OC NH HN H NCONHCH CH COO 2 2 2 C C C CH RP HC NH NH OOC-CH-CH COO 2 N N N CHO NH RP NH OC HC 2 2.7.7.43 3.1.3.29 1.1.1.158 5.1.3.13 2.7.1.38 3.2.1.23 3.1.3.29 4.1.3.20 2.7.1.60 5.1.3.14 5.1.3.7 5.1.3.1 2.7.1.4 5.4.2.3 3.1.1.17 1.1.1.49 2.7.1.1 1.1.1.21 2.7.7.23 3.1.3.25 1.13.99.1 1.1.1.19 1.1.3.8 5.3.1.3 2.7.1.53 1.1.1.9 2.7.1.15 2.7.1.17 5.1.3.4 5.1.3.1 2.2.1.2 4.1.2.13 2.7.1.11 2.7.1.47 2.2.1.1 1.2.1.12 1.1.1.29 1.1.1.95 1.3.1.35 1.14.99.25 2.3.1.41 2.3.1.41 2.3.1.41 1.1.1.100 5.3.99.5 4.2.1.60 5.3.99.3 1.14.99.1 1.13.11.34 1.3.1.10 1.3.1.9 1.14.99.5 1.3.1.9 4.2.1.61 4.2.1.60 4.2.1.60 4.2.1.59 4.2.1.58 1.3.1.9 1.3.1.9 6.2.1.3 3.1.2.20 1.1.1.100 5.3.1.1 HOOC-COOH Oxalate Glycolate HOCH CHO 2 Glycol aldehyde Ethanolamine-P 2.7.1.30 2.3.1.7 3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107 3.7.1.2 4.1.3.5 2.7.8.8 2.1.1.17 2.1.1.71 1.3.1.35 2.7.8.2 3.1.4.3 3.1.4.4 2.7.7.15 3.1.1.5 3.1.4.2 2.7.1.32 2.7.1.82 2.6.1.2 1.4.1.1 4.1.1.1 2.3.1.50 1.1.1.102 3.1.4.12 2.7.8.3 2.4.1.62 3.2.1.46 5.2.1.3 1.2.1.36 2.3.1.76 3.1.1.21 5.2.1.7 5.4.99.7 1.14.99.7 4.3.1.8 4.2.1.75 4.1.1.37 1.3.3.3 1.3.3.4 4.99.1.1 2.5.1.29 2.4.1.47 4.1.1.28 2.3.1.5 2.1.1.4 6.3.5.1 6.3.1.5 2.4.2.11 2.7.7.18 2.6.1.5 1.13.11.5 2.1.1.28 2.1.2.2 6.3.3.1 3.5.2.5 1.4.1.10 1.7.3.3 1.1.1.204 1.1.3.22 1.1.3.22 4.1.1.28 4.1.1.21 2.1.2.3 2.4.2.1 1.5.99.2 2.1.1.5 2.6.1.22 3.5.2.3 2.6.1.51 1.4.1.7 3.1.3.3 2.6.1.52 2.1.3.2 ACETATE 2.4.2.4 2.1.1.45 RP CH C O CH OC N HN 1.3.1.14 2.4.2.10 4.1.1.23 2.7.7.7 2.7.7.7 2.7.7.7 1.17.4.1 2.7.7.7 2.7.4.14 4.4.1.1 1.6.4.1 1.13.11.20 4.4.1.8 4.2.1.22 1.1.1.27 4.1.1.29 6.3.2.3 6.3.2.2 1.8.1.3 LACTATE Acetaldehyde 2.7.1.24 2.7.7.3 4.1.1.36 Bile Acids CH CH COSCoA 3 2 Propanoyl-CoA 2.3.1.16 1.1.1.31 2.1.3.1 4.1.1.41 5.1.99.1 6.4.1.3 1.4.3.1 6.3.2.5 2.1.1.14 2.1.1.13 4.6.1.1 CDP-Ethanolamine 1.1.1.35 4.2.1.17 + HO SCH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 3.5.2.7 NH HN CH OOC CHCH CH COO 2 2 CMP-N-Acetyl neuraminate CDP-diacyl glycerol CHOLINE Malonic semi- aldehyde Ethanolamine Glyoxylate HISTAMINE 2.3.1.46 Homoserine Tyramine Plant Pigments Tannins Maleyl acetoacetate Fumaryl acetoacetate 5.2.1.2 CH COO 2 OH OH OH CH CH NH 2 2 2 OH OH CH CH NH 2 2 2 Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) LIGNIN d-GTP OH OH OH O HO OH P OPPT CH 3 HO OH OH O NADPH 2.2.1.1 2.7.1.3 1.1.1.45 1.1.1.130 1.10.3.3 1.10.2.1 1.1.1.10 ATP CH CH NH 2 2 2 NH HO 5.4.99.5 1.14.16.1 2.6.1.5 1.13.11.27 Indole 4.1.99.1 1.13.11.11 OH O OH NH C C CH CH O 2 P H H COO NH 2 COO 6.3.5.3 6.3.2.6 4.3.2.2 Guanine DNA 6.3.4.4 4.3.2.2 C C O C CH HC NH N N HN C C O C CH HC NH N N HN 3.5.3.4 2.4.2.1 2.7.7.6 2.7.7.6 2.7.7.6 2.7.7.6 2.7.4.6 2.7.4.3 2.7.4.4 2.7.4.6 2.4.2.15 1.1.1.205 6.3.4.1 6.3.5.2 2.7.4.4 3.5.4.3 3.2.2.2 2.4.2.1 3.1.3.5 3.1.4.6 6.3.4.2 1.17.4.1 1.17.4.1 3.5.4.12 2.7.4.8 2.7.4.9 2.7.4.6 2.4.2.4 1.3.1.2 3.5.2.2 3.5.1.6 3.5.1.6 3.5.2.2 3.5.4.1 Diphospho- mevalonate Mevalonate 3-Oxopentanoyl-CoA 3-Oxoacyl-CoA 3-OH-Acyl-CoA 2, 3-Enoyl-CoA 2, 3-Hexenoyl-CoA 3-OH-Hexanoyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA 3-OH-Butanoyl-CoA Crotonoyl-CoA Pentanoyl-CoA Pentenoyl-CoA 3-OH-Pentanoyl-CoA ACYL-CoA (Mitochondria) 1.1.1.35 1.1.1.35 1.1.1.157 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.2 1.1.1.35 Odd C Fatty acids Succinylhomoserine CO 2 TRANSAMINATION 2-OXO ACID Glutamyl-P Glutamine UREA P-Creatine Creatine Creatinine Glycine CITRULLINE Glutamic semialdehyde 2-AMINO ACID Pyrroline-5- carboxylate Glyoxylate Pyruvate 4-Hydroxy- 2-oxoglutarate 4-Hydroxy- glutamate 3-Hydroxy- pyrroline- 5-carboxylate Putrescine H NCH CH CH CH NH 2 2 2 2 2 2 Spermidine Spermine N -Trimethyllysine 6 6 N -Trimethyl- 3-OH-lysine Carnitine Glutaryl-CoA Saccharopine 2-Aminoadipate semialdehyde 2-Aminoadipate 2-Oxoadipate Arginino- succinate Guanidoacetate Methylmalonyl-CoA 4.1.2.12 Aspartyl Semialdehyde 2, 3-Dihydro- dipicolinate 1.2.1.11 4.2.1.52 1.3.1.26 Piperideine- 2, 6-dicarboxylate N-Succinyl- 2-amino-6-oxo- pimelate 2.6.1.17 N-Succinyl-2, 6 diaminopimelate Diamino- pimelate 3.5.1.18 3-Methyl- glutaconyl-CoA (CH ) CHCH COSCoA 32 2 (CH ) CHCH COSCoA 32 2 3-Methyl- crotonyl-CoA Isovaleryl-CoA Oxopantoate HCHO OOCCH C = CHCOSCoA 2 CH 3 CH COCHCOSCoA 3 CH 3 CH CH=CHCOSCoA 3 CH 3 CH CH(OH)CHCOSCoA 3 CH 3 C(OH)CH(OH)COO CH CH 3 2 CH 3 CH = CCOSCoA 2 CH 3 HOCH CHCOS-CoA- 2 CH 3 CH CHCO-SCoA 3 CH 3 C (OH)CH(OH)COO CH 3 CH 3 CH CH CHCOSCoA 3 2 CH 3 CH C = CHCOSCoA 3 CH 3 ATP 4-Aminobutyrate (GABA) 1.3.99.7 1.5.1.2 1.14.11.2 2.6.1.39 1.2.1.31 1.14.11.8 2.5.1.16 2.5.1.22 4.1.3.16 2.6.1.23 1.5.99.8 1.5.1.2 6.4.1.4 1.3.99.10 4.2.1.33 2.6.1.6 1.1.1.85 Oxoleucine COOH (CH ) CHCHCH(OH)COO 32 S-Adenosylmethyl thiopropylamine (Decarboxylated SAM) PROLINE Coenzyme A CH C= CHCH 3 2 CH 3 O CH CH 3 3 HO CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH C-CH HO 3 2 2 C PP CH 2 CH C= CHCH O 2 2 PP CH 3 3-P-Glycerol Phosphatidyl ethanolamine CEPHALIN 3.1.4.12 2.7.8.3 Progesterone 1.5.1.12 2.7.3.2 4.3.1.1 4.2.1.17 3.1.2.4 2.6.1.32 4.4.1.15 Acetylserine 2.7.7.4 2.7.1.25 1.8.99.1 Adenylylsulphate (APS) 2.7.1.39 4.4.1.15 4.1.1.29 4.2.99.8 2.3.1.30 P-Ribosyl-PP 1.1.1.1 1.2.1.4 Aspartyl-P 2.7.2.4 5.1.1.7 2.7.1.40 4.1.3.18 4.1.3.18 5.1.99.1 5.4.99.2 4.1.1.71 1.5.1.9 1.14.11.1 CHOLINE 2.1.1.13 1.3.1.2 NHCH CH SH 2 2 NHCH CH CO 2 2 OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO 2 32 P ADP- NHCH CH SH 2 2 NHCH CH CO 2 2 OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO 2 32 P-ADP- NHCH CH SH 2 2 NHCH CH CO 2 2 OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO 2 32 1.4.1.8 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.3 1.4.1.9 4.2.1.18 4.1.1.20 1.3.99.7 1.8.99.2 + CH CO-OCH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 2.5.1.6 2.1.1.10 2.1.1.20 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.3 4.2.1.18 1.2.1.16 4.1.1.12 4.1.2.5 4.3.1.5 4.2.1.20 2.1.2.1 2.1.1.20 Glyoxylate 2.1.1.6 1.4.3.4 1.14.18.1 1.14.16.2 Hexanoyl-CoA Butanoyl-CoA 1.18.6.1 1.4.1.2 3.5.1.2 6.3.4.16 6.3.5.5 2.7.2.11 2.1.3.3 NO 1.14.13.39 3.5.3.6 3.5.3.1 4.3.2.1 4.1.1.17 2.7.7.41 2.6.1.4 1.1.1.100 1.1.1.8 2.3.1.51 2.3.1.15 2.7.8.5 SO - 4 2 1.14.16.4 NH 2 OOC OOC 4.1.1.25 1.3.1.13 1.3.1.13 2.7.4.6 CYTIDINE- triphosphate (CTP) Cytosine 2.4.2.9 4.1.1.11 2.6.1.18 4.3.1.3 4.2.1.49 3 HSO - 1.1.1.105 2.3.1.41 NADPH 1.1.1.22 2.3.1.4 5.5.1.4 3.2.1.26 3.2.1.48 2.6.1.16 1.1.1.14 2.7.7.34 4.2.1.47 2.4.1.68 2.4.1.69 2.4.1.9 5.3.1.8 2.4.1.11 O OPPU CH OH 2 CH OH 2 HO OH OH HO 2.4.1.21 OXALOACETATE 4.2.1.52 ATP GTP GDP+Pi 1.2.1.18 CITRATE MALATE SUCCINYL-CoA ISOCITRATE 4.2.1.18 4.2.1.3 1.3.5.1 4.2.1.2 1.1.1.37 6.2.1.4 3.1.2.3 1.7.99.4 1.6.6.1 5-Amino levulinate 1.6.6.4 Glycine O CH C CH OC N HN DP CH C O CH OC N HN RPPP OCH 2 H C C H OH OH CH N HN C H C P H O OCH 2 C C H OH H OH C H C C C NH 2 C CH HC N RP(PP) N N N + P NH 2 H O OCH 2 C C H OH H OH C H C C OC C CH HC N RP N N NH P H OCH 2 C C H OH OH CO CH 2 C CONH 2 C CH HC N RP N N NH P + OOCCH N(CH ) 2 33 Betaine Betaine aldehyde 2.4.1.16 5.1.3.6 2.4.1.33 2.7.7.13 5.4.2.8 5.3.1.8 O OH CH OH 2 HO OP HO 2.7.1.28 2.7.1.31 6.3.4.13 5.3.1.1 2.2.1.1 4.1.1.9 3.1.2.11 ß-OH-ß-Methyl- glutaryl-CoA 2.3.1.37 1.4.1.14 6.3.1.2 3.5.1.2 6.3.4.5 5.3.1.6 2.5.1.21 2.1.1.2 3.5.2.10 6.3.2.13 6.3.2.7-10 2.7.7.27 2.7.7.9 3.5.4.10 C C O C CH OC NRP N N H HN C C O C CH N N N HN RP HN 2 C 2.7.4.6 1.17.4.1 2.7.4.6 2.6.1.13 SUCCINATE Carbamoyl-P 2.3.1.9 Carnitine 2.6.1.44 2.6.1.4 CH C(OH)CH COSCoA 3 2 CH COO 2 1.2.3.5 1.1.1.34 2.3.1.16 4.1.3.5 2.3.1.16 4.1.3.4 Glyoxylate 4.1.3.1 HOOCCHO 4.1.3.2 4.1.1.15 2.6.1.19 2.6.1.1 4.2.1.16 Carnosine CH CH NH 2 2 2 C NH N C HC H 4.1.1.22 4.3.1.3 Ubiquinone Plastoquinone D-Ribose-5-P CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 HO + O OH OH HO OPPU COO - O OH OH HO OPPU COO - OH H OH HOCH 2 C C CO H CO COO - O CHOH CHOH AcNH HO OPC O CO - CH OH 2 O CHOH CHOH AcNH HO OH COO CH OH 2 O OH OHHO HO CH O 2 P O OH ACNH HO OH CH O 2 P O O OH HO HO P CH OH 2 O OH OH HO HO CH OH 2 O OH HO OH 3 CH O 2 P O OH HO O NHCOCH 3 P CH OH 2 CH OH 2 CH OH 2 O OH HO OH NH 2 CH O 2 P O OH HO OH OPPU CH OH 2 O O HO OH OH HO P CH OH 2 CH OH 2 O O HO OH OH O OH OH OH CH OH 2 O OH HO OH OH CH 2 CH OP 2 OH H H H OH C C C C OH OH H COO - HOCH 2 H OH OH OH C C C CHO H H H OH OH H C C C CHO H OH OH H OH H C C C CHO H OH H OH H OH C C C CHO OH H HOCH 2 OH H H OH C C C CHO OH H HOCH 2 OH H OH OH C C C CHO H H H OH H OH C C C C OH H H OH COO - POCH 2 OH H OH C C CO H POCH 2 CH OH 2 H OH H C C CO OH CH OH 2 CH OH 2 POCH 2 H OH OH C C CO H CH OH 2 POCH 2 OH H H C C CO OH CH OH 2 POCH 2 H OH OH C C CO H CH OH 2 OH H OH C C CO H CH OH 2 OH H H C C CO OH CH OH 2 H OH OH H C C C H OH CH OH 2 OH H OH OH C C C H H CH OH 2 H OH H OH C C C C OH H H OH CH OH 2 HOCH 2 H OH OH C C CHO H POCH 2 H OH H OH C C C CO OH H CH O 2 P H OH OH OH C C C H H HOCH 2 CH OH 2 H OH OH C C C H CO H HO POCH 2 CH OH 2 P H OH OH C C C H CO H HO CH O 2 P OCH 2 H OH OH C C H C CHO OH H POCH 2 POCH 2 O OH NH 2 OH CH O 2 P CHOHCHO POCH 2 CO HOCH 2 CH O 2 P O OH OO P P OH CH O 2 P CHOHCOOP POCH 2 CHOH POCH 2 COO COO OH O HO OH COO CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COS-CoA 3 2 14 2 CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COS 3 2 14 2 CH (CH ) COCH COS-CoA 3 2 14 2 CH (CH ) COCH COS-CoA 3 2 14 2 CH (CH ) COS-CoA 3 2 n+2 CH (CH ) CH=CHCOS-CoA 3 2 14 CH (CH ) 3 2n CH=CHCOS-CoA CH (CH ) 3 25 2 CH=CHCH COSACP CH (CH ) 3 26 CH=CHCOSACP CH (CH ) 3 26 COCH COSACP 2 CH (CH ) 3 26 2 2 CH CH COSACP CH (CH ) 3 22 2 2 CH CH COSACP CH CH CH COSACP 3 2 2 CH (CH ) 3 26 CH(OH)CH COSACP 2 CH CH=CHCO.S-ACP 3 CH (CH ) 3 22 2 COCH COSACP CH 3 COCH COSACP 2 CH (CH ) 3 2n 2 COCH COSACP CH (CH ) 3 2n 2 CH(OH)CH COSACP CH (CH ) 3 22 2 CH(OH)CH COSACP CH (CH ) CH CH COSCoA 3 2 2 2 n CH (CH ) CH=CHCOSCoA 3 2 n CH (CH CH(OH)CH COSCoA 3 2 n CH (CH ) CH CH COSCoA 3 22 2 2 CH (CH ) CH=CHCOSCoA 3 22 CH (CH ) COCH COSCoA 3 2 2 n CH COCH COSCoA 3 2 CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COSCoA 3 22 2 CH CH(OH)CH COSCoA 3 2 CH CH=CHCOSCoA 3 CH CH CH COSCoA 3 2 2 CH CH CH CH COSCoA 3 2 2 2 CH CH CH=CHCOSCoA 3 2 CH CH CH(OH)CH COSCoA 3 2 2 CH (CH ) COCH COSCoA 3 22 2 CH CH COCH COSCoA 3 2 2 OH OH HO OH O O- CH O-PO 2 CH CHOHCH OH 2 2 O CH 2 CH 2 O R'-CO-OCH CH O-CO-R 2 CH O-PO 2 O- HOCH CH 2 2 NH 3 + POCH CH 2 2 NH 3 + CPP- OCH CH 2 2 NH 3 + O - CH O-CO-R 2 CH O P 2 OCH CH 2 2 NH 3 + CH COCH CH N(CH ) 3 2 2 33 HOCH CH N(CH ) 2 2 33 + CH CH 2 COO (NH ) 3 + OH OH CH CH 2 COO- (NH ) 3 + CO NH 2 CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + NH OC CO NH OC N H C H HN 2 HC CH N N C RP HN 2 CH C CH OC N N DP NH 2 RPPP CH C CH OC N N NH 2 C C C CH RP(P) HC N N N N NH 2 H NCOO 2 P (CH ) NH 23 2 H N(CH ) NH 2 23 (CH ) NH 24 (CH ) NH 23 2 H N(CH ) NH 2 24 CH -SCH CH CHNH 3 2 2 2 Adenosyl + + CH 3 CH 3 CHCH(NH )COO 3 + C NH N C HC H CH CH(NH )CH OH 2 3 2 + C NH N C HC H CH CH(NH )CH OP 2 3 2 C NH N C H HC CH COCH OP 2 2 + HSCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 + + SCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 RP C O C-COO OC N HN CH 2.4.1.23 CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH 3 2 12 2 CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH 3 2 12 2 NH 3 + CH (CH ) CH(OH)CHCH OH 3 2 14 2 NH 3 + CH (CH ) COCHCH OH 3 2 14 2 NH 3 + Galactose CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O- 3 2 12 2 CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O- 3 2 12 2 NH 3 + NH 3 + 4.1.1.70 H NCONH 2 2 NH 4 + OHCCH N(CH ) 2 33 + C-CH3 C O CH OC N DP HN DP CPP-OCH CH N(CH ) 2 2 33 + OCH CH N(CH ) P 2 2 33 + GTP 2-OXOGLUTARATE 1.2.1.41 4.1.3.8 FUMARATE UDP-N-Ac-Muramate O O CH CH 3 COO- NHAC HO OPPU CH OH 2 4.1.3.20 O OH CH 3 HO HO OPPG 2.7.7.24 2.4.1.22 2.7.7.12 5.1.3.2 5.3.1.4 Sedoheptulose-PP 3.1.1.28 4.2.1.24 N CH 2 CH 2 N N N CH 3 CH 3 CH CH COO CH 2 CH CH 2 HC 3 HC C C H H Fe CH 2 CH 2 COO - - CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 HC 3 HC 3 N H N H N H N H CH CH HC 2 C C H 2 H 2 - CH 2 CH 2 COO CH 2 CH 2 COO - HC 2 HC 2 CH 2 CH 2 OOC COO HN 2 N H - - OOCCH CH COCH NH 2 2 2 2 - CH 2 HC 2 HC 2 HC 2 H 2 H 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N H N H N H N H COO COO COO COO C C - - CH 2 CH 2 COO CH 2 CH 2 COO - - - - OOC - OOC - CH 3 CH 3 HC 3 HC 3 HC 2 H 2 H 2 N H N H N H N H CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C C COO - CH 2 CH 2 COO CH 2 CH 2 COO - - COO - COO - OOCCOCH CH 2 2 COO - - 1.2.4.2 OOCCH CH COSCoA 2 2 - 1.1.1.41 OOCCH CH COO 2 2 OOCCH=CHCOO OOCCH(OH)CH COO 2 CH COO 2 CHCOO CHOHCOO C(OH)COO CH COO 2 CH COO 2 CH C(OH)CH CH O 3 2 2 PP CH COO 2 OHCCOO HOCH COO 2 NH 2 H NCNHCH COO 2 2 + NH 2 H NCN(CH )CH COO 2 3 2 + NH 2 HNCN(CH )CH COO 3 2 P- + HN C NH CO N CH2 CH 3 OOCCHCH COO 2 H NCNHCH CH CH CH 2 2 2 2 N (NH ) 3 + COO CHCOO HC CH 2 HOCH N OOCCH(OH)CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + CHCOO CH 2 HOCH HC 2 N H NH CHCOO CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OOCCH(OH)CH COCOO 2 N CHCOO CH 2 CH 2 CH CH COCOO 3 OHCCOO + H NCONHCH CH CH CH 2 2 2 2 (NH ) 3 COO H NOCCH CH CH 2 2 2 COO (NH ) 3 + R-CO-COO + COO R-CH(NH ) 3 + COO H NOCCH CH 2 2 (NH ) 3 + OOC-CH-COSCoA CH 3 P OOCCH CH 2 COO (NH ) 3 + OOCCH CH CHO 2 2 OHCCH CH 2 COO (NH ) 3 + (CH ) NCH CH(OH)CH COO 33 2 2 + OHCCH CH CH 2 2 + COO (NH ) 3 POOCCH CH CH 2 2 + COO (NH ) 3 OHCCH CH CH CH 2 2 2 COO (NH ) 3 + NH CHCH CH COO 2 2 COO CH CH CH CH CH 2 2 2 2 COO (NH ) 3 + (CH ) N(CH ) 33 23 CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + + CH 2 C H OOCC N HC CH-COO CH 2 C H 2 CH-COO OOCC N HC 2 OOCCOCH CH CH CH-COO 2 2 2 CH CH 2 2 2 OOCCH CH CONH 2 2 OOCCHCH CH CH CH-COO 2 2 2 OOCCH CH CONH 2 2 CH 2 2 NH 3 + OOCCH-CH CH CH CHCOO 2 2 2 NH 3 + NH 3 + 4.1.1.32 (CH ) CHC(OH)CH 32 2 COOH COO (CH ) CHCH COCOO 32 2 HOCH CHCOO 2 CH 3 CHCOCOO CH 3 CH COC(OH)CH 3 3 COO + POCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 + HOCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 + CH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 OOCCH CH 2 COO 2 + CH SH 2 OOCCH(NH )CH CH CONHCHCONHCH COO 3 2 2 2 HOCH C(CH ) COCOO 2 32 HOCH C(CH ) CH(OH)COO 2 32 NHCH CH COO 2 2 HOCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO 32 ) 2 32 NHCH CH COO 2 2 OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO 2 32 P CH CH 3 2 CH 3 CH + CH(NH )COO 3 CH COC(OH)CH CH 3 2 3 COO CHCOCOO CH CH 3 2 CH 3 NHCHCH SH 2 COO NHCH CH CO 2 2 OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO 2 32 P + CH SH 2 OOCCH(NH )CH CH CONHCHCOO 3 2 2 + Adenosyl SCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 + SCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 + HO SCH CH(NH )COO 3 2 3 + S-CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 S-CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + HSCH CH(NH )COO 2 3 1.1.1.23 H C NH N C HC CH CHCOO 2 NHCOCH CH NH 2 2 2 + H C NH N C HC CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 CHCH CH COO 2 2 NH N CH OC C CH CHCOO NH N CH CH CH COO 3 N H OOC CH-COO OC NH 2 CH 2 H NCH CH COO 2 2 2 H NCH 2 2 CH 3 CHCOO H NCONHCH CHCOO 2 2 CH 3 C C O CH RP HC N N N HN C C C O CH HCO N N N RP C CH N N HN 2 H C C C O CH N N C C CH N N RP HN 2 HN 2 C O O OP~ ~ P O O O O PO O CH 2 N N N N O OH OH NH 2 HC CH N N N N O O P O O O CH2 OH NH 2 HC CH COO CO NH OC N H C H HN 2 NH 2 OOC-CH-CH COO 2 HNCO C CH N N C RP RP HN 2 OOC C CH N RP N C HN 2 CH=CHCOO OH CH=CHCOO CH COCOO 2 CH 2 P COO OH O O O COO O CH COO 2 O CH COO 2 -OOC OCH 2 CH 2 OH H C P HOCH HCOH OC COO COO HO OH OH O NH 2 COO OCH NH CH COCOO 2 NH CHO CO NH 2 OH CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + COO COO N + COO COO RP O OH OH HO OPPU COO O OH NHCOCH 3 HO OPPU COO CH OH 2 O O C CH 2 NHAC HO OPPU COO CH OH 2 O OH HO OH OH COO OOCCH N(CH ) 2 32 Dimethylglycine 1.1.99.1 1.2.1.8 COO HO HO COO COO O HO OH COO CH(O ) P POCH2 COO CH(OH) HOCH 2 COO COO CH(O ) P HOCH 2 COO CH =C(O ) 2 P COO CH CO 3 COO 4.1.3.7 OOCCOCH COO 2 CONH 2 Ribose -O - P - O - P - O- Adenosine(P) + N O O O O + COO N Ribose - O - P - O - P - O -Adenosine O O O O I I I I OH O CH CH 2 COO (NH ) 3 + Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Normetepinephrine (Normetadrenaline) HOCH CH N(CH ) 2 2 33 + Adenosyl + + SCH CH CH(NH )COO 2 2 3 (CH ) N(CH ) 33 23 CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + + OH OOCCH CH CH COSCoA 2 2 2 OOCCH CH CH NH 2 2 2 2 OOCCH CH CH COCOO 2 2 2 OOCCH CH CH CH 2 2 2 COO COO (NH ) 3 + HO H HO H H HO H HO H Prostaglandin PGE 2 OH HOCH 2 C C CO C COO OH H OH H H - COO O R'-CO-OCH CH O-CO-R 2 CH O POCMP 2 O CH CH N(CH ) 2 2 3 + O HOCH CH OPO 2 CH OH 2 O- CH OPO 2 O CH OCH=CHR 2 CH CH N(CH ) 2 2 33 + O- CH OPO 2 O R'-CO-OCH CH O-CO-R 2 3.1.1.32 CH CH N(CH ) 2 2 33 + O- O HOCH CH OPO 2 CH O-CO-R 2 CH CH N(CH ) 2 2 33 + O- CH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + + C NH N C HC H CH CH(NH )CHO 2 3 HS 11-cis-Retinal Pi ADP ATP NADP + GDP- Mannuronate Mannose-6-P Dehydro- shikimate Shikimate RNA d-GDP d-CTP GUANOSINE-P (GMP) ß-Alanine P-Ribosyl-AMP P-Ribulosylformimino 5-aminoimidazole- carboxamide-R P Imidazole acetol-P HS HSO - PANTOTHENATE 3-Isopropyl- malate Succinic semialdehyde N 2 NO 3 _ NO 2 _ CO 2 2.4.1.17 Diacyl glycerol ACETYL-CoA CH COSCoA 3 2.3.1.6 1.1.1.39 1.14.12.1 1.4.4.2 CH CHO 3 3.5.4.19 4.2.1.19 3.3.1.1 4.1.1.12 4.1.2.5 OHCCH COO 2 6.3.5.4 2.1.4.1 2.4.99.7 5.1.3.12 1.1.1.132 4.2.1.46 2.7.1.7 2.4.1.29 2.4.1.21 2.4.1.13 2.4.1.1 etc. 5.4.2.2 2.7.1.6 2.7.7.10 3.1.1.18 4.1.1.34 2.7.1.47 2.7.1.16 3.1.3.9 ADP P-Glucono lactone 1.1.1.44 O O OH HO OH CH O 2 P PHENYLALANINE TYROSINE TRYPTOPHAN INOSINE-P (IMP) THYMIDINE-P HISTIDINE URIDINE- triphosphate (UTP) CYSTINE CYSTEINE ISOLEUCINE LEUCINE LYSINE ASPARTATE ORNITHINE ARGININE HYDROXY PROLINE PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE Phosphatidyl inositol LECITHIN SPHINGOMYELIN STEROIDS Pregnenolone CHLOROPHYLL HEMOGLOBIN 2.7.6.1 2.4.2.14 6.3.4.7 5.3.1.9 3.1.3.11 2.7.2.3 H OH OH C C C H CO OH C H H OH POCH 2 CH O 2 P 5.4.2.1 ADP 4.2.1.11 Endoplasmic Reticulum 1.1.1.100 3.1.1.3 Phosphatidate 2.3.1.39 4.2.1.17 4.2.1.17 4.2.1.55 1.1.1.79 1.2.1.21 1.4.3.8 1.1.1.32 2.7.1.36 2.7.4.2 4.1.1.33 2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.7.8.5 2.7.8.1 4.1.1.65 2.7.7.14 1.3.99.7 PO O CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O 3 2 12 2 NHAcyl CH CH N(CH ) 2 2 33 + O- 3.5.1.23 1.13.11.21 2.5.1.32 1.1.1.105 2.4.2.19 1.2.1.32 METHIONINE 4.1.3.27 4.2.1.51 1.14.17.1 1.14.18.1 1.14.13.11 Glycinamide- ribosyl-P 4.2.1.22 3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA THREONINE 1.2.1.25 1.2.1.25 1.2.1.25 1.5.1.7 - 10 GLUTAMATE 1.7.7.1 2.3.1.38 ATP NADH SUCROSE ADENOSINE-P (AMP) Triacylglycerol FAT RNA CH 2 OC-COO OH COO CH CH 2 COO (NH ) 3 + T R A N S L O C A T E D P R O T O N S 3H + 1H + 1H + GLYCOPROTEINS GANGLIOSIDES MUCINS 2.7.1.2 4.1.2.- 2.6.1.- Some other pathways occurring in the mitochondria are identified by a pale yellow background Small numbers refer to the IUBMB Enzyme Commission Reference Numbers for Enzymes L E G E N D Pentose Phosphate Pathway Carbohydrates Biosynthesis Degradation Amino Acids Biosynthesis Degradation Lipids Biosynthesis Degradation Purines & Pyrimidines Biosynthesis Degradation Vitamins, Co-Enzymes & Hormones Photosynthesis Dark Reactions Human Metabolism is identified as far as possible by black arrows Biosynthesis Degradation GLUCOSE O-Acyl-carnitine O-Acyl-carnitine + NAD OH O - - R'-CO-OCH R'-CO-OCH O HCO-CO-R CH CH(OH)CH O-P-OCH 2 2 2 CH O-CO-R’ 2 O R'-CO-OCH O- CH O-CO-R 2 CH O-PO 2 O- 2.7.8.11 H NCH CH CH CH 2 2 2 2 COO (NH ) 3 + 2.3.1.20 NH 2 + + H NCNHCH CH CH CH 2 2 2 2 COO (NH ) 3 H OH H OH C C C CO OH H CH OH 2 R-CH 2 COO CH O-CO-R 2 CH O-CO-R" 2 R’-CO-OCH OH O CH CHNH 2 3 + O R'-CO-OCH CH O-CO-R 2 CH O PO 2 COO OOCCH CH CH 2 2 COO (NH ) 3 + OOCCH CH(NH )COO 2 3 + CH CH(OH)CH(NH )COO 3 3 O OH HO OH OH CH OH 2 CH OH 2 NH CH O-CO-R 2 COMPARTMENTATION The "BACKBONE" of metabolism involves GLYCOLYSIS, the TCA CYCLE and OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION. It is a major source of energy (ATP) and is the origin and termination of most of the pathways. GLYCOLYSIS occurs in the CYTOPLASM. The TCA CYCLE is in the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ATP SYNTHESIS) spans the MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE. This last part has been redesigned to illustrate the activation of ATP-synthase and formation of ATP - driven by the electromotive translocation of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. A similar compartmentation occurs in the chloroplast, where light-driven proton translocation across the inner thylakoid membrane initiates synthesis of the ATP necessary for Photosynthesis. In both cases flow of electrons and protons is shown in red or blue arrows Electron Flow Proton Flow HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 HOCH 2 SYSTEM I NH (H N)(CH ) 4 2 CH(NH )COO 3 CH(NH 3 + + CH 3 H N 1.3.1.13 + CH - 3 CH - 3 + (CH ) CHCH 32 2 CH(NH )COO 3 HC 3 HC 3 R'-CO-OCH O- 4.1.1.28 2.7.1.15 Ribokinase 2.7.1.16 Ribulokinase 2.7.1.17 Xylulokinase 2.7.1.19 Phosphoribulokinase 2.7.1.24 Dephospho-CoA kinase 2.7.1.25 Adenylylsulfate kinase 2.7.1.28 Triokinase 2.7.1.30 Glycerol kinase 2.7.1.31 Glycerate kinase 2.7.1.32 Choline kinase 2.7.1.33 Pantothenate kinase 2.7.1.34 Pantetheine kinase 2.7.1.36 Mevalonate kinase 2.7.1.39 Homoserine kinase 2.7.1.40 Pyruvate kinase 2.7 1.47 D-Ribulokinase 2.7.1.53 l-Xylulokinase 2.7.1.60 N-Acylmannosamine kinase 2.7.1.71 Shikimate kinase 2.7.1.80 Pyrophosphate—serine phosphotransferase 2.7.1.82 Ethanolamine kinase 2.7.1.107 Diacylglycerol kinase 2.7.2.3 Phosphoglycerate kinase 2.7.2.4 Aspartate kinase 2.7.2.6 Formate kinase 2.7.2.11 Glutamate 5-kinase 2.7.3.2 Creatine kinase 2.7.4.2 Phosphomevalonate kinase 2.7.4.3 Adenylate kinase 2.7.4.4 Nucleoside-phosphate kinase 2.7.4.6 Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 2.7.4.8 Guanylate kinase 2.7.4.9 dtmp kinase 2.7.4.14 Cytidylate kinase 2.7.6.1 Ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 2.7.7.3 Pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase 2.7.7.4 Sulfate adenylyl transferase 2.7.7.6 RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) 2.7.7.7 DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) 2.7.7.9 UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 2.7.7.10 UTP—hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 2.7.7.12 UDP glucose—hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 2.7.7.13 Mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase 2.7.7.14 Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2.7.7.15 Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2.7.7.18 Nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase 2.7.7.23 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 2.7.7.24 Glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase 2.7.7.27 Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase 2.7.7.34 Glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase 2.7.7.41 Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase 2.7.7.43 N-Acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase 2.7.8.1 Ethanolamine phosphotransferase 2.7.8.2 Diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase 2.7.8.3 Ceramide cholinephosphotransferase 2.7.8.5 CDPdiacylglycerol—glycerol-3- phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase 2.7.8.8 CDPdiacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase 2.7.8.11 CDPdiacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase 2.8.3.5 3-Oxoacid CoA-transferase 2.8.3.6 3-Oxoadipate CoA-transferase HYDROLASES 3.1.1.3 Triacylglycerol lipase 3.1.1.4 Phospholipase A2 3.1.1.5 Lysophospholipase 3.1.1.7 Acetylcholinesterase 3.1.1.17 Gluconolactonase 3.1.1.21 Retinyl-palmitate esterase 3.1.1.28 Acylcarnitine hydrolase 3.1.1.31 6-Phosphogluconolactonase 3.1.1.32 Phospholipase A1 3.1.2.1 Acetyl-CoA hydrolase 3.1.2.3 Succinyl-CoA hydrolase 3.1.2.4 3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase 3.1.2.11 Acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase 3.1.2.20 Acyl-CoA hydrolase 3.1.3.2 Acid phosphatase 3.1.3.3 Phosphoserine phosphatase 3.1.3.4 Phosphatidate phosphatase 3.1.3.5 5´-Nucleotidase 3.1.3.9 Glucose-6-phosphatase 3.1.3.11 Fructose-bisphosphatase 3.1.3.15 Histidinol-phosphatase 3.1.3.25 myo-Inositol-1(or 4)-monophosphatase 3.1.3.27 Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase 3.1.3.29 N-Acylneuraminate-9-phosphatase 3.1.3.31 Nucleotidase 3.1.4.2 Glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 3.1.4.3 Phospholipase C 3.1.4.4 Phospholipase D 3.1.4.10 1-Phosphatidylinositol phosphodieterase 3.1.4.12 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3.2.1.21 ß-Glucosidase 3.2.1.23 ß-Galactosidase 3.2.1.26 ß-Fructofuranosidase 3.2.1.45 Glucosylceramidase 3.2.1.46 Galactosylceramidase 3.2.1.48 Sucrose a-glucosidase 3.2.2.2 Inosine nucleosidase 3.3.1.1 Adenosylhomocysteinase 3.5.1.1 Asparaginase 3.5.1.2 Glutaminase 3.5.1.6 ß-Ureidopropionase 3.5.1.9 Arylformamidase 3.5.1.18 Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase 3.5.1.22 Pantothenase 3.5.1.23 Ceramidase 3.5.2.2 Dihydropyrimidinase 3.5.2.3 Dihydroorotase 3.5.2.5 Allantoinase 3.5.2.7 Imidazolonepropionase 3.5.2.10 Creatininase 3.5.3.1 Arginase 3.5.3.4 Allantoicase 3.5.3.6 Arginine deiminase 3.5.4.1 Cytosine deaminase 3.5.4.3 Guanine deaminase 3.5.4.6 AMP deaminase 3.5.4.10 IMP cyclohydrolase 3.5.4.12 dCMP deaminase 3.5.4.19 Phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase 3.6.1.3 Adenosinetriphosphatase 3.6.1.15 Nucleoside-triphosphatase 3.6.1.31 Phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase 3.6.1.34 H+-transporting ATP synthase 3.7.1.2 Fumarylacetoacetase 3.7.1.3 Kynureninase 3.9.1.1 Phosphoamidase LYSASES 4.1.1.1 Pyruvate decarboxylase 4.1.1.3 Oxaloacetate decarboxylase 4.1.1.4 Acetoacetate decarboxylase 4.1.1.9 Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase 4.1.1.11 Aspartate 1-decarboxylase 4.1.1.12 Aspartate 4-decarboxylase 4.1.1.15 Glutamate decarboxylase 4.1.1.17 Ornithine decarboxylase 4.1.1.20 Diaminopimelate decarboxylase 4 1.1.21 Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase 4.1.1.22 Histidine decarboxylase 4.1.1.23 Orotidine-5’-phosphate decarboxylase 4.1.1.25 Tyrosine decarboxylase 4.1.1.28 Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase 4.1.1.29 Sulfoalanine decarboxylase 4.1.1.32 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) 4.1.1.33 Diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase 4.1.1.34 Dehydro-l-gulonate decarboxylase 4.1.1.36 Phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase 4.1.1.37 Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase 4.1.1.39 Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase 4.1.1.41 Methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase 4.1.1.43 Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase 4.1.1.45 Aminocarboxymuconate- semialdehyde decarboxylase 4.1.1.48 Indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase 4.1.1.49 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) 4.1.1.50 Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 4.1.1.65 Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 4.1.1.71 2-Oxoglutarate decarboxylase 4.1.2.5 Threonine aldolase 4.1.2.12 Ketopantoaldolase 4.1.2.13 Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 4.1.2.14 2-Dehydro-3-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase 4.1.3.1 Isocitrate lyase 4.1.3.2 Malate synthase 4.1.3.4 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase 4.1.3.5 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase 4.1.3.7 Citrate (si)-synthase 4.1.3.8 ATP citrate (pro-S)-lyase 4.1.3.16 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase 4.1.3.18 Acetolactate synthase 4.1.3.20 N-Acylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthase 4.1.3.21 Homocitrate synthase 4.1.3.22 Citramalate lyase 4.1.3.27 Anthranilate synthase 4.1.99.1 Tryptophanase 4.2.1.2 Fumarate hydratase 4.2.1.3 Aconitate hydratase 4.2.1.4 Citrate dehydratase 4.2.1.9 Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase 4.2.1.10 3-Dehydroxyquinate dehydratase 4.2.1.11 Phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase) 4.2.1.13 l-Serine dehydratase 4.2.1.16 Threonine dehydratase 4.2.1.17 Enoyl-CoA hydratase 4.2.1.18 Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase 4.2.1.19 Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase 4.2.1.20 Tryptophan synthase 4.2.1.22 Cystathionine B-synthase 4.2.1.24 Porphobilinogen synthase 4.2.1.33 3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase 4.2 1.46 dTDPglucose 4,6-dehydratase 4.2.1.47 GDPmannose 4,6-dehydratase 4.2.1.49 Urocanate hydratase 4.2.1.51 Prephenate dehydratase 4.2.1.52 Dihydrodipicolinate synthase 4.2.1.55 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase 4.2.1.58 Crotonoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydratase 4.2.1.59 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase 4.2.1.60 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase 4.2.1.61 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] dehydratase 4.2.1.75 Uroporphyrinogen-III synthase 4.2.1.80 2-Oxopent-4-enoate hydratase 4.2.99.2 Threonine synthase 4.2.99.8 Cysteine synthase 4.2.99.9 O-Succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase 4.3.1.1 Aspartate ammonia-lyase 4.3.1.2 Methylaspartate ammonia-lyase 4.3.1.3 Histidine ammonia-lyase 4.3.1.5 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4.3.2.1 Argininosuccinate lyase 4.3.2.2 Adenylosuccinate lyase 4.4.1.1 Cystathionine g-lyase 4.4.1.8 Cystathionine ß-lyase 4.4.1.15 D-Cysteine desulfhydrase 4.6.1.1 Adenylate cyclase 4.6.1.3 3-Dehydroquinate synthase 4.6.1.4 Chorismate synthase 4.99.1.1 Ferrochelatase ISOMERASES 5.1.3.1 Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase 5.1.3.2 UDPglucose 4-epimerase 5.1.3.4 l-Ribulose-phosphate 4-epimerase 5.1.3.6 UDPglucuronate 4-epimerase 5.1.3.7 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase 5.1.3.12 UDPglucuronate 5´-epimerase 5 1.3.13 dTDP-4-Dehydrorhamnose 3,5-epimerase 5.1.3.14 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase 5.1.99.1 Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase 5.2.1.2 Maleylacetoacetate isomerase 5.2.1.3 Retinal isomerase 5.2.1.7 Retinol isomerase 5.3.1.1 Triose-phosphate isomerase 5.3.1.3 Arabinose isomerase 5.3.1.4 l-Arabinose isomerase 5.3.1.5 Xylose isomerase 5.3.1.6 Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase 5.3.1.8 Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase 5.3.1.9 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase 5.3.1.16 N-(5´-Phospho-d-ribosylformimino)- 5-amino-1-(5´´-phosphoribosyl)- 4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase 5.3.3.2 Isopentenyl-diphosphate ³-isomerase 5.3.99.3 Prostaglandin-E synthase 5.3.99.5 Thromboxane-A synthase 5.4.2.1 Phosphoglycerate mutase 5.4.2.2 Phosphoglucomutase 5.4.2.3 Phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase 5.4.2.8 Phosphomannomutase 5.4.3.8 Glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase 5.4.99.2 Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase 5.4.99.5 Chorismate mutase 5.4 99.7 Lanosterol synthase 5.5.1.4 myo-Inositol- l-phosphate synthase LIGASES 6.2.1.3 Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 6.3.1.1 Aspartate—ammonia ligase 6.3.1.2 Glutamate—ammonia ligase 6.3.1.4 Aspartate—ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) 6.3.1.5 NAD+ synthetase 6.3.2.1 Pantoate—ß-alannine ligase 6.3.2.2 Glutamate—cysteine ligase 6.3.2.3 Glutathione synthase 6.3.2.5 Phosphopantothenate—cysteine ligase 6.3.2.6 Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole- succinocarboxamide synthase 6.3.2.7 UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-l-alanyl- d-glutamate—lysine ligase 6.3.2.8 UDP-N-acetylmuramate—alanine ligase 6.3.2.9 UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine— d-glutamate ligase 6.3.2.10 UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanyl- d-glutamyl-lysine—d-alanyl-d-alanine ligase 6.3.2.13 UDP-N-Acetyl muramoylalanyl-d- glutamate—2,6-diaminopimelate ligase 6.3.3.1 Phosphoribosylglycinamidine cyclo-ligase 6.3.4.1 GMP synthase 6.3.4.2 CTP synthase 6.3.4.3 Formate—tetrahydrofolate ligase 6.3.4.4 Adenylosuccinate synthase 6.3.4.5 Argininosuccinate synthase 6.3.4.7 Ribose-5-phosphate—ammonia ligase 6.3.4.13 Phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase 6.3.4.16 Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) 6.3.4.17 Formate—dihydrofolate ligase 6.3.5.1 NAD+ synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing) 6.3.5.2 GMP synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing) 6.3.5.3 Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthetase 6.3.5.4 Asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) 6.3.5.5 Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) 6.4.1.1 Pyruvate carboxylase 6.4.1.2 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 6.4.1.3 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase 6.4.1.4 Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase OXIDOREDUCTASES 1.1.1.1 Alcohol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.3 Homoserine dehydrogenase 1.1.1.8 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.9 D-Xylulose reductase 1.1.1.10 l-Xylulose reductase 1.1.1.14 l-Iditol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.19 Glucuronate reductase 1.1.1.21 Aldehyde reductase 1.1.1.22 UDPglucose dehydrogenase 1.1.1.23 Histidinol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.25 Shikimate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.27 Lactate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.29 Glycerate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.30 3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.31 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.32 Mevaldate reductase 1.1.1.34 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) 1.1.1.35 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.1.1.37 Malate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.39 Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) 1.1.1.41 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.1.1.44 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) 1.1.1.45 l-Gulonate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.49 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.56 Ribitol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.79 Glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) 1.1.1.81 Hydroxypyruvate reductase 1.1.1.82 Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.1.1.85 3-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.86 Ketol-acid reductoisomerase 1.1.1.95 Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.100 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase 1.1.1.102 3-Dehydrosphinganine reductase 1.1.1.105 Retinol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.130 3-Dehydro-L-gulonate 2-dehydrogenase 1.1.1.157 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.1.1.158 UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.169 2-Dehydropantoate 2-reductase 1.1.1.204 Xanthine dehydrogenase 1.1.1.205 IMP-dehydrogenase 1.1.3.8 l-Gulonolactone oxidase 1.1.3.22 Xanthine oxidase 1.1.99.1 Choline dehydrogenase 1.1.99.5 Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1.2.1.3 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.2.1.7 Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.2.1.8 Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase 1.2.1.11 Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 1.2.1.12 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1.2.1.13 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1.2.1.16 Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) 1.2.1.18 Malonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) 1.2.1.21 Glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase 1.2.1.23 2-Oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.2.1.24 Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 1.2.1.25 2-Oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (acylating) 1.2.1.27 Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) 1.2.1.31 l-Aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 1.2.1.32 Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 1.2.1.36 Retinal dehydrogenase 1.2.1.41 Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 1.2.1.52 Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase 1.2.3.5 Glyoxylate oxidase 1.2.3.7 Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase 1.2.4.1 Pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) 1.2.4.2 Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) 1.2.7.1 Pyruvate synthase 1.2.7.2 2-Oxobutyrate synthase 1.3.1.1 Dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NAD+) 1.3.1.2 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.3.1.8 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.3.1.9 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) 1.3.1.10 Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH, B-specific) 1.3.1.13 Prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.3.1.14 Orotate reductase (NADH) 1.3.1.26 Dihydrodipicolinate reductase 1.3.1.35 Phosphatidylcholine desaturase 1.3.3.3 Coproporphyrinogen oxidase 1.3.3.4 Protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1.3.5.1 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1.3.99.1 Succinate dehydrogenase 1.3.99.2 Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.3.99.3 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.3.99.7 Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.3.99.10 Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.4.1.1 Alanine dehydrogenase 1.4.1.2 Glutamate dehydrogenase 1.4.1.7 Serine dehydrogenase 1.4.1.8 Valine dehydrogenase (NADP+) 1.4.1.9 Leucine dehydrogenase 1.4.1.10 Glycine dehydrogenase 1.4.1.14 Glutamate synthase (NADH) 1.4.1.19 Tryptophan dehydrogenase 1.4.3.1 d-Aspartate oxidase 1.4.3.2 l-Amino-acid oxidase 1.4.3.4 Amine oxidase (flavin-containing) 1.4.3.8 Ethanolamine oxidase 1.4.4.2 Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) 1.5.1.2 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1.5.1.3 Dihydrofolate reductase 1.5.1.5 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADP+) 1.5.1.6 Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1.5.1.7 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, l-lysine-forming) 1.5.1.8 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, l-lysine-forming) 1.5.1.9 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, l-glutamate-forming) 1.5.1.10 Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, l-glutamate-forming) 1.5.1.12 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase 1.5.3.1 Sarcosine oxidase 1.5.99.1 Sarcosine dehydrogenase 1.5.99.2 Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase 1.5.99.8 Proline dehydrogenase 1.6.4.1 Cystine reductase (NADH) 1.6.5.3 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1.6.6.1 Nitrate reductase (NADH) 1.6.6.2 Nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H] 1.6.6.3 Nitrate reductase (NADPH) 1.6.6.4 Nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] 1.6.6.8 GMP reductase 1.7.3.3 Urate oxidase 1.7.7.1 Ferredoxin—nitrate reductase 1.7.99.4 Nitrate reductase 1.8.1.3 Hypotaurine dehydrogenase 1.8.1.4 Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase 1.8.2.1 Sulfite dehydrogenase 1.8.3.1 Sulfite oxidase 1.8.7.1 Sulfite reductase (ferredoxin) 1.8.99.1 Sulfite reductase 1.8.99.2 Adenylsulphate reductase 1.9.3.1 Cytochrome-c oxidase 1.10.2.1 l-Ascorbate—cytochrome-b5 reductase 1.10.2.2 Ubiquinol—cytochrome-c reductase 1.10.3.3 l-Ascorbate oxidase 1.10.99.1 Plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase 1.13.11.1 Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase 1.13.11.2 Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase 1.13.11.5 Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase 1.13.11.6 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase 1.13.11.11 Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 1.13.11.20 Cysteine dioxygenase 1.13.11.21 ß-Carotene 15,15´-dioxygenase 1.13.11.27 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase 1.13.11.34 Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase 1.13.99.1 myo-lnositol oxygenase 1.14.11.1 g-Butyrobetaine dioxygenase 1.14.11.2 Procollagen-proline dioxygenase 1.14.11.8 Trimethyllysine dioxygenase 1.14.12.1 Anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating) 1.14.13.5 Imidazoleacetate 4-monooxygenase 1.14.13.9 Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase 1.14.13.11 trans-Cinnamate 4-monooxygenase 1.14.13.12 Benzoate 4-monooxygenase 1.14.13.39 Nitric oxide synthase 1.14.16.1 Phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase 1.14.16.2 Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase 1.14.16.4 Tryptophan 5-monooxygenase 1.14.17.1 Dopamine ß-monooxygenase 1.14.18.1 Monophenol monooxygenase 1 14.99.1 Prostaglandin synthase 1 14.99.5 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1.14.99.7 Squalene monooxygenase 1.14.99.25 Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase 1.17.4.1 Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 1.18.6.1 Nitrogenase TRANSFERASES 2.1.1.1 Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase 2.1.1.2 Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase 2.1.1.3 Thetin—homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2.1.1.4 Acetylserotonin N-methyltransferase 2.1.1.5 Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2.1.1.6 Catechol O-methyl transferase 2.1.1.10 Homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2.1.1.13 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate—homocysteine S-methyl transferase 2.1.1.14 5-Methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate — homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2.1.1.17 Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 2.1.1.20 Glycine N-methyltransferase 2.1.1.28 Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 2.1.1.45 Thymidylate synthase 2.1.1.71 Phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 2.1.2.1 Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase 2.1.2.2 Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2.1.2.3 Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxamide formyltransferase 2.1.2.5 Glutamate formiminotransferase 2.1.2.10 Aminomethyl transferase 2.1.3.1 Methylmalonyl-CoA carboxyltransferase 2.1.3.2 Aspartate carbamoyltransferase 2.1.3.3 Ornithine carbamoyltransferase 2.1.4.1 Glycine amidinotransferase 2.2.1.1 Transketolase 2.2.1.2 Transaldolase 2.3.1.1 Amino-acid N-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.4 Glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.5 Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.6 Choline O-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.7 Carnitine O-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.8 Phosphate acetyltransferase 2.3.1.9 Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.12 Dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.15 Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2.3.1.16 Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase 2.3.1.20 Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2.3.1.23 Lysolecithin acyltransferase 2.3.1.24 Sphingosine N-acyltransferase 2.3.1.30 Serine O-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.37 5-Aminolevulinate synthase 2.3.1.38 [Acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase 2.3.1.39 [Acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonytransferase 2.3.1.41 3-Oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 2.3.1.46 Homoserine O-succinyltransferase 2.3.1.50 Serine C-palmitoyltransferase 2.3.1.51 1-Acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2.3.1.76 Retinol O-fatty-acyltransferase 2.4.1.1 Phosphorylase 2.4.1.9 Inulosucrase 2 4.1.11 Glycogen (starch) synthase 2.4.1.13 Sucrose synthase 2.4.1.16 Chitin synthase 2.4.1.17 Glucuranosyltransferase 2.4.1.21 Starch synthase 2.4.1.22 Lactose synthase 2.4.1.23 Sphingosine ß-galactosyltransferase 2.4.1.29 Cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) 2.4.1.32 Glucomannan 4-ß-mannosyltransferase 2.4.1.33 Alginate synthase 2.4.1.47 Acylsphingosine galactosyltransferase 2.4.1.62 Ganglioside galactosyltransferase 2.4.1.68 Glycoprotein 6-a-l-fucosyltransferase 2.4.1.69 Galactoside 2-a-l-fucosyltransferase 2.4.2.1 Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase 2.4.2.2 Pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase 2.4.2.4 Thymidine phosphorylase 2.4.2.8 Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 2.4.2.9 Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase 2.4.2.10 Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase 2.4.2.11 Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase 2.4.2.14 Amidophosphoribosyltransferase 2.4.2.15 Guanosine phosphorylase 2.4.2.17 ATP phosphoribosyltransferase 2.4.2.18 Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase 2.4.2.19 Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating) 2.4.99.1-11 Sialyltransferases 2.4.99.7 Sialyltransferase 2.5.1.1 Dimethylallyltranstransferase 2.5.1.6 Methionine adenosyltransferase 2.5.1.10 Geranyltranstransferase 2.5.1.16 Spermidine synthase 2.5.1.19 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyl-transferase 2.5.1.21 Farnesyltransferase 2.5.1.22 Spermine synthase 2.5.1.29 Farnesyltranstransferase 2.5.1.32 Geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyl transferase 2.6.1.- Transaminases 2.6.1.1 Aspartate transaminase 2.6 1.2 Alanine transaminase 2.6.1.4 Glycine transaminase 2.6 1.5 Tyrosine transaminase 2.6 1.6 Leucine transaminase 2.6.1.9 Histidinol-phosphate transaminase 2.6.1.13 Ornithine—oxo-acid transaminase 2.6.1.16 Glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2.6.1.17 Succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase 2.6.1.18 ß-Alanine—pyruvate transaminase 2.6.1.19 4-Aminobutyrate transaminase 2.6.1.22 l-3-Aminoisobutyrate transaminase 2.6.1.23 4-Hydroxyglutamate transaminase 2.6.1.27 Tryptophan transaminase 2.6.1.32 Valine—3-methyl-2-oxovalerate transaminase 2.6.1.36 l-Lysine 6-transaminase 2.6.1.39 2-Aminoadipate transaminase 2.6.1.42 Branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase 2.6.1.44 Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase 2.6.1.51 Serine—pyruvate transaminase 2.6.1.52 Phosphoserine transaminase 2.6.1.66 Valine—pyruvate transaminase 2.7.1.1 Hexokinase 2.7.1.2 Glucokinase 2.7.1.3 Ketohexokinase 2.7.1.4 Fructokinase 2.7.1.6 Galactokinase 2.7.1.7 Mannokinase 2.7.1.11 6-Phosphofructokinase 3 ATP Mit o c h ondria l Intermembran e S pace NADPH+H + 1.2.1.13 1.2.4.1 2.3.1.12 1.8.1.4 Menaquinone 1.2.1.32 4.1.1.50 3 + NAD(P)