Manufactured Substances in Industry

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Name: MUHAMMAD EIZZUDDIN BIN

MOHD SAHAR

CLASS: 4 BESTARI

OBJECTIVES

UNDERSTANDING THE MANUFACTURE OF

SULPHURIC ACID

SYNTHESISING THE MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA

AND ITS SALT

UNDERSTANDING ALLOYS

EVALUATING USES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

APPLYING USES OF GLASS AND CERTAIN

CERAMICS

EVALUATING USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

APPRECIATING VARIOUS SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIAL

MATERIALS

SULPHURIC ACID

H2SO4USES OF SULPHURIC ACID:

Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as

ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly

soluble in water and can be easily obsorbed by plant.

Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.

Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one

of their component materials.

,

MANUFACTURING OF SULPHURIC ACID Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact

process

2. The process contain three stage

STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur

Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce

sulphur dioxide SO2.

S(s)+O2(g) SO2(g) sulphur

sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.

STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur

Dioxide

The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed over

vanadium(V)

oxide V2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum

condition to produce sulphur trioxide SO3.

2SO2(g)+O2(g) 2SO3(g)

The optimum used are

a) Temperature:450-500°C

b) Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres

c) Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide

Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is

possible. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are

allowed to flow back again over the catalyst in the converter.

STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid

Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric

acid H2SO4 to form oleum

H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid

H2SO4.

SO3(g)+H2SO4(l) H2S2O7(l)

Oleum

H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)

ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur

trioxide directly into water.

SO3(g)+H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

iii. The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried

out because the reaction is vary vigorous; a lot of heat is given

off. As a result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is

produced, which is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION

1.Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is a

colourless and

poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.

2.Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.

3.Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form

sulphurous acidic, H2SO3.

In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in water droplets to

form sulphurous acidic.

SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)

4.Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid,

H2SO4, which falls to the

earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily oxidised in the air

to form sulphur

trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in rainwater to produce

sulphuric acid.

SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

(NH³)USES:

Ammonia is used in the production of liquid fertilizer

solutions which consist of ammonia, ammonium nitrate,

urea and aqua ammonia

Weak ammonia solutions are also widely used as

commercial and household cleaners and detergents.

Ammonia is used by the leather industry as a curing

agent, as a slime and mold preventative in tanning

liquors and as a protective agent for leathers and furs in

storage.

The pulp and paper industry uses ammonia for

pulping wood and as a casein dispersant in the coating

of paper.

As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy

stains in the kitchen

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS

1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:

i.It colourless and has a pungent odour.

ii.It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.

iii.It less dense then water.

iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5°C) when cool.

2.The chemical properties of ammonia gas:

a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l)

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to

become alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution:

i. Turns red litmus paper blue.

ii.Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization

reaction.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)

2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii. Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce

precipitates.

Fe²+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF

AMMONIA