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VOLVO ARTICULATED HAULERS

PERFORMANCE MANUALHOW TO CALCULATE PERFORMANCE ED 11

Performance ManualPerformance ManualPerformance ManualPerformance Manual

Volvo Articulated HaulersVolvo Articulated HaulersVolvo Articulated HaulersVolvo Articulated Haulers

Edition 11

1

1 Purpose and layout of the book .................. 4

2 Profitability in bulk transport of materials 5

3 Volumes and densities ..................................... 63.1 Bank, loose and compacted volumes ..............63.2 Density .....................................................................73.3 Swell ........................................................................83.4 Table of different material weights ....................9

4 Calculation of load volume ...........................10

5 Excavation classes ............................................11

6 Operating conditions .......................................126.1 Rolling resistance ...............................................126.2 Rolling resistance table ....................................126.3 Grades .................................................................. 136.4 Total resistance ..................................................136.5 Measuring grades ...............................................156.6 Curves .................................................................. 156.7 Ground structure ................................................176.8 Hauling long stretches downhill ......................216.9 Traction ................................................................. 226.10 Load-bearing capacity of the ground .............23

Lowest acceptable ground-bearing capacity. 26

7 Calculation of machine performance ......277.1 Work cycle of transport machines ..................277.2 Loading ................................................................. 287.3 Work at loading area .........................................287.4 Traveling loaded .................................................297.5 Traveling unloaded .............................................327.6 Maneuvering to dump and dumping ..............367.7 Maneuvering for loading ...................................387.8 Productive time ................................................... 397.9 Production ...........................................................407.10 Production calculation ...................................... 407.11 The right number of transport machines .......437.12 Hourly cost ..........................................................447.13 Example of hourly cost calculation .................497.14 Calculation of cost per production unit .........51

8 Maneuvering times ...........................................538.1 Time needed for maneuvering at

loading area .........................................................538.2 Time needed for maneuvering at

dump area and dumping ..................................548.3 Turning around in tunnels .................................56

9 Loading time for different loading equipment ........................................... 579.1 Loading times for wheel loaders .................... 589.2 Loading times for hydraulic excavators ......... 599.3 Loading times for hydraulic excavators,

front shovels ........................................................ 619.4 Loading times for crawler loaders .................. 629.5 Loading times for draglines ............................. 63

10 Choice of crawler dozer at dumping area ...................................................... 64

11 Tables ..................................................................... 6611.1 Material weights and swell factor ................... 6611.2 Excavation classes ............................................ 6711.3 Ground structure classes ................................. 6711.4 Rolling resistance and coefficient of

traction for different surfaces .......................... 6711.5 Load-bearing capacity of the ground ............ 6811.6 Grade conversion table .................................... 6811.7 Measurement units and conversion ............... 6911.8 Transformation between travel time

and speed ........................................................... 70

12 Formulas ............................................................... 71

14 A25D Specification and Performance .... 7314.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded ..... 7314.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded

with 23.5R25 tires ............................................. 7414.2 Weights ............................................................... 7514.3 Body ..................................................................... 7514.4 Body volumes .................................................... 7614.5 Ground pressure and cone index .................. 7714.6 Drive ...................................................................... 7714.7 Transmission ....................................................... 7714.8 Travel speed ....................................................... 7714.9 Steering system ................................................. 7714.10 Frame and bogie ................................................ 7714.11 Engine .................................................................. 7814.12 Brakes .................................................................. 7814.13 Cab ....................................................................... 7814.14 Traversability at different coefficients of

traction and total resistance ........................... 7914.15 Operating on slopes ......................................... 7914.16 Diagram................................................................. 80

Rimpull - Retardation ........................................ 84

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Performance ManualPerformance ManualPerformance ManualPerformance Manual

15 A30D Specification and Performance ....8715.1 Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25,

unloaded 8715.2 Weights ................................................................8815.3 Body ......................................................................8815.4 Body volumes ......................................................8915.5 Ground pressure and cone index ...................9015.6 Drive ......................................................................9015.7 Transmission .......................................................9015.8 Travel speed ........................................................9015.9 Steering system ..................................................9015.10 Frame and bogie ................................................9015.11 Engine ...................................................................9115.12 Brakes ...................................................................9115.13 Cab ........................................................................9115.14 Traversability at different coefficients of

traction and total resistance..............................9215.15 Operating on slopes ..........................................9215.16 Diagram .................................................................93

Rimpull - Retardation .......................................97

16 A35D Specification and Performance ....9916.1 Dimensions, Volvo A35D with

tires 26.5R25, unloaded....................................9916.2 Weights ............................................................. 10016.3 Body ................................................................... 10016.4 Body volumes ................................................... 10116.5 Ground pressure and cone index ................ 10216.6 Drive ................................................................... 10216.7 Transmission .................................................... 10216.8 Travel speed ..................................................... 10216.9 Steering system ............................................... 10216.10 Frame and bogie ............................................. 10216.11 Engine ................................................................ 10316.12 Brakes ................................................................ 10316.13 Cab ..................................................................... 10316.14 Traversability at different coefficients of

traction and total resistance........................... 10416.15 Operating on slopes ....................................... 10416.16 Diagram .............................................................. 105

Rimpull - Retardation ...................................... 109

17 A40D Specification and Performance .11117.1 Dimensions, Volvo A40D with

tires 29.5R25, unloaded .................................11117.2 Weights ..............................................................11217.3 Body ....................................................................11217.4 Body volumes ...................................................11317.5 Ground pressure and cone index .................11417.6 Drive ....................................................................11417.7 Transmission .....................................................11417.8 Travel speed ......................................................11417.9 Steering system ................................................11417.10 Frame and bogie ..............................................11417.11 Engine .................................................................11517.12 Brakes ................................................................11517.13 Cab .....................................................................11517.14 Traversability at different coefficients of

traction and total resistance............................11617.15 Operating on slopes .......................................11617.16 Diagram...............................................................117

Rimpull - Retardation .......................................121

C-model Diagrams................................................. 12318.16 A25C Diagrams ...............................................12318.16 A30C Diagrams ................................................12718.16 A35C Diagrams ................................................13118.16 A40 Diagrams....................................................135

Special Vehicles ..................................................... 14019.1 A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions 14020.1 A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions...........14321.1 A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions ...........14522.1 A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions ...........147

Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/Tunneling ............................................................ 149

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1111 Purpose and layout of the book Purpose and layout of the book Purpose and layout of the book Purpose and layout of the book This book is intended as an aid for planners, estimators and machine owners in forecasting the cycle time, production and cost for performing bulk movement of materials with Volvo articulated haulers.

The result gained by using the book can be regarded as fully reliable, providing that the nature of the ground and other factors are correctly evaluated and that the operator is of normal competence.

Since working conditions vary so widely between different operating sites, it has not been possible to take into account all the factors affecting performance and cost; therefore, we cannot accept responsibility for any differences that may arise between calculations and actual results.

To make proper use of this book, a certain amount of experience in the planning of bulk movement of materials, time studies and technical terms occurring in the business is necessary.

Metric units of measure are in normal type, followed by U.S. units of measure in bold type face.

In this publication decimals are indicated with a point (.) and comma (,) is used to divide thousands.

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2222 Profitability in bulk transport of materialsProfitability in bulk transport of materialsProfitability in bulk transport of materialsProfitability in bulk transport of materialsMany different types of machines can be used for the bulk transport of materials, the hauling distance generally being of decisive importance. The existence of, or proposed road network, load carrying capacity of the ground, availability of suitable base courses, the amount of material to be transported and the loading equipment are factors which rule the choice of machine for carrying out the work most efficiently and profitably.

Articulated haulers are most profitable where:• Operating conditions call for good negotiability.

• The haul route is good, but the loading or dump areas become so soft and slippery in wet weather that other types of haulers get bogged down.

• The load or dump areas are so restricted that on high-way dumptrucks and rigid haulers have to turn or back- up for long distances.

• The road is so narrow that on highway dumptrucks, rigid haulers and scrapers are only able to pass each other at special passing points, while the articulated haulers can meet and pass everywhere, using the terrain beside the road.

On highway dumptrucks are most profitable where:• Public roads are used for distances of more than 500 m

1650 ft. The loading and dump areas are level and suffi-ciently large to permit turning around without loss of time, and that loading and dumping can continue with-out periodical interruption by inclement weather condi-tions.

Rigid haulers are most profitable where:• Quantities in excess of 500,000 Bm3 650,000 Byd3

have to be moved on the same road. The road must be built on firm ground and have a width of 2.2 times that of the machine. Furthermore, the distance should exceed 1000 m 3300 ft. in one way direction, and the loading time should be less than 1.5 minutes. Operation must be possible in wet weather.

Scrapers are most profitable where:• The ground is dry, has a high bearing capacity but is

easy to excavate and free from stones and boulders.

• The excavation is made in a cut, and the dumping is per-formed on an embankment.

• The transported volume is large, at least 500,000 Bm3 650,000 Byd3.

• The material is such that sufficient traction is available for scrapers to load themselves.

To obtain maximum profitability in the bulk transport of materials, it is necessary to match the correct loading equipment and optimum number of transport machines with the desired transport volume per unit of time and the total volume of material to be transported. If a quantity of less than 10,000 Bm3 13,000 Byd3 has to be transported a short distance of about 200 m 650 ft., this can generally be done in a shorter time with a couple of articulated haulers. If no road exists and the ground has sufficient load-bearing capacity, it is usually cheaper not to build a special road for this short job but instead to run slowly off-road and use one or two additional articulated haulers.

If the quantity of more than 10,000 Bm3 13,000 Byd3 has to be transported over a long distance of approximately 1,000 m 3,300 ft., it is usually cheaper to build a special road and keep it in good condition. This allows the transport machines to run at high speed and means that fewer are needed. Part of the total cost will then be reflected by the road and road maintenance instead of by machines and operators.

This book enables an estimate to be made of the performance of Volvo articulated haulers under different conditions.

By calculating different alternatives and estimating the cost of the alternatives offered, it is possible to make theoretical calculations for the optimum combination of loading equipment, transport machines, road and road maintenance.

By fully utilizing the specific properties of the articulated hauler it is possible to:

• reduce costs for building and maintaining loading areas

• reduce costs for building dump areas

• reduce the need for dozers at the dump areas

• reduce costs for building and maintaining haul roads

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3333 Volumes and densitiesVolumes and densitiesVolumes and densitiesVolumes and densities3.1 Bank, loose and compacted

volumesIn the earthmoving industry, volumes can be expressed in different ways, depending on which stage of excavation the material is in. In this section the most common ones; bank, loose and compacted volume will be explained.

Bank volume (Bm3, Byd3) is the undisturbed material in the ground, before excavation. Note that the volume that is actually excavated often is somewhat larger than the one calculated from drawings.

Loose volume (Lm3, Lyd3) is the volume of the material when it is loaded on the transport machine. The loose volume is larger than the bank volume since the material expands when excavated. This difference is called swell.

Compacted volume (Cm3, Cyd3) is the volume of the material after leveling and compaction on the site. This volume is smaller than the loose and can be either larger or smaller than the bank volume depending on the material properties. As for bank volumes, it is important to note that the actual filled volume often is larger than the volume calculated from drawings.

The graph below shows an example of how the volume of material can vary during excavation and transport (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Compacted volume

Loose volume

Bank volume

Fig. 2 Volume variation during excavation and transport

Volume

Blasting

Loading

Bank

Loose

Compacted

Leveling and compaction

Transport

Swell

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3.2 DensityThe relationship of the weight of a material to its volume is called density.

Density =

Density is expressed in kg/m3 Ib/yd3.

Density of the same material may be different depending on whether it is in the bank, loose or compacted form. The difference is noted by using the same abbreviations as for volumes, e.g. 1700 kg/Lm3 2870 lb/Lyd3 means that one loose cubic yard (meter) of the material weighs 1700 kg 2870 lb.

Density and swell of a material vary with grain size and moisture content. To make an accurate determination of density and swell, measurements have to be made on the site, but rough estimates can be made from table 3.4.The graph below shows an example of how the density of a material can vary during excavation and transport (Fig. 3).

WeightVolume-----------------------

Density

Bank

Blasting

Leveling and compaction

Compacted

Loose

Loading

Fig. 3 Density variation during excavation and transport

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3.3 SwellWhen soil and rock materials are loaded into a dumper, the volume increases due to expansion of the material. This increase is called swell. This is usually expressed as a swell-factor which is the loose volume divided by the bank volume, see below, but it can also be expressed as a percentage. For conversions between bank and loose forms the following formulas are used:

Swell =

Volume changes:Loose volume = Bank volume x Swell

Bank volume =

Density changes:

Loose density =

Bank density = Loose density x Swell

Loose volumeBank volume

Loose volumeSwell

Bank densitySwell

EXAMPLE:

Dry clay has a bank density of 1700 kg/Bm3 2870 lb/Byd3 and the swell-factor 1.3 (it swells 30%).What is the weight of 1 Lm3 1 Lyd3?

Loose density = = 1308 kg/Lm3 2208 lb/Lyd3

What is the weight of a full load in a 16.5 m3 21.6 yd3

dumper body?Load weight = Load volume x Loose density= 16.5 Lm3 x 1308 kg/Lm3 = 21,600 kg= 21.6 Lyd3 x 2208 lb/Lyd3 = 47,726 lbs

If 75,000 Bm3 98,100 Byd3 are to be excavated, how many Lm3 Lyd3 are to be transported?Loose volume = 75,000 Bm3 x 1.3 = 97,500 Lm3 98,100 Byd3 x 1.3 = 127,530 Lyd3

17001.3

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3.4 Table of different material weights

These weights are only approximate. The densities vary with moisture content, grain size, etc.

Tests must be carried out to determine exact material characteristics

MATERIAL lb/Byd3 kg/bm3 lb/Lyd3 kg/lm3 SwellAshes, soft coal with slagg 1010–1520 600–900 840–1350 500–800 1.1Bauxite 3200 1900 2360 1400 1.3Brick – – 2700–3200 1600–1900 –Cement 2950 1750 2440 1450 1.2Caliche 3790 2250 2110 1250 1.8Clay: dry 2870 1700 2190 1300 1.3

wet 3790 2250 2700 1600 1.4+ gravel, dry 2870 1700 2360 1400 1.2+ gravel, wet 3030 1800 2530 1500 1.2compacted 3370 2000 2870 1700 1.2

Coal: anthracite 2190–2610 1300–1550 1690–2020 1000–1200 1.3bitumous 1850 1100 1350 800 1.4ignite 2110 1250 1520 900 1.4

Concrete: dry 3200–4210 1900–2500 2360–3030 1400–1800 1.4wet – – 3620 2150 –

Copper ore 3200 1900 2700 1600 1.2Earth: dry 2870 1700 2190 1300 1.3

wet 3200 1900 2700 1600 1.2+ sand and gravel 3030 1800 2700 1600 1.1+ 25% stone 3370 2000 2700 1600 1.2loam 2530 1500 2110 1250 1.2

Granite 4380–5060 2600–3000 2780–3030 1650–1800 1.6Gravel: dry 2870 1700 2530 1500 1.1

moist, wet 3710 2200 3370 2000 1.1Gypsum: blasted 4890 2900 2700 1600 1.8

crushed 5230 3100 3030 1800 1.7Iron ore: Hematite 4720–6570 2800–3900 3880–5390 2300–3200 1.2

Limonite 8600–11800 5100–7000 3880–5390 2300–3200 1.7-2.2Magnetite 4720–6570 2800–3900 3880–5390 2300–3200 1.2

Kaolin 2870 1700 2190 1300 1.3Lime – – 1350 800 –Limestone: blasted 4380 2600 2700 1600 1.6

loose, crushed – – 2530 1500 –marble 4550 2700 2700 1600 1.7

Mud: dry (close) 3710–5060 2200–3000 3030–4210 1800–2500 1.2wet (moderately comp.) 5060–5900 3000–3500 4210–4890 2500–2900 1.2

Rock: hard well blasted 4800 2850 2850 1700 1.7+ stone crushed 4800 2850 2850 1700 1.7

Sandstone 4210 2500 2530 1500 1.7Sand: dry 3200 1900 2870 1700 1.1

wet 3540 2100 3200 1900 1.1+ gravel, dry 3200 1900 2870 1700 1.1+ gravel, wet 3710 2200 3370 2000 1.1

Shale: soft rock 3030 1800 2190 1300 1.4riprock 2950 1750 2110 1250 1.4

Slag 5060 3000 2950 1750 1.7Slate 4720 2800 3540 2100 1.3Top soil 2360 1400 1690 1000 1.4Traprock 5060 3000 3370 2000 1.5

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4444 Calculation of load volumeCalculation of load volumeCalculation of load volumeCalculation of load volumeThe load capacity is expressed in tons sh ton. The load is expressed in m3 yd3, struck load SAE and heaped load SAE. (SAE Standard 3741a.)

The struck load volume of a hauler body represents the actual volume enclosed within the walls of the load space as restricted by a straight line running along the upper edges of the sides. The struck load volume is expressed in m3 yd3 to one decimal place.

For a hauler body open at one end, the volume at this end is restricted by a line running from the lower rear edge of the open end at an upward and inward slope of 1:1.

The heaped load volume of a hauler body represents the sum of the struck load volume and the volume enclosed by four surfaces at an inward and upward slope of 2:1 from the upper edges of the sides and ends and their load carrying extensions. For a hauler body with an open end, the slope of 2:1 for heaped load volume originates from the upper edge of the 1:1 slope as used for determining the struck load volume.

For a load space having a struck load volume of less than 10 m3 10 yd3, the heaped load volume is given to the nearest half m3 yd3. For a load space having a struck load volume of 10 m3 10 yd3 or more, the heaped load volume is given to the nearest whole m3 yd3.

Fig. 4

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5555 Excavation classesExcavation classesExcavation classesExcavation classesDifferent materials have different excavation characteristics and therefore require a varying amount of power and time in order to loosen them for digging. To determine the performance of the loading machine, it is necessary to assess the excavation characteristics of the material to be moved.

Classification guidance table:

Soil types can be grouped in five excavation classes:Class 1 = little resistance to loosening and high degree of bucket filling, i.e. high performance of loading equipment.

Class 5 = high resistance to loosening and small degree of bucket filling, i.e. low performance of loading equipment, under normal conditions. Blasting or ripping is required for excavation of class 5 material.

CLASS

1 Easy digging – unpacked earth, sand-gravel, ditch cleaning.

2 Medium digging – packed earth, tough dry clay, soil with less than 25% rock content.

3 Medium to hard digging – hard packed soil with up to 50% rock content well blasted.

4 Hard digging – shot rock or tough soil with up to 75% rock content.

5 Tough digging – sandstone, caliche, shale, certain limestone, hard frost.

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6666 Operating conditionsOperating conditionsOperating conditionsOperating conditions6.1 Rolling resistanceWhen operating the hauler, energy is absorbed by the deformation of tires and ground. An example of this is rutting. The restraining effect this has on the machine is called rolling resistance.

6.2 Rolling resistance table(The table is appropriate for Volvo articulated haulers.)

The rolling resistance is affected by several factors, such as:

• type of soil

• condition of the ground

• moisture content

• tire load

• diameter and width of the wheel

Tables are used for practical assessment of the rolling resistance of the traveling surface, where the rolling resistance is shown as a percentage of the Gross Machine Weight (GMW).

Type of traveling surfaceRolling resistance

%Sinkage of tires

cm in.Coefficient of

traction

Concrete, dry 2 – – 0.8 – 1.0

Asphalt, dry 2 – – 0.7 – 0.9

Macadam 3 – – 0.5 – 0.7

Gravel road, compacted 3 – – 0.5 – 0.7

Dirt road, compacted 3 4 1.6 0.4 – 0.6

Dirt road, firm rutted 5 6 2.4 0.3 – 0.6

Stripped arable land, firm, dry 6 8 3.2 0.6 – 0.8

Soil backfill, soft 8 10 4.0 0.4 – 0.5

Stripped arable land, loose, dry 12 15 6.0 0.4 – 0.5

Woodland pastures, grassy banks 12 – 15 15 – 18 6 – 7 0.6 – 0.7

Sand or gravel, loose 15 – 30 18 – 35 7 – 14 0.2 – 0.4

Dirt road, deeply rutted, porous 16 20 8.0 0.1 – 2.0

Stripped arable land, sticky wet 10 – 20 12 – 25 5 – 10 0.1 – 0.4

Clay loose, wet 35 40 16 0.1 – 0.2

Ice 2 – – 0.1 – 0.2

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6.3 GradesGrade resistance is caused by the fact that as the machine moves forward it is also lifted to a higher level. Calculation of the necessary rimpull is done by splitting the force of gravity into vectors. See Fig. 5.

The resistance is usually expressed as a percentage of the GMW. In order to run uphill, therefore, a tractive effort corresponding to the grade percentage times the GMW is needed.

Since the grade resistance is shown as a percentage of the GMW in the same way as the rolling resistance, both values can be added together or subtracted from each other.

6.4 Total resistanceTotal resistance = rolling resistance + grade resistance

The grade resistance is positive (+) uphill and negative (–) downhill.In our example, the “Site Summary”, we are describing positive grade with , negative grade withÿÿÿÿ and flat ground with ��

Uphill Downhill

Grade resistance = 2% –2%

Rolling resistance = 8% 8%

Total resistance = 10% 6%

By adding the rolling resistance and grade resistance and using a graph showing the time needed for traveling at different total resistance, it is possible to calculate how long it will take to cover a particular distance with loaded or unloaded machines.

Note: There is one graph for a loaded machine and another one for an unloaded machine.

ÿÿ ÿÿ

Force Gross machine

Resistance to grade

weight (GMW)normal to ground

Fig. 5

EXAMPLE:

A fully loaded Volvo A25D has to travel up a hill 200 m 656 ft. with a grade of 2%. The rolling resistance is 8%. How long will it take?Start from 200 m 656 ft. in the graph (Fig. 6), follow a verti-cal line until intersecting the 10% line. Then follow a horizon-tal line and read off the traveling time axis, which gives a time of 0.90 minutes.Return trip (unloaded):Start from 200 m 656 ft. in the graph (Fig. 7), follow a verti-cal line until intersecting the 6% line. Then follow a horizontal line and read off the traveling time axis, which gives a time of 0.22 minutes.

14

Traveling time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded.

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Traveling time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded.Time in min.

Distancein m

in ft.

Time in min.

Distancein m

in ft.

Fig. 7

Total resistanceGround structure

Fig. 6

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6.5 Measuring gradesGrades are measured by means of an inclinometer. Any attempt to estimate grades without some form of accurate measurement usually results in large errors; so a suitable instrument should always be used.

There are several different instruments on the market which register the grades in percentage and degrees. One example is shown in Figure 8. This particular instrument is used as follows:

Stand at the bottom of the grade and look through the instrument. Have an assistant whose height at eye level is almost the same as your own stand at the top of the hill. Sight the instrument as shown in the sketch and read the percentage scale off the instrument at the index mark.

6.6 CurvesCurves can be taken at different speeds depending on the radius. When taking a curve, the speed of the machine should not be higher than that which permits ground grip and lateral acceleration to stay well within the limits of stability and comfort.

To determine the traveling time through a particular curve, it is necessary to know the curve radius and arc length. From the graph (Fig. 10) it is possible to read off the time required to negotiate curves of different radius and arc lengths.

Fig.8

Fig. 9

EXAMPLE:

Arc length: 50 m 164 ft.

Radius: 20 m 66 ft.Travel time: 0.19 min.Use the graph in Fig. 10: “Total time through curves with dif-ferent arc length and radius.”• Follow a vertical line from 50 m 164 ft. on the distance

axis up to line 3, radius 20 m R65.6 ft.• Follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the time

axis and read off the time needed for passing the curve.• The time = 0.19 min.

16

Total time through curves with different arc length and radius.

Calculation of radiusIn cases when the radius is unknown, use the following formula for calculation (Fig. 9:1).

� � � � �

Time in min.

Distancein m

in ft.

LINE RADIUS

Fig. 10

r = radius in mb = arc length in mα = angle in degreesπ = 3.14

360 x br =

α x 2π

Fig. 9:1

EXAMPLE:

Arc length: 70 m 229 ft.

Angle: 100°Travel time: 0.18 min.

Use the graph in Fig. 10: “Total time through curves with differ-ent arc length and radius.”• Follow a vertical line from 70 m 229 ft. on the distance axis

up to line 5 radius 40 m 131 ft.• Follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the time axis

and read off the time needed for passing the curve.• The time = 0.18 min.

360 x br =

α x 2π =360 x 70

100 x (2 x 3.14)= 40.1 m

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6.7 Ground structureIt is not always the rolling resistance, gradient or sharpness of curves that determine the speed of the machine. Roughness of the surfaces of the loading area, haul route and dump area also affect how the speed of the vehicle can be utilized.

The roughness does not have to be particularly severe to subject both operator and machine to high stresses due to shaking and vibration.

The operator instinctively adapts the speed to a level which is easy on both the machine and himself. This speed varies with the roughness of the surface and comfort and safety of different machines.

Depending on the size and nature of the obstacles, the running surface can be classified in the following ground structure class:

.

Description of ground structure classesThe photographs indicate the ground structure class, the length of the test surfaces (5 m = 5.5 yd) and the wheel track spacing (2.5 m = 8.2 ft).

Group 1 – Hard ground with solid obstaclesThe traveling surface is hard and stony, e.g. a gravel or dirt road of such a nature that the obstacles are not greatly affected and retain their original size.

Group 2 – Soft ground with soft obstaclesThe traveling surface is of soft nature, e.g. clay, backfill, dirt road or similar, where the traffic has compacted the material. Underlying stones, rocks, etc. form ridges and ruts, and due to its construction and characteristics, the machine can also form pot holes and obstacles itself. The nature of such a traveling surface may vary from time to time during the work.

Group Max. distance between obstacles, 5 m 16 ft.

Ground structure class

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1. Hard ground with solid obstacles i.e. gravel road Size of obstacles in cm in.

0 – 2

0 – 0.8

2 – 3

0.8 – 1.2

3 – 4

1.2 – 1.6

4 – 6

1.6 – 2.4

6 – 10

2.4 – 4.0

10 – 30

4 – 12

2. Soft ground with soft obstacles i.e. wet clay Size of obstacles in cm in.

0 – 3

0 – 1.2

3 – 4

1.2 – 1.6

4 – 6

1.6 – 2.4

6 – 10

2.4 – 4.0

10 – 30

4 – 12

30 – 40

12 – 16

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Group 1 – Hard ground with solid obstacles

Class 0.0• Height or depth of obstacles = 0–2 cm 0–0.8 in.

• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

• Surface size of obstacles affect the wheel and are not “swallowed” by the tire or stuck in the tire tread, e.g. small stones and similar.

Class 0.2• Height or depth of obstacles = 2–3 cm 0.8–1.2 in.








Class 1.0• Height or depth of obstacles = 10–30 cm 4–12 in.


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Group 2 – Soft ground with soft obstacles

Class 0.0• Height or depth of obstacles = 0–3 cm 0–1.2 in.• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.• Surface size of obstacles affect the wheel and are not to

be “swallowed” by the tire or stuck in the tire tread.







Class 0.8• Height or depth of obstacles = 10–30 cm 4–12 in.• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

Class 1.0• Height or depth of obstacles = 30–40 cm 12–16 in.• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.

20

Volvo articulated haulers can run over solid obstacles with a height or depth of 40 cm 16 in. without causing damage to the machine. However, it is recommended that the height of solid obstacles should not exceed 30 cm 12 in.

To determine the time it takes to run a Volvo A25D over different surface structure classes, use the graphs in Fig. 6 or 7. These graphs also show the traveling time needed to pass different total resistances.

EXAMPLE:

On a stretch of hard gravel road, you have estimated the height of the obstacles to be 6 – 10 cm 2.4 – 4.0 in. spaced at less than 5 m 5.5 yd. The stretch is 200 m 656 ft. long. How much time does it take a loaded Volvo A25D 6x6 to cover this stretch?1. Surface structure class for obstacles

6-10 cm 2.4 – 4.0 in. = 0.8.2. Stretch length = 200 m 656 ft.3. Use the graph in Fig. 6. Follow a vertical line from 200 m

656 ft. on the distance axis to the 0.8 line (dashed). Then follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the travel time: 0.42 minutes, on the time axis.

It takes 0.42 minutes for a loaded Volvo A25D 6x6 to cover this stretch if the total resistance is below 5%.

Fig.11

30 cm12 in.

21

6.8 Hauling long stretches downhillWhen operating on downhill grades, you can be forced to keep the total speed down by using the retarder system.

This especially applies to stretches longer than 50–100 m 150–300 ft. where the wheelbrakes could experience fad-ing due to overheating.

To determine the travel time on such a stretch, use the graph “Travel time at different negative total resistance.”

The graph is used as follows:

1. Find the gear that can be used in the table.

2. Enter the graph at the distance. Go vertically to the line of the chosen gear, and from this intersection move hori-zontally to the desired travel time axis.

3. Check if the surface structure on the stretch gives a longer travel time.

Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25D with hydraulic retarder and exhaust brake

EXAMPLE:

A 280 m 919 ft. long stretch with a –15% grade and 3% rolling resistance with a loaded Volvo A25D. The surface structure is 0.6.How long is the required traveling time?1. –15% grade and 3% rolling resistance gives –12% total resistance. The table in, Fig. 12, shows that we follow line 3 in the

graph.2. We enter the graph at 200 m 656 ft. on the distance axis and follow a line vertically to the line marked 3. From this point, go

horizontally to the time axis and read off the traveling time: 0.73 minutes. Enter the time graph at 80 m 264 ft. and go vertically to line 3. Go left to the time axis and read of the traveling time: 0.27 minutes. The total traveling time for 280m 920 ft. is 0.73 + 0.27 = 1.0 minutes.

3. We check the travel time needed to drive 280 m over ground structure 0.6 in Fig. 6 and find this shorter.

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22

6.9 TractionThe tractive force of the machine is transmitted to the ground by the wheels. The limit of the tractive force transmitted by a wheel is set by the ground conditions, the design, condition and inflation of the tire and the load on the wheel. The traversability of the complete machine is also affected by weight distribution, differential locks and the number of driven wheels or the number of wheels with ground contact at the moment.

As a measure of the highest possible traction a wheel can transmit to the ground, the “coefficient of traction” is used. This is defined as the highest possible tractive force divided by the load of the wheel.

A coefficient of traction around 0.1–0.2 corresponds to a surface of very slippery wet clay or wet ice, and 0.7–0.9 corresponds to an asphalt surface.

A table of traction coefficients can be found in Section 6.2.

Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance.

EXAMPLE:

What total resistance can a Volvo articulated hauler negotiate if the coefficient of traction is 0.2? See Fig. 13. Draw a vertical line from coefficient of traction 0.2 until it intersects the diagonal line in the graph. Read out the total resistance on the resistance scale, in this example 20%.

Fig. 13

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23

6.10 Load-bearing capacity of the groundThe method described below for determining the load-bearing capacity of the ground can only serve as a guide. It is possible to establish certain important factors, but experience and judgement must determine whether a machine is able to cross a particular stretch of ground or if it is possible to choose another route or take other preliminary actions such as clearing obstacles, reinforcing the riding surface, etc.

The load-bearing capacity of the ground varies for different types of soils and depends on weather conditions, ground moisture content, etc. and represents a function for the ability of the ground to resist shearing forces. This can be determined by means of a cone penetrometer (see Fig. 14) and is expressed as the cone index of the ground. This can alter depending on the loading or the extent to which the ground is disturbed during use.

Alterations in weather conditions naturally cause wide variations in the load-bearing capacity of the ground and thereby its negotiability. In wet weather fine-grained soils absorb a lot of moisture, thereby making it more fluid, reducing the load-bearing capacity.

Cone penetrometer values obtained on a particular occasion only apply to that specific occasion or to similar conditions and cannot be used under other circumstances or for other stretches of land.

Depending on the cone index of the ground, its load-bearing capacity can be divided into five classes, where class 1 represents very good load-bearing capacity and class 5 very poor.

The cone index of most interest lies between 50 and 70 (ground with moderate load-bearing capacity). Only the most traversable machines, such as wide-tracked crawler tractors, can run on ground with cone indexes as low as 30–50 (ground with poor load-bearing capacity). Rigid dump trucks require cone a index above 90 (ground with very good load-bearing capacity).

The cone penetrometer is an instrument used for determining the traversability of the soil. It consists of a round rod with a 30° tapered point, a coil spring and a graduated scale. When the point is pressed into the ground the coil spring is compressed proportionately to the force needed to overcome the resistance of the ground. The force needed for the point to sink down slowly through the surface layer of the ground is thus directly proportional to the resistance and tenacity of the soil and can be read off on the scale. This value indicates the strength of the ground and is known as its cone index.

The cone penetrometer described here is obtainable from Volvo Articulated Haulers, Växjö, Sweden, and the values mentioned herein always refer to this particular cone penetrometer.

CLASS Cone index value

Very good bearing capacity > 90Good bearing capacity 70–90Moderate bearing capacity 50–70Poor bearing capacity 30–50Very poor bearing capacity < 30

Fig. 14

Volvo cone penetrometer

24

Normal ground profileIn normal ground the cone index readings will be more or less the same in different places. The measurements are taken at a 25 cm 10 in. depth.

Abnormal ground profileAn abnormal ground profile is characterized by big differences in cone index values.

The lowest cone index is used to estimate the traversability of the area. The measurements are taken at a 25 cm 10 in. depth.

Ground with a soft surface layer and hard sub-structureThe resistance of the sub-structure layer and the soft surface layer together must not give a larger sinkage than the ground clearance of the machine. If a large sinkage occurs, the machine will only be able to move along very slowly, meaning an increase in fuel consumption, tire wear and costs, as well as a decrease in performance.

The cone index is measured in the harder soil under the soft layer.

Fig. 14:1

Fig. 15

15 – 25 cm6 – 10 in.

25

Ground with a hard surface layer and soft sub-structureThe upper layer of the ground usually has a covering of vegetation which contributes to the load-bearing capacity, or a fairly hard and compacted surface which has the same effect. If the top layer can be kept during continuous hauling, the cone index is measured in this. If not, it is measured in the sub-structure, see Fig. 16.

If there is sufficient space, you can, by changing the path, increase the possible number of crossings. As the rolling resistance is reduced when changing the path, a higher velocity is thus ensured.

It is only necessary to take a few readings on areas with a cone index of more than 70. If the readings come within 50–70, it is necessary to make several measurements to guarantee that the area is fully covered. At least three readings should be taken at each measuring point. If the

cone index is lower than 50, measurements need only be made to establish the limits of the area concerned.

In all cases, the traction of the traveling surface must be sufficient to permit the machine to move.

.

Frozen groundThe cone penetrometer cannot be used for assessing the load-bearing capacity of frozen ground, but the frost in the ground contributes to a high load-bearing capacity.

If the cone index for a particular level area is greater than that of the machine, it is possible to make repeated runs without much risk. On the other hand, if the index is less than that of the machine there will be a danger of the machine getting bogged down even after a few runs.

Fig. 16

15 – 25 cm6 – 10 in.

Load-bearing classes of ground

5 – Very Poor 4 – Poor 3 – Moderate 2 – Good 1 – Very good

No movement of materi-als recommended with-out ground reinforcement.

No movement of mate-rials recommended without ground rein-forcement.

About 1 – 15 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.

About 15 – 100 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.

More than 100 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without rein-forcement.

Cone index < 30

Cone index 30–50

Cone index 50–70

Cone index 70–90

Cone index > 90

26

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7777 Calculation of machine performanceCalculation of machine performanceCalculation of machine performanceCalculation of machine performance7.1 Work cycle of transport machinesIt is always possible to divide a work cycle that is continuously repeated during the work day into the following stages:

• Loading

• Traveling loaded

• Maneuvering for dumping

• Dumping

• Traveling unloaded

• Maneuvering for loading

When calculating the performance of transport machines, the time needed for each of the steps is first calculated. After which the times are added together, thereby giving the time required for the total work cycle.

Fig. 17

Loading

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Dumping

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Traveling unloaded

28

7.2 LoadingWhen calculating the number of buckets that can be loaded on the transport machine, it is first necessary to know the excavation class of the material and the load volume of the transport machine. The tables under Section 9 show the most suitable bucket volumes for different loading equipment. The volumes are shown in Lm3 Lyd3,

i.e. the volume the material has when loaded on the transport machine.

When it is known how many buckets are required on the dumper, it is possible to calculate the loading time.

The loading time of the articulated hauler is measured from when it has stopped under the loader bucket, until travel begins.

7.3 Work at loading areaWhen hauler B has received its last bucket, hauler A should be standing as shown in the sketch. Hauler B starts traveling loaded, while the loader fills the first bucket. Hauler B then passes by dumper A, which is reversed into position for loading.

Hauler A stops immediately before the position for loading and waits until the loader has moved with the loaded

bucket raised to where the loader operator wishes the hauler to stand. Hauler A then reverses under the bucket. The time for loading the first bucket is measured from when the hauler has stopped until the first bucket has been emptied. The time is 0.1 minute for wheeled loaders, crawler loaders and excavators and 0.2 minute for draglines. For subsequent bucket loads, the hauler has to stand for a time corresponding to the cycle time of the loader, times the remaining number of buckets.

.

EXAMPLE:

A contractor and a quarry owner have an A25D articulated hauler with a body volume of 15 Lm3 19.6 Lyd.3 The machine is to be loaded with wet earth, material of excavation class 1. A Volvo EC 460 excavator is used for the loading.To find the appropriate excavator bucket volume for different material class, see section 9.2, Fig. 47. Follow the line across to the col-umn “Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class.” Under class 1, it is found that the average volume per bucket load in this material with the machine fully utilized is 2.9 Lm3 3.8 Lyd3 (this volume is used in Fig. 21 as an example of “practical bucket vol-ume”). The number of buckets that can be loaded in the dumper body can now be calculated as follows:

Although the volume is not quite right, as soon as the excavator operator has learned to estimate how much the dump truck can negotiate, he will adapt the bucket load so that 6 passes give a full load.

152.9

= 5.2

EXAMPLE:

In the preceding example it was found that with a Volvo EC 460, six bucket loads in earth-moving class 1 gave a full dumper load. How long will the loading time be?Looking again at the table on fig. 47, follow the line opposite EC 460 across to the column headed “Cycle time in minutes in excavation class,” it is found under class 1 that the time for filling a full bucket load is 0.28 minutes.The loading time can now be calculated as follows:Bucket load 1 = 0.10 Min.Bucket load 2 = 0.28 Min.Bucket load 3 = 0.28 Min.Bucket load 4 = 0.28 Min.Bucket load 5 = 0.28 Min.Bucket load 6= 0.28 Min.Loading time = 1.5 Min.This loading time is used in the example in Fig. 21. The loading time for wheel loaders, crawler loaders and drag-lines is calculated in a similar manner, see tables under Sec. 9.

Fig. 18

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29

7.4 Traveling loadedThe time needed for traveling loaded naturally depends on the speed that can be maintained throughout the whole distance. As mentioned in Section 6, the speed depends on the various terrain factors, such as ground structure, rolling resistance, gradients and curves.

The speed can also be restricted by other activities on the site, such as other machines or narrow passages.

In order to calculate the travel time, it is first necessary to describe the total travel distance and divide it into sections with regard to the various terrain factors. A special form, Site Summary, can be used for this purpose, see Fig. 20.

Other general information concerning the jobsite is also entered on the form, including space for a sketch. The form can also be used for calculating the necessary travel time.

The methods used for measuring the various terrain factors and for calculating the time required for covering stretches of different length have previously been explained in Section 6. The time needed for covering each strech of the route is now calculated, and by adding these times together, the total time for running loaded can be obtained.

Fig. 19 The total travel distance is divided into sections

30

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EXAMPLE:

A haul route consists of four streches as shown in Fig. 21. How long will it take to cover the whole distance with a fully-loaded Volvo A25D?From the graph in Fig. 22, it can be seen that the coefficient of traction will not cause any problems on any of the sections. On the other hand, it cannot be clearly seen whether it is the gradient plus rolling resistance, ground structure class or curves that restrict the speed on the sections. It is therefore necessary to cal-culate the time for all these factors and then choose the longest one.

Strech A – BLength = 305 m 1001 ft.

Total resistance = 13%Ground structure class = 0.4From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:• At 13% resistance = 1.7 min.

(200+105 gives 1.1+0.6 = 1.7 min.)• At ground structure class 0.4 = 0.40 min.The longest time is used

Travel time for strech A – B loaded is 1.7 min.

Strech B – CLength = 400 m 1312 ft.Total resistance = 2% (read off at the lowest resistance in the graph)Ground structure class = 0.2From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:• At 2% total resistance = 0.50 min.

(200+200 gives 0.25+0.25 = 0.50 min.)• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.45 min.The longest time is used

Travel time for strech B – C loaded is 0.50 min.

Strech C – DLength = 20 m 66 ft.

Total resistance = 2%Ground structure class = 0.2From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:• At 2% total resistance = 0.03 min.• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.02 min.Curve radius = 10 m 33 ft.• From graph in Fig. 25, travel time due to curve radius = 0.11 min.The longest time is used

Travel time for strech C – D loaded is 0.11 min.

Strech D – ELength = 90 m 295 ft.Total resistance = 13%Ground structure class = 0.8From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:• At 13% total resistance = 0.50 min.• At ground structure class 0.8 = 0.20 min.The longest time is used

Travel time for strech D – E loaded is 0.50 min.Total travel time loaded:

Strech Time A – B 1.70 min.B – C 0.50 min.C – D 0.11 min.D – E 0.50 min.

2.81 min.

32

7.5 Traveling unloadedThe time needed for traveling unloaded is calculated in a similar manner as for traveling loaded.

Remember that uphill stretches will now be downhill and vice versa if the same route is used for the return trip. If a different route is used, it will be necessary to make a new description for the return trip.

EXAMPLE:

Using the same example as shown in Fig. 21, how long will it take to cover the whole distance with an unloaded Volvo A25D?

Strech E – DLength = 90 m 295 ft.Total resistance = 7%Ground structure class = 0.8From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:• At 7% total resistance = 0.15 min.• At ground structure class 0.8 = 0.28 min.

The longest time is used

Traveling time for strech E – D unloaded is 0.28 min.

Strech D – CLength = 20 m 66 ft.Total resistance = 2%Ground structure class = 0.2From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:• At 2% total resistance = 0.03 min.• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.02 min.Curve radius = 10 m 11 yd.• From graph in Fig. 25, travel time due to curve radius = 0.11 min.


Travel time for strech D – C unloaded is 0.11 min.

Strech C – BLength = 400 m 1312 ft.Total resistance = 4% (read off at the lowest resistance in the graph)Ground structure class = 0.2From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:• At 4% resistance = 0.48 min.

(200+200 gives 0.24+0.24 = 0.48 min.)• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.45 min.


Travel time for strech C – B unloaded is 0.48 min.

Strech B – ALength = 305 m 1001 ft.Total resistance = 1%Ground structure class = 0.4From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:• At 1% total resistance (read off at the lowesttotal resistance in the graph) = 0.34 min.

(200+105 gives 0.22+0.12 = 0.34 min.)• At ground structure class 0.4 = 0.48 Min.

(200+105 gives 0.32+0.16 = 0.48 min.)The longest time is used

Travel time for strech B – A unloaded is 0.48 min.

Total travel time unloaded:

Strech Time E – D 0.28 min.D – C 0.11 min.C – B 0.48 min.B – A 0.48 min.

1.35 min.

Note 1: There may be other factors apart from the terrain that restricts the running speed. On a confined constructionsite with a large number of people and machines, this has to be takeninto consideration when calculating the travel time. This can be not-ed in the “Note” column.

Note 2: The graphs include a time allowance for acceleration andbraking. Therefore it is not necessary to pay particular attention tothe entry and exit speeds on the various sections when calculating thetravel time for the whole distance.

33

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7.6 Maneuvering to dump and dumpingSince the working cycle steps “turning and maneuvering for dump” and “dumping” take place immediately after each other, they can be combined under the heading “dumping” and given a total time for both operations.

Dumping can be done in different ways, but the quickest one should naturally be used to achieve the highest possible production.

Time requirements for the different cases are found in Section 8.

Case 1The sketch shows the most common dumping procedure. The time is counted from when the hauler has stopped at “A” until return travel begins.

Case 2The hauler can be used for compacting loose materials in wet conditions. The operator reverses straight into the material and then dumps the load. The advantage of this method is that a large amount of material can be deposited on a relatively small surface. If necessary, final leveling of the material can be carried out when dry. A tailgate can be used if the material is free from large stones.

Fig. 26

AFig. 27

37

Case 3If a dozer is used for leveling the dump area, the material should be deposited in a pile, as shown in the sketch. Normally the operator of the dozer indicates where the load is to be spotted. The dump area is normally flat.

Case 4Thanks to their good off-road traveling characteristics, Volvo articulated haulers can be utilized for dumping as shown here. The advantage of this method is that a narrow embankment can be built up quickly since there are no haulers blocking the area while maneuvering to dump. This method allows a high flow of machines and gives a short dumping time.

Fig. 28

Fig. 29

38

7.7 Maneuvering for loading

Case 1Normally the articulated hauler is turned and reversed to the loading area. Due to their off-road mobility, Volvo haulers can drive through slopes and ditches to carry out this maneuver.

The articulated hauler frame steering enables the machine to turn to one side to make room for the loaded hauler to leave.

Case 2If the available space at the load area is large and loading is done with a hydraulic excavator or dragline, it should be arranged in such a way that the haulers can drive around. Due to their articulated frame steering, Volvo haulers can be lined up next to the hydraulic excavator.

11 mFig. 30

Fig. 31

39

7.8 Productive timeProductive time is the actual time the transport unit works effectively during every hour. This time is important because from this time the machine performance is estimated, see Section 7.9.

If the transport unit were to work at 100% efficiency, then it would be working 60 minutes every hour throughout the working day. However, it is not possible to work with a machine with such efficiency due to unavoidable factors like occasional waiting in front of the loader, supervisory conversations, machine breakdown, machine service, maintenance and other delays of varying duration. The amount of “unavoidable” job delays is of course to a certain extent depending on how the jobsite is planned and organized.

The productive time is usually expressed as the average number of minutes per hour the machine works.

Estimation of the productive time can be achieved by carrying out work studies on the site concerned. This estimation will be relatively accurate as all the factors involved in the production will be measured.

If the job has not yet started, and the operation is still in the planning stage, the productive time has to be estimated using experience gained from previous similar applications and by using the following formula.

FORMULA T = x 60 (min/h)

T (min/hour) is the productive time the transport unit works on average every hour.

t is the cycle time of one transport unit, including load time + haul time + dumping time + return time + maneuvering time + planned activities.

Planned activities should include such items as weighing the load and other delays that occur every cycle, i.e. when using a single track haul route with selected passing places.

U is the unavoidable, irregular job delays expressed in minutes per machine cycle. This includes time for occasional waiting in front of the loader, supervisory conversations and other work on the site which may affect the performance of the transport unit. This also includes time for service and maintenance when these occur during the actual working shift.

Note: The unavoidable job delays do not account for longer delays due to weather, major overhauls or repairs. You must account for such factors based on experience and local conditions.

Operating time F = cycle time + unavoidable delays.

U = unavoidable job delays.

Operating hours/years = operating hour/day x working days/year.

tt + U

EXAMPLE:

In the following example the load has to be weighed, but no ticket is required. The transport unit is driven onto the weigh-bridge, weighed with load and driven off. The estimated time being 0.30 minutes.Cycle time (t) will be:Load time 1.50Haul time 2.81Maneuvering to dump and dumping 0.50Return time 1.35Maneuvering for loading 0.40Planned activity 0.30

Total cycle time 6.86

The estimated cycle time (t) will be 6.86 min.

Unavoidable job delays can only be estimated. We estimated total unavoidable job delays to be 1.75 minutes per cycle. Pro-ductive time per hour will be:

T = x 60 min/h

t = 6.86 min.

U = 1.75 min.

T = x 60 min/h

T = 48

Estimated productive time per hour T = 48 min/h.

tt + U

6.86 min.6.86 min. + 1.75 min.

40

7.9 ProductionHaving estimated the number of minutes per hour – productive time – a transport unit works every hour, it is now possible to estimate the hourly performance of a transport unit, or any number of transport units, assuming that they all have identical load volumes, productive times and cycle times.

The production is estimated using the formula:

P = Q x

P the production per hour expressed in Bm3 Byd3 or Lm3 Lyd3 or tonnes tons.

Q load volume or weight.

T the productive time in minutes/hour (refer to Section 7.8).

t the cycle time, including – load time + haul time + dumping time + return time + maneuvering time + planned activities.

= the number of cycles/h.

7.10 Production calculationWe will now finish calculating the example started in Section 7.4 and at the same time continue to fill in the calculation form.

Information concerning company, material and loading equipmentOn the top and left side of the calculation form (see Fig. 32) there is some general information regarding the jobsite, material and loading equipment. This starts with the name of the company and jobsite and then the total amount of material to be moved, which is usually given in bank volume. Fill in the type of material “Earth wet”, density 1900 kg/Bm3 3200 lb/Byd3, swell factor 1.2 and excavation class 1 (already filled in).

In order to calculate the loading time, it is necessary to indicate the type of loading equipment, bucket volume and cycle time of the loading equipment.

Information concerning transport machineOn the top right side of the calculation form, fill in the date and name of the person filling in the form. This is followed by the type of transport machine and its body volume. Then the load volume, both bank and loose, and the load weight. Finally fill in the number of hours in each shift and the productive time in min/h.

Tt

Tt

EXAMPLE:

What would the estimated production of one transport unit be when the load volume is 15 Lm3 19.6 Lyd3, the hourly productive time is 48 minutes and the cycle time is 6.86 min?

P = 15 x P = 105

The estimated hourly production of the transport unit will be 105 Lm3/h 137 Lyd3/h.

486.86

41

Sketch of jobsiteIn the middle of the form at the top, there is space for a sketch showing details of the jobsite. This should indicate the extent of the transport route and how it is divided into various subsections. It should also indicate how to turn and maneuver when loading and dumping.

Description of haul routeOn the bottom left side of the form a description is given of the haul route strech, where the length, grade, rolling resistance, total resistance, coefficient of traction, curve radius and ground structure class are shown for each strech. The note column is used for noting (e.g.) other site activities which could limit the travel speed.

A description of the various terrain factors and how they are assessed is given in Section 6.

Calculation of travel time and productionWhen all of the above information has been filled in, start calculating the travel time and eventually finish with the production section located on the bottom right part of the form.

Loading timeFrom Sections 7.2 and 7.3 we have the number of buckets to load the hauler and the loading time. The loading time is 1.50 min., which we filled in earlier.

Traveling with loadThe time for traveling loaded was fully explained for each strech of the route in Section 7.4. It is necessary to check the coefficient of traction and other factors to make sure that the machine can, in any case, traverse the section concerned. If not, the transport route must be altered or some other suitable measure taken.

Any terrain factors likely to limit the travel speeds must be considered and the travel time calculated using the graphs in Fig. 23-25. The travel times over the various route sections are then added together. The times have already been entered both under the column “Travel time min. loaded” in the middle of the form and in the production summary on the right.

Maneuvering to dump and dumpingThe time needed for turning and maneuvering to dump and dumping is estimated to be 0.50 minutes (Section 8.2, Case 1). Here we do not distinguish between the two sub-operations but enter 0.50 minutes on the form.

Traveling unloadedThe time for traveling unloaded is calculated in the same way as for traveling loaded (Section 7.5).

Maneuvering for loadingThe time needed for turning around and maneuvering for loading is estimated to 0.40 minutes (Section 8.1, Case 1).

Planned activitiesThe planned activites are estimated to be 0.30 minutes per cycle.

Cycle timeThe times for sub-operations are then added.

Loading time = 1.50 min.

Traveling loaded = 2.81 min.

Maneuvering to dump and dumping = 0.50 min.

Traveling unloaded = 1.35 min.

Maneuvering for loading = 0.40 min.

Planned activities = 0.30 min.

Cycle time = 6.86 min.

Production

P = Q x

If the productive time is 48 minutes per hour worked, we obtain:

complete cycles per hour.

By multiplying the number of cycles per hour by the load volume and load weight, we obtain the transported volume and weight per hour.

Load volume

Bank volume = = = 12.5 Bm3

Load massBank volume x Bank density

12.5 Bm3 x 1900 kg/Bm3 = 23.8 t 26.4 sh ton.

Performance12.5 Bm3 x 7/h = 88 Bm3/h 115 Byd3/h

15 Lm3 x 7/h = 105 Lm3/h 137 Lyd3/h

23.8 t. x 7/h = 167 t/h 185 sh ton/h

Number of haulersTo find the right number of haulers, we are refering to section 7.11.

N = = = 4.1

Tt

Tt

486.86

= = 7.0

Loose volumeSwell factor

151.2

t (Transp)n x t (Load)

6.866 x 0.28

42

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43

7.11 The right number of transport machines

How do you find the number of transport machines that matches the size of the loading equipment? It is very rare that the production of the transport machines and the loading equipment is exactly the same. Usually one of the cases below occurs.

Oversized transport equipmentThis will result in transport machines waiting at the loading area. This is followed by a decreased work pace as the operators find it better to drive a little bit slower instead of waiting at the loading area. If there is a shortage of time, this might still be the best choice since the overall production is somewhat higher in this case.

Oversized loading equipmentThis is preferred as it gives the loading unit time to do clean-up work at the loading area, and it is possible for the transport units to keep a high pace if the loader is always waiting with the bucket raised when they return to be loaded. This is also more economical since only one unit is not fully utilized instead of the whole fleet of transport machines.

Calculation of the number of transport machinesThe number of transport machines that matches the loading equipment is calculated with the formula:

N =

N = the number of transport units

t (transp) = the cycle time of the transport units

n = the number of buckets on a load

t (load) = the cycle time of the loader

Instead of comparing transport unit cycle time with loading time, we can get the same result if we compare loader production with production of one transport unit using this formula:

N =

N = number of transport units

P (loader) = loader production per hour

P (transp) = production per hour for one transport unit

EXAMPLE:

In our example in Fig. 32 t (transp) = 6.86 min.n = 6 bucketst (load) = 0.28 min.

The suitable number of machines is:

N = = = 4.1

As we prefer to have the loading equipment (EC 460) a bit over-sized, we choose four A25D’s.

t (transp)n x t (load)

6.866 x 0.28

t (transp)n x t (load)

P (loader)P (transp)

44

7.12 Hourly costTwo forms are used in calculating the hourly cost of the machine, “Hourly cost calculation” (Fig. 33-34).

The hourly cost arrived at by this calculation represents a net cost for the machine which must be added to management and administration costs. An addition must also be made for the machine owner’s profit.

A new cost calculation, adjusted for the local conditions and with up-to-date prices etc., is made for every new contract.

We will now go through the forms step-by-step to show how the calculation is made.

Form “Hourly cost calculation” Fig. 33.

This example is for representation only.

ConditionsEnter the type of work and whether payment is made by the hour or piecework, etc.

Machine typeApart from showing the type of machines, a note should also be made if the machine is provided with any extra equipment. Such extra equipment increases the purchase price of the machine and also the hourly cost.

a) Purchase priceThe delivery price paid by the customer.

b) Purchase price excluding tiresSince tire wear is regarded as a separate cost item, the purchase price of a set of tires is deducted from the purchase price of the machine. The purchase price of a set of tires is entered under item “n”.

c) Depreciation timeThis largely depends on how hard the machine is to be used. Machines used in normal work are usually depreciated in 8,000–10,000 hours, which in a single-shift operation represents 6–7 years.

d) Residual valueThis is the value of the machine at the end of the depreciation time, i.e. the price which could be obtained for it if sold. Here local conditions must be considered, as used equipment values vary widely around the world. Factors which have great influence on residual value are the number of hours on the machine at the time of sale or trade, the type of jobs and the operating conditions in which it worked and the physical condition of the machine.

e) Depreciation costThis is the yearly drop in value of the machine during the depreciation time. The total drop in value represents the purchase price excluding tires (b), minus the residual value (d), divided by the number of years in which the machine is depreciated (c).

f) InterestThe interest obtainable if the money had been otherwise invested.

g) Interest costFor the sake of simplicity, this is taken as being the average yearly interest during the depreciation time. It is calculated as the interest on the purchase price plus the residual value divided by two, which must be added to the interest on the remaining value. The interest cost for borrowed money has to be calculated separately.

h) Machine taxEnter the annual machine tax. Note: Articulated haulers can be operated legally on-road in some European countries only.

i) InsuranceEnter the total annual insurance premiums paid for the machine.

j) Fuel costThe price per liter/gallon paid for fuel.

k) Fuel consumptionThe fuel consumption in liters/gallons per hour. Note that the fuel consumption varies depending on the type of work and how hard the machines are run.

l) Oil costThis is the average price which has to be paid for different types of oils, grease and filters.

m) Oil consumptionThis includes consumption per hour of all oils, grease and filters.

45

n) TiresEnter the cost of a complete set of tires.

o) Lifetime of tiresThis is shown in hours. The lifetime of tires can vary considerably with differences in haul road, speed etc. Material conditions are critical in estimating the lifetime of the tires, particularly when working in rock or other abrasive materials. As an optimum, the lifetime for a set of radial tires is 7000 hours and 9000 hours for a set of low profile tires. These figures, however, have to be reduced depending on the operating conditions.

p) Repair and maintenanceRepair costs include the cost of spare parts, mechanics wages and shop costs. Maintenance costs include washing down, daily inspections and periodic service. Repair and maintenance costs can vary considerably depending on the type of work, operating method and age of the machine. The best way to arrive at these costs is to keep accurate statistics. These costs are normally calculated as a percentage of the purchase price during the depreciation period.The following model for estimation of the maintenance costs is based upon purchase price and gives the total maintenance cost during the depreciation period.The model is recommended when making rough calculations in connection with machine purchases and prognosis of machine cost. It should be used carefully, as the purchase price in some countries can be strongly affected by transport costs, duties and taxes, etc.

Factors for assessing the life of tires on transport machines

Wheel position

Drive axle:Continuous four wheel drive (6x4)Continuous six wheel drive (6x6)

1.00.9

Inflation pressure

Pressure recommended for given loadWith 10% under inflation

1.00.9

Load

No overload10% overload20% overload

1.00.90.8

Speed (average)

16 km/h 10 mph32 km/h 20 mph

1.00.9

Operator’s experience

More than 6 monthsLess than 6 months

1.00.9

Terrain or site road condition

Well-maintained site road with smooth gravelPoorly-maintained site road with ungraded gravelScattered blasted rock

1.00.90.7

Maintenance of loading and unloading areas

ExcellentPoor

1.00.9

Curves

None or smoothSharp

1.00.9

Grades

Continuous four wheel drive (6x4) No exceeding 6% Exceeding 6%Continuous six wheel drive (6x6)

0.91.00.91.0

EXAMPLE:

A Volvo A25D is equipped with radial tires.What is the expected life time of the tires on the driving wheels?• Recommended inflation pressure• Overload 10% • Poorly maintained site road with ungraded gravel• Poorly maintained loading and unloading areas• Smooth curves• Grades not exceeding 6%• Average speed about 32 km/h 20 mph

• Skilled operator

This gives the following equation:0.9 x 1.0 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.9 x 1.0 = 0.59On this operation, the expected lifetime of the tires will be 0.59 x 7000 = 4130 hours.

46

q) Operator costThis includes all costs for the operator during the year such as base wages, travel expenses, employee benefits and insurance contributions.

r) Operating hours per yearOperating hours per year = the no. of operating hours per shift x the no. of shifts per year.

Model for calculation of maintenance cost

EXAMPLE:

A quarry owner is going to buy a Volvo A25D. What mainte-nance cost should our contractor and quarry owner calculate with, assuming that he mainly uses the machine in the quarry. He uses experienced operators, maintains his machines according to recommendations and has a service organization of his own. The depreciation period is 12,000 hours.The purchase price is 1,500,000.

The percentage the quarry owner must calculate with is:34 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.05 = 42.8

The total maintenance cost is: 0.428 x 1,500,000 = 642,000 or if spread out per operating hour: 642,000/12,000 = 53.50

Repair and maintenance cost during the depreciation period in percent of the purchase price

Depreciation time, hours

Repair and maintenance cost, % of purchase price

C-series D-series

40006000

612

48

800010000

2035

1325

1200014000

4865

3446

Correction factors

Jobsite

Very good conditionsGood conditions; mixed hauling clay, sandNormal conditions; gravel pits, road buildingDifficult conditions; mines, quarriesVery difficult conditions

0.750.91.01.21.5

Operator

Operator experience: more than 1 year 6 months to 1 year less than 6 months

1.01.11.2

Daily maintenance

D-series, no daily maintenaceRecommendedPoorVery poor

1.01.01.11.3

Repair and maintenance

Service contract with authorized VCE workshop Authorized VCE workshopOwn service organizationUse of other outside shop facilities

0.91.01.051.15

47

Hourly cost calculation

Conditions:

Machine type:

a Purchase price

b Purchase price excluding tires

c Depreciation time years

d Residual value

e Depreciation cost

per year

f Interest %

g Interest cost

per year

h Machine tax

i Insurance per year

j Fuel price per l per gal

k Fuel consumption l/h gph

l Oil price per l per qt

m Oil consumption l/h qt per hour

n Cost of a set of tires

o Lifetime of tires h

p Repairs and maintenace per year

q Operator cost per year

r Operating hours per year

b d–c--------------

f100-----------

a d+2--------------x

Fig. 33

48


Fixed cost, i.e. the total cost of the machine whether it’s working or not.

The depreciation cost per hour is obtained by dividing the yearly depreciation cost (e) by the number of operating hours per year (r).

The interest per hour is obtained by dividing the yearly interest cost (g) by the number of operating hours per year (r).

The tax and insurance costs are obtained in a similar manner by dividing the yearly taxes (h) and yearly insurance premiums (i) by the number of operating hours per year.

Variable costs depend on how much the machine is run and how hard it is used.

The fuel cost per hour is calculated by multiplying the price (j) by the consumption (k).

The oil cost per hour is calculated by multiplying the price (l) by the consumption (m).

The tire cost is obtained by dividing the price of a set of tires (n) by the lifetime of the tires (o).

Repair and maintenance costs are obtained by dividing the yearly cost (p) by the number of operating hours (r).

The operator cost is obtained by dividing the yearly cost (q) by the number of operating hours (r).

By adding all these costs we obtain the cost of the machine per hour.

As previously mentioned, this cost does not include administration costs or the machine owner’s profit.

Machine type:

A Fixed cost per hour

Depreciation

Interest cost

Machine tax

Insurance

Total fixed cost

B Variable cost per hour

Fuel

Oil grease and filters

Tires

Repair and maintenance

Total variable cost

C Operator cost per hour

Total costs per hour A+B+C

er---

gr---

hr---

ir--

j k×

l m×

no---

pr---

qr---

Fig. 34

49

7.13 Example of hourly cost calculation


Conditions: Earthmoving in road construction

Machine type: A25D

a Purchase price 1,500,000

b Purchase price excluding tires 1,405 000

c Depreciation time years 7

d Residual value 300,000

e Depreciation cost

per year 158,000

f Interest % 10

g Interest cost

per year 90,000

h Machine tax 20,000*

i Insurance per year 5000

j Fuel cost per l per gal 2.50

k Fuel consumption l/h gph 20

l Oil cost per l per qt 15

m Oil consumption l/h qt per hour 0.3

n Cost of a set of tires 95,000

o Lifetime of tires h 4130

p Repairs and maintenance per year 85,600

q Operator cost per year 320,000

r Operating hours per year 1600

b d–c--------------

f100-----------

a d+2--------------x

Fig. 35

*Articulated Haulers can be used legally on-road only in some European contries.

50


The hourly cost of one hauler is 502. In our example, we needed 4 haulers, so the total hourly cost of the haulers is 4 x 502 = 2008.

The hourly cost of the excavator is calculated in the same way. To avoid repeating ourselves, we assume that the result of this calculation was 900 for the Volvo EC 460.

The total hourly cost for our fleet is then 2008 + 900 = 2908.

Note in Fig. 36 those items that are important when calculating the total hourly cost and those that have less significance:

Depreciation and interest are heavy items, but since the depreciation time and interest rate are generally fixed at the time of purchase, it is difficult to influence these costs afterwards.

Fuel consumption and tire wear largely depend on the type of work the machine is used for, but much can be gained by running the machine correctly and using the correct type of tires.

Repair and maintenance are heavy items which demand particular attention. Repair and maintenance costs can be reduced by using proper operating methods, conscientious daily maintenance and periodical service. This also reduces unexpected and expensive breakdown times as well as increasing the service life of the machine.

Repair costs increase with the age of the machine.

Machine type: A25D

A Fixed cost per hour

Depreciation 98.75

Interest cost 56.25

Machine tax 12.50

Insurance 3.10

Total fixed cost 170.60

B Variable cost per hour

Fuel 50.00

Oil grease and filters 4.50

Tires 23.00

Repair and maintenance 75.60

Total variable cost 131

C Operator cost per hour 200.00

Total costs per hour A+B+C 501.60

er---

gr---

hr---

ir--

j k×

l m×

no---

pr---

qr---

Fig. 36

51

7.14 Calculation of cost per production unitWe must now coordinate the performance calculation described in Section 7.10 with the hourly cost calculation in Section 7.13. It is not sufficient to only look at the performance or the hourly cost. We have to look at the cost of the work performed, i.e. cost per transported unit.

A calculation can have different purposes. It concerns:

• Machine purchase. By comparing alternative machine types, it is possible to choose the most suitable machines for carrying out the work.

• Machine distribution. A large contractor may have several different machine types and different types of work to be performed. By suitable calculation he can decide which machines should be placed on which jobs so the total cost of the job can be reduced to a mini-mum.

• Cost forecast. Before starting a job it is desirable to calculate how much it will cost, as it may form the basis for a bid.

Whatever the purpose, the calculation procedure is always the same:

• Production calculation

• Hourly cost calculation

• Coordination of production and hourly cost to arrive at a cost for the work to be performed.

For the sake of simplicity, we disregard that there are sometimes limiting factors which mean that a certain type of machine must be chosen even though it may not be the most profitable one.

However, in the majority of cases, it is the profitability expressed in cost per production unit which is the decisive factor in choosing types of machines for a particular job:

The cost per produced unit is calculated from the following formula:

K =

where:

K = the cost per unit

C = the hourly cost

P = the production per hour

CP

52

EXAMPLE:

We assume the production example in Section 7.10 applies to the same hourly cost example in Section 7.13.Production per hour:352 Bm3 (4 haulers x 88 Bm3)460 Byd3 (4 haulers x 115 Byd3)

The total hourly cost for our fleet: 2908

The cost per Bm3: K = = 8.26/Bm3

The cost per Byd3: K = = 6.32/Byd3

We are trying to estimate the cost of a contract that includes transporting 75,000 Bm3 98,040 Byd3.The results of the production and hourly cost calculations can now be summarized in a table:

This summary shows how much the whole operation will cost and how long it will take. It is assumed that the transport machines do not inter-fere with each other, and that the loading capacity is matched to the number of machines used.

Type of machine Volvo A25D Volvo EC 460 Total system

Number of machines 1 4 1 5

Performance Bm3/hByd3/h

88115

352460

352460

352460

Cost per hour 502 2 008 900 2 908

Cost per Bm3

Byd35.704.36

5.701)

4.362.562)

1.958.256.31

Total cost 619,5003)

Duration of work, hours 2134)

2908352

2908460

2 008352

1)

2)

3)

4)

= 5.70

900352

= 2.56

75,000 x 8.26 = 619,500

75,000352

= 213

Fig. 37

Note: Values are rounded off

53

8888 Maneuvering timesManeuvering timesManeuvering timesManeuvering times8.1 Time needed for maneuvering at loading area

Case 1The time includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from point A (stop before reversing) to point B (loading position). For a reversing distance of more than 10 m 33 ft. additional allowance should be made for each meter yard.

Case 2If the available space at the loading area is large and loading is done with a hydraulic excavator or dragline, it should be arranged so that the haulers can drive into loading position without stopping and reversing.

With its articulated frame steering, the hauler can position itself next to the excavator, eliminating the maneuvering time.

TypeNeeded time

from A to B, in minutes

Extra allowance for each additional meter

(yard), in minutes

A25D 0.40 0.01

A30D 0.40 0.01

A35D 0.40 0.01

A40D 0.40 0.01

11 mFig. 38

Fig. 39

54

8.2 Time needed for maneuvering at dump area and dumping

Case 1The operation includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from where the hauler has stopped at A, to the dump location (B), and until the return transport begins.

Due to its good off-road characteristics and maneuverability, the hauler can generally be turned around directly on the dump area. Should the road be so narrow that the machine has to be reversed for a longer distance, an additional allowance must be made for each meter yard exceeding the first 10 m 33 ft.

Case 2The time includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from where the hauler has stopped at A, to the dump location (B), and until return transport begins.

TypeNeeded time fromA to B including dumping, in minutes

Extra allowance for each additional meter (yard), in minutes

A25D 0.50 0.01

A30D 0.50 0.01

A35D 0.50 0.01

A40D 0.50 0.01

TypeNeeded time fromA to B including dumping, in minutes

Extra allowance for each additionalmeter (yard), in minutes

A25D 0.50 0.01

A30D 0.50 0.01

A35D 0.50 0.01

A40D 0.50 0.01

Fig. 40A

B

Fig. 41A

B

55

Case 3This time is calculated from when the hauler stops for dumping until the return transport begins.

.

Case 4This time is calculated from when the hauler stops for dumping until the return transport begins.

.

TypeNeeded time, in minutes

A25D 0.25

A30D 0.25

A35D 0.25

A40D 0.25

Fig. 42

TypeNeeded time, in minutes

A25D 0.30

A30D 0.30

A35D 0.30

A40D 0.30

Fig. 43

56

8.3 Turning around in tunnelsIn the table below you find the time needed to turn around Volvo articulated haulers in tunnels.

Turning time in minutes and number of reversals..

Tunnel width

13 m 43 ft. 12 m 39 ft. 11 m 36 ft. 10 m 33 ft. 9.5 m 31 ft.

TimeMinutes

No. ofreversals

TimeMinutes

No. ofreversals

TimeMinutes

No. ofreversals

TimeMinutes

No. ofreversals

TimeMinutes

No. ofreversals

A25D 4x4 0.5 1 0.7 2 – – – –A25D 4x4 with turn-around equipment

0.4 – 0.4 – 0.4 – 0.4 –

A25D 6x6 0.5 1 0.9 2 – – – – – –A30D 6x6 0.5 1 0.9 2 – – – – – –A35D 6x6 0.9 2 1.2 3 – – – – – –A40D 6x6 0.9 2 – – – – – – – –

Fig. 44

�

Fig. 44b

57

9999 Loading time for different loading Loading time for different loading Loading time for different loading Loading time for different loading equipmentequipmentequipmentequipment

When calculating the number of bucket loads which can be accomplished on the transport machine, it is first neces-sary to know the excavation class of the material and the load volume of the transport machine. The following tables show the most suitable bucket volumes for different loading equipment.

The volumes are shown in Lm3 Lyd3, i.e. the volume the material has when loaded on the transport machine.

58

9.1 Loading times for wheel loadersAssumptions:

• Loading with wheel loader carried out as shown in sketch.

• Jobsite level and smooth.• Skilled operator.

Fig. 45

13 ft.

20 – 23 ft.

10 – 16 ft.

19 – 33 ft.

4 m

6 – 7 m

3 – 5 m

3 – 10 m

Wheel loader

Basic bucket m3 yd3

Output SAE 1349

net kW hp

Weightkg lbs.

Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class:

Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in

excavation class:

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

L50D 1.2 1.6

71 96

8,500 18,739

1.41.8

1.21.6

1.21.6

– – 0.35 0.43 0.55 – –

L70D 1.6 2.1

90 122

11,000 24,250

1.92.5

1.82.3

1.62.1

– – 0.35 0.43 0.52 – –

L90D 2.2 2.9

113 154

15,000 33,069

2.73.5

2.53.3

2.43.1

2.22.9

– 0.37 0.45 0.57 0.67 –

L120E 3.3 4.3

165 224

19,000 41,888

3.74.8

3.44.4

3.44.3

3.33.9

– 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.62 –

L150E 3.8 5.0

199 270

24,000 52,910

4.05.2

3.85.0

3.85.0

3.84.6

– 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.58 –

L180E 4.4 5.7

221 300

27,000 59,525

4.86.3

4.66.0

4.65.75

4.45.5

– 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.58 –

L220E 4.9 6.4

259 352

31,300 69,004

5.410.5

5.29.0

4.98.6

4.68.6

– 0.38 0.45 0.52 0.58 –

L330E 6.5 8.5

370 503

51,000 112,435

8.010.5

6.69.0

6.68.6

6.68.6

– 0.43 0.48 0.58 0.67 –

59

9.2 Loading times for hydraulic excavatorsAssumptions:

• Excavation depth is roughly equal to the length of the dipper arm.

• A skilled operator.

• Excavator and haulers are well matched.

Exc. class Fill factor

1 1.2

2 1.0

3 0.8

4 0.6

2 – 4 m

45°

5 – 12 ft.

Fig. 46

Slew angle 45 degrees Hauler placed below the excavator

ExcavatorExcavator weight

t sh tBucket m3 yd3


Cycle time in minutes

(6 seconds – 0.1 minutes)

in excavation class:

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

EC 210B 20.5 – 21.922.8 – 24.3

1.01.3

1.21.6

1.01.3

0.81.0

0.60.8

– 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.23 –

EC 240B 23.5 – 24.925.5 – 27.6

1.21.6

1.41.9

1.21.6

1.01.3

0.70.9

– 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 –

EC 290B 27.8 – 29.631.0 – 32.9

1.52.0

1.82.4

1.52.0

1.21.6

0.91.2

– 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.27 –

EC 360B 35.1 – 38.139.0 – 42.3

1.72.2

2.02.7

1.72.2

1.41.8

1.01.3

– 0.22 0.23 0.27 0.30 –

EC 460B 44.3 – 46.049.2 – 51.5

2.43.1

2.93.8

2.43.1

1.92.5

1.41.9

– 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 –

EC 650Not in production

64.9 – 66.872.3 – 74.2

3.34.3

4.05.2

3.34.3

2.63.4

2.02.6

– 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.35 –

EC 650 MENot in production

64.9 – 66.872.0 – 74.2

4.45.7

5.36.9

4.45.7

3.54.6

2.63.4

– 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.35 –

60

Assumptions:

• Excavation depth is roughly equalto the length of the dipper arm.

• A skilled operator.• Excavator and haulers

are well matched.

Excavation

classFill factor

1 1.2

2 1.0

3 0.8

4 0.6

2 – 4 m

90°

5 – 12 ft.

Fig. 47

Slew angle 90 degrees Hauler placed on the same level as the excavator

ExcavatorExcavator weight

t sh tBucket m3 yd3


Cycle time in minutes

(6 seconds – 0.1 minutes)


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

EC 210B 20.5 – 21.922.8 – 24.3

101.3

1.21.6

1.01.3

0.81.0

0.60.8

– 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.29 –

EC 240B 23.5 – 24.925.5 – 27.6

1.21.6

1.41.9

1.21.6

1.01.3

0.70.9

– 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.31 –

EC 290B 27.8 – 29.631.0 – 32.9

1.52.0

1.82.4

1.52.0

1.21.6

0.91.2

– 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.32 –

EC 360B 35.1 – 38.139.0 – 42.3

1.72.2

2.02.7

1.72.2

1.41.8

1.01.3

– 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.35 –

EC 460B 44.3 – 46.049.2 – 51.5

2.43.1

2.93.8

2.43.1

1.92.5

1.41.9

– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.37 –

EC 650Not in production

64.9 – 66.872.3 – 74.2

3.34.3

4.05.2

3.34.3

2.63.4

2.02.6

– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.38 –

EC 650 MENot in production

64.9 – 66.872.0 – 74.2

4.45.7

5.36.9

4.45.7

3.54.6

2.63.4

– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.38 –

61

9.3 Loading times for hydraulic excavators, front shovelsAssumptions:

• Loading with front shovel carried out as shown in sketch.• Jobsite level and smooth.• Skilled operator.

10 – 16 ft.

90° – 180°

3 – 5 m

Fig. 48

Front shoveloutput SAE

kW hp

Approx. weight kg lbs


Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes)


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

190260

40,00088,180

2.73.5

2.73.5

2.53.3

2.53.3

– 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.47 –

280380

60,000132,280

3.85.0

3.85.0

3.54.6

3.54.6

– 0.39 0.41 0.44 0.53 –

300410

40,000154,380

4.55.9

4.55.9

4.05.2

4.05.2

– 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.54 –

430585

40,000242,510

6.58.5

6.58.5

6.07.8

6.07.8

– 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.56 –

640870

40,000396,830

10.013.1

10.013.1

9.011.8

9.011.8

– 0.46 0.48 0.51 0.60 –

62

9.4 Loading times for crawler loadersAssumptions:

• Loading with crawler loader carried out as shown in sketch.

• Jobsite level and smooth.

• Skilled operator.

3 – 5 m10 – 16 ft.

Fig. 49

Crawler loaderoutput SAE

kW hp



Cycle time in minutes(6 seconds – 0.1 minutes)


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

75102

12,00026,400

1.52.0

1.41.8

1.31.7

1.21.6

– 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.58 –

100136

16,00035,270

1.92.5

1.72.2

1.62.1

1.41.8

– 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.58 –

150204

22,00048,500

2.73.5

2.53.3

2.43.1

2.12.75

– 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.58 –

200272

35,00077,160

4.15.4

3.85.0

3.64.7

3.24.2

– 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.58 –

63

9.5 Loading times for draglinesAssumptions:

• Loading with dragline carried out as shown in sketch.

• Skilled operator.

10 – 16 ft.

90° – 180°

10 – 20 m

3 – 5 m

33 – 66 ft.

Fig. 50

Draglineoutput SAE

kW hp



Cycle time in minutes(6 seconds – 0.1 minutes)


1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

6690

18,00039,680

0.81.0

0.70.9

– – – 0.40 0.40 – – –

6690

16,00035,270

0.81.0

0.70.9

– – – 0.40 0.40 – – –

112152

26,00057,320

1.62.1

1.41.8

– – – 0.45 0.45 – – –

64

10101010 Choice of crawler dozer at dumping areaChoice of crawler dozer at dumping areaChoice of crawler dozer at dumping areaChoice of crawler dozer at dumping areaIf the dump area is to be leveled, a crawler dozer is used. A crawler dozer can also be used at the loading site to loosen and move the material to the loader.

Here we only deal with crawler dozers and articulated haulers at the dump area. The dozing distance can be kept short since the articulated haulers are able to transport the material to the edge of the site even if it is soft. This means that the work of the crawler dozer is principally to move the material a short distance over the edge of the fill, while at the same time leveling the spoil bank.

Voids and ruts in the area can also be filled in if the load is placed where the roughness starts and then leveled off with the crawler dozer. The graph (Fig. 51) shows how the performance of the crawler dozer varies with the dozing distance.

The performance also varies depending on the skill of the operator. In the graph, it is assumed that the machine is operated by an experienced person.

The performance also varies depending on the type of material. Broken rock with large fragmentation is more difficult to move than round stones of medium size.

The performance when moving broken rock with large fragmentation is therefore read at the lower part of the respective shaded areas opposite the appropriate moving distance. Wet clay is more difficult to move than slightly moist clay, so the performance is also read at the lower part of the shaded area.

Note that three different machine sizes are given on the graph so you can decide which one is the most suitable.

If the material is moved downhill, the performance is read at the upper part of the shaded area. If conditions are judged to be normal, the performance is read in the middle of the shaded area.

The graph is plotted on the assumption that the working time is 60 min/h.

Fig. 51

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Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 22.5 t 25 sh ton

Crawler dozerTotal weight approx. 6.3 t 7 sh ton

Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 17 t 19 sh ton

ft.

m

65

EXAMPLE:

Material is to be moved to form a spoil bank and pushed over the edge of the bank. The amount to be transported is 128 Bm3 167 Byd3 or 154 Lm3 201 Lyd3. On the average, the material is to be dumped 5 m 16 ft. from the edge.

The material consists of gravel.

Using the graph in Fig. 51, we can now choose the most suitable size of crawler dozer. Looking at the graph: at a transport distance of 5 m 16 ft. we follow vertically upwards to the shaded area “Crawler dozer. Total weight approx. 6.3 t 7 sh ton.”

The material to be moved is easily handled, and the dump area is level so we look at the upper edge of the shaded area. Then running horizontally to the left, we can read a value of 260 Lm3 340 Lyd3.

This represents the performance of the machine in this material when used effectively for 60 minutes per hour. In our example, it is assumed that the machine is used effectively for 50 minutes per hour.

Performance = = 216

This means that the performance of the crawler dozer will be 216 Lm3 282 Lyd3/h.Since the amount to be transported is 154 Lm3 201 Lyd3/h a 6.3 t 7 sh ton crawler dozer can be utilized.

260 x 5060

66

11111111 TablesTablesTablesTables 11.1 Material weights and swell factor

MATERIAL lb/Byd3 kg/bm3 lb/Lyd3 kg/lm3 SwellAshes, soft coal with clinkers 1010–1520 600–900 840–1350 500–800 1.1Bauxite 3200 1900 2360 1400 1.3Brick – – 2700–3200 1600–1900 –Cement 2950 1750 2440 1450 1.2Caliche 3790 2250 2110 1250 1.8Clay: dry 2870 1700 2190 1300 1.3

wet 3790 2250 2700 1600 1.4+ gravel, dry 2870 1700 2360 1400 1.2+ gravel, wet 3030 1800 2530 1500 1.2compacted 3370 2000 2870 1700 1.2

Coal: anthracite 2190–2610 1300–1550 1690–2020 1000–1200 1.3bitumous 1850 1100 1350 800 1.4ignite 2110 1250 1520 900 1.4

Concrete: dry 3200–4210 1900–2500 2360–3030 1400–1800 1.4wet – – 3620 2150 –

Copper ore 3200 1900 2700 1600 1.2Earth: dry 2870 1700 2190 1300 1.3

wet 3200 1900 2700 1600 1.2+ sand and gravel 3030 1800 2700 1600 1.1+ 25% stone 3370 2000 2700 1600 1.2loam 2530 1500 2110 1250 1.2

Granite 4380–5060 2600–3000 2780–3030 1650–1800 1.6Gravel: dry 2870 1700 2530 1500 1.1

moist, wet 3710 2200 3370 2000 1.1Gypsum: blasted 4890 2900 2700 1600 1.8

crushed 5230 3100 3030 1800 1.7Iron ore: Hematite 4720–6570 2800–3900 3880–5390 2300–3200 1.2

Limonite 8600–11800 5100–7000 3880–5390 2300–3200 1.7-2.2Magnetite 4720–6570 2800–3900 3880–5390 2300–3200 1.2

Kaolin 2870 1700 2190 1300 1.3Lime – – 1350 800 –Limestone: blasted 4380 2600 2700 1600 1.6

loose, crushed – – 2530 1500 –marble 4550 2700 2700 1600 1.7

Mud: dry (close) 3710–5060 2200–3000 3030–4210 1800–2500 1.2wet (moderately comp.) 5060–5900 3000–3500 4210–4890 2500–2900 1.2

Rock: hard well blasted 4800 2850 2850 1700 1.7+ stone crushed 4800 2850 2850 1700 1.7

Sandstone 4210 2500 2530 1500 1.7Sand: dry 3200 1900 2870 1700 1.1

wet 3540 2100 3200 1900 1.1+ gravel, dry 3200 1900 2870 1700 1.1+ gravel, wet 3710 2200 3370 2000 1.1

Shale: soft rock 3030 1800 2190 1300 1.4riprock 2950 1750 2110 1250 1.4

Slag 5060 3000 2950 1750 1.7Slate 4720 2800 3540 2100 1.3Top soil 2360 1400 1690 1000 1.4Traprock 5060 3000 3370 2000 1.5

These weights are only approximate. The densities vary with moisture content, grain size, etc. Tests must be carried out to determine exact density.

67

11.2 Excavation classes

11.3 Ground structure classes

11.4 Rolling resistance and coefficient of traction for different surfaces

CLASS

1 Easy digging – unpacked earth, sand-gravel, ditch cleaning.

2 Medium digging – packed earth, tough dry clay, soil with less than 25% rock content.

3 Medium to hard digging – hard packed soil with up to 50% rock content, well blasted.

4 Hard digging – shot rock or tough soil with up to 75% rock content.

5 Tough digging – sandstone, caliche, shale, certain limestone, hard frost.

Group Max. distance between obstacles, 5 m 16 yard

Ground structure class

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1. Hard ground with solid obstacles, i.e. gravel road. Size of obstacles in cm in.

0 – 2

0 – 0.8

2 – 3

0.8 – 1.2

3 – 4

1.2 – 1.6

4 – 6

1.6 – 2.4

6 – 10

2.4 – 4.0

10 – 30

4 – 12

2. Soft ground with soft obstacles, i.e. wet clay. Size of obstacles in cm in.

0 – 3

0 – 1.2

3 – 4

1.2 – 1.6

4 – 6

1.6 – 2.4

6 – 10

2.4 – 4.0

10 – 30

4 – 12

30 – 40

12 – 16

Type of surfaceRolling resistance

%Sinkage of tires

cm in.Coefficient of

traction

Concrete, dry 2 – – 0.8 – 1.0

Asphalt, dry 2 – – 0.7 – 0.9

Macadam 3 – – 0.5 – 0.7

Gravel road, compacted 3 – – 0.5 – 0.7

Dirt road, compacted 3 4 1.6 0.4 – 0.6

Dirt road, firm rutted 5 6 2.4 0.3 – 0.6

Stripped arable land, firm, dry 6 8 3.2 0.6 – 0.8

Earth backfill, soft 8 10 4.0 0.4 – 0.5

Stripped arable land, loose, dry 12 15 6.0 0.4 – 0.5

Woodland pastures, grassy banks 12 – 15 15 – 18 6 – 7 0.6 – 0.7

Sand or gravel, loose 15 – 30 18 – 35 7 – 14 0.2 – 0.4

Dirt road, deeply rutted, porous 16 20 8.0 0.1 – 2.0

Stripped arable land, sticky wet 10 – 20 12 – 25 5 – 10 0.1 – 0.4

Clay, loose, wet 35 40 16 0.1 – 0.2

Ice 2 – – 0.1 – 0.2

68

11.5 Load-bearing capacity of the groundThe cone indices of most interest come between 50 and 70 (ground with moderate load-bearing capacity). Only the most traversable dozers such as wide-tracked crawler dozers can run on ground with a cone index between 30-50 (ground with poor load-bearing capacity).

Rigid haulers require cone indices above 90 (ground with very good load-bearing capacity).

11.6 Grade conversion table

.

Grade

% slope angle % slope angle0.5 1:2000 0.27° 30 1:3.3 16.7°

1 1:100 0.6 31 1:3.2 17.22 1:50 1.2 32 1:3.1 17.73 1:33.3 1.7 33 1:3 18.24 1:25 2.3 34 1:3 18.85 1:20 2.9° 35 1:2.9 19.3°6 1:16.7 3.4 36 1:2.8 19.87 1:14.3 4 37 1:2.7 20.28 1:12.5 4.6 38 1:2.6 20.69 1:11.1 5.2 39 1:2.5 21.2

10 1:10 5.7° 40 1:2.5 21.8°11 1:9.1 6.3 41 1:2.4 22.212 1:8.3 6.8 42 1:2.4 22.813 1:7.7 7.4 43 1:2.3 23.214 1:7.3 8 44 1:2.3 23.815 1:6.7 8.5° 45 1:2.2 24.2°16 1:6.25 9.1 56 1:2.2 24.717 1:5.9 9.7 57 1:2.1 25.218 1:5.6 10.2 48 1:2.1 25.619 1:5.3 10.8 49 1:2 26.120 1:5 11.3° 50 1:2 26.6°21 1:4.8 11.9 55 1:1.8 28.822 1:4.6 12.4 60 1:1.7 3123 1:4.3 12.9 65 1:1.5 3324 1:4.2 13.3 70 1:1.4 3525 1:4 14° 75 1:1.3 36.8°26 1:3.8 14.6 80 1:1.25 38.727 1:3.7 15.1 85 1:1.2 40.328 1:3.6 15.6 90 1:1.1 4229 1:3.4 16.2 95 1:1.1 43.5

100 1:1 45°

CLASS Cone index value

Very good bearing capacity > 90Good bearing capacity 70 – 90Moderate bearing capacity 50 – 70Poor bearing capacity 30 – 50Very poor bearing capacity < 30

EXAMPLE:

5

1

20% = 1:5 = 11.3°

11.3°

69

11.7 Measurement units and conversion

Multiply By To obtain

mile, statute (m) 1.609 kmyard (yd) 0.9144 mfoot (ft) 0.3048 minch (in) 0.0254 msq mile 2.590 km3

acre 0.4047 haft2 0.0929 m2

in2 6.452 cm2

yd3 0.765 m3

ft3 0.0283 m3

in2 0.0164 lmile/h 1.61 km/hUS gallon 3.785 lImp. gallon 4.5455 llong ton (lg ton) 1.016 tshort ton (sh ton)

0.907 t

pound (lb) 0.4536 kgounce (oz) 28.35 gfluid oz (fl oz) 29.57 cm3

lb/in2 0.0703 kg/cm2

0.0689 barhorsepower (hp) 1.014 PS, hk, cv

0.7457 kWlb/yd3 0.5929 kg/m3

lb/sq in (psi) 6897.228 Pa

1 mile = 1760 yd 1 fl oz = 1.80 in3

1 yd = 3 ft 1 sh ton = 2000 lb

1 pie = 12 in 1 lg ton = 2240 lb

1 sq mile = 640 acres 1 lb = 16 oz, avdp

1 acre = 43.560 ft2

1 ft2 = 144 in2

1 ft3 = 7.48 gal liq

1 gal = 231 in3 1 ps = 550 ft lb/s

4 quarts liq

1 quart = 32 fl oz 1 atmosph = 14.7 lb/in2

70

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71

12121212 FormulasFormulasFormulasFormulasWeight and densities

Resistance

Production calculations

Calculation of radius

Density =

Swell =

Loose volume = Bank volume x Swell

Bank volume =

Loose density =

Bank density = Loose density x Swell

Actual payload = Loose density x Load volume

WeightVolumeLoose volumeBank volume

Loose volumeSwell

Bank densitySwell

Total resistance = Rolling resistance + grade resistance

The grade resistance is: + uphill – downhill

Rimpull = GMV x total resistance100

The number of buckets per load:

Productive time:

Production formula:

The number of transport machines that match theloading equipment:

Cost per unit:

Load volumeBucket volume

n =

tt + U

T = x 60

tt + U

T = x 60

T (transp)n x t (load)

N =P (loader)P (transp)

or N =

tK = T

Cases when the radius is unknown. Use the following formula for calculation:

r = radius in mb = arc. length in mα = angle in degrees

π = 3.14

360 x br = α x 2π

Where:

C = the cost per hourK = the cost per unitN = the ideal number of transport mchines relative

to the loading equipmentn = number of buckets per loadP = production per hourQ = load volume or weightT = productive time in minutes per hourt = cycle time in minutest (load) = loader cycle time in minutest (transp) = transport machine cycle time in minutesU = unavoidable job delays in minutes per cycle

72

14 A25D Specification and Performance

14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded ............ 73

14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires ..................................................................... 74

14.2 Weights ................................................................................ 75

14.3 Body ...................................................................................... 75Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................... 75Underhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (B).............................75Overhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (C)...............................75Overhung tailgate wire-operated (A25D 6x6 option)* (D) ....75Exhaust gas heating (option) .......................................................76Side extensions (option) ............................................................... 76

14.4 Body volumes ................................................................. 76Body volume A25D 6x6................................................................ 76

14.5 Ground pressure and cone index .......................... 77

14.6 Drive ...................................................................................... 77Volvo A25D 6x6.............................................................................. 77Volvo A25D 4x4.............................................................................. 77

14.7 Transmission .................................................................... 77

14.8 Travel speed...................................................................... 77

14.9 Steering system .............................................................. 77

14.10 Frame and bogie............................................................. 77

14.11 Engine................................................................................... 78

14.12 Brakes .................................................................................. 78

14.13 Cab......................................................................................... 78

14.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance....................................................... 79

14.15 Operating on slopes ..................................................... 79

14.16 Diagram ............................................................................... 80Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded.......................................................................80Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded ..................................................................81Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25D......................................................................................82Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25D with retarder and exhaust brake .................................................. 83

Rimpull - Retardation.................................................... 84

73

14141414 A25D Specification and PerformanceA25D Specification and PerformanceA25D Specification and PerformanceA25D Specification and Performance14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded

Pos Metric Imp.

A 8 939 mm 29'4''

A1 4 954 mm 16'3''

A2 4 558 mm 14'11''

B 4 219 mm 13'10''

C 3 470 mm 11'5''

C1 3 332 mm 10'11''

C2 1768 mm 5'10''

D 2766 mm 9'1''

E 1210 mm 4'0''

F 4254 mm 13'11''

H 1919 mm 6'4''

I 495 mm 1'7''

J 2794 mm 9'2''

K 2416 mm 7'11''

L 773 mm 2'6''

M 5176 mm 17'0''

N 7092 mm 23'3''

N1 3197 mm 10'6''

O 3130 mm 10'3''

P 2930 mm 9'7''

R 637 mm 2'1''

R1 664 mm 2'2''

U 3317 mm 10'11''

V 2374 mm 7'9''

W 3117 mm 10'3''

X 461 mm 1'6''

X1 585 mm 1'11''

X2 886 mm 2'11''

Y 2258 mm 7'5''

Z 2859 mm 9'5''

a1 23,1° 23.1°

a2 59°

a3 45°

Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 /

29.5R25 tires

74

14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires

Pos Metric (mm) Imperial (Feet)

A25D A30D A25D A30D

A 10 220 10 297 33'6'' 33'9''

A1 4 954 4 954 16'3'' 16'3''

A2 5 764 6 002 18'11'' 19'8''

B 5 152 5 339 16'11'' 17'6''

C 3 428 3 428 11'3'' 11'3''

C1 3 318 3 318 10'11'' 10'11''

C2 1 768 1 768 5'10'' 5'10''

C3 3 760 3 834 12'4'' 12'7''

D 2 764 2 764 9'1'' 9'1''

E 1 210 1 210 3'12'' 3'12''

F 4 175 4 175 13'8'' 13'8''

G 1 670 1 670 5'6'' 5'6''

H 1 610 1 688 5'3'' 5'6''

I 608 608 1'12'' 1'12''

J 2 778 2 856 9'1'' 9'4''

K 2 102 2 181 6'11'' 7'2''

L 677 686 2'3'' 2'3''

M 6 559 6 592 21'6'' 21'8''

N 8 105 8 105 26'7'' 26'7''

N1 4 079 4 037 13'5'' 13'3''

O 2 700 2 900 8'10'' 9'6''

P 2 490 2 706 8'2'' 8'11''

R 512 513 1'8'' 1'8''

R1 634 635 2'1'' 2'1''

U 3 257 3 310 10'8'' 10'10''

V 2 258 2 216 7'5'' 7'3''

V* - - - - - 2 258 - - - - - 7'5''

W 2 859 2 941 9'5'' 9'8''

W* - - - - - 2 859 - - - - - 9'5''

X 456 456 1'6'' 1'6''

X1 581 582 1'11'' 1'11''

X2 659 659 2'2'' 2'2''

Y 2 258 2 216 7'5'' 7'3''

Y* - - - - - 2 258 - - - - - 7'5''

Z 2 859 2 941 9'5'' 9'85''

Z* - - - - - 2 859 - - - - - 9'5''

a1 23,5° 23,5° 23.5° 23.5°

a2 74° 70° 74° 70°

a3 45° 45° 45° 45°

A25D: Unloaded machine with 23.5R25

A30D: Unloaded machine with 750/65R25

* A30D with optional 23.5R25 tires

75

14.2 Weights

14.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1 m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.

Wear plates (option) (A)If the body is to be used for continuous forced loading of rock or other abrasive material only, wear plates should be used.

Weight A25D 6x6: 950 kg 2100 lbs.

Weight A25D 4x4: 1230 kg 2712 lbs.

Underhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (B) An underhung tailgate with operating mechanism which automatically opens the tailgate is available as option.

Overhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (C) On machines provided with an underhung tailgate, it is possible to fit an overhung tailgate.

This overhung tailgate is intended for use when carrying gravel, sand and loose clay material. The design of the tailgate does not permit handling of large rocks and solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Overhung tailgate wire-operated (A25D 6x6 option)* (D) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

* The tailgates cannot be used together with the body extensions fitted in some markets.

All weights in kg lbs.

Volvo A25D 4x4

(23.5/29.5R25 tires)Volvo A25D 6x6(23.5R25 tires)

Operating weight, unloaded

Front 12,400 27,337 12,160 26,808

Rear 7,070 15,587 9,400 20,723

Total 19,470 42,924 21,560 47,531

Payload

Front 3,250 7,165 1,980 4,365

Rear 20,750 45,746 22,020 48,545

Total 24,000 52,910 24,000 52,910

Total weight

Front 15,650 34,502 14,140 31,173

Rear 27,820 61,333 31,420 69,268

Total 43,470 95,835 45,560 100,441

Fig. A

Fig. B Fig. C

Fig. D

76

Exhaust gas heating (option)By means of this equipment, exhaust gases are conducted from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing in a solid mass.

Side extensions (option)Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 24,000 kg 52,911 lb. (A25D 6x6).

14.4 Body volumes

Body volume A25D 6x6Depending on side extension.

Acc. to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3 Volvo A25D 4x4

Volvo A25D 6x6

Standard body:

struck 9.5 12.4 11.7 15.3

heaped 13.0 17.0 15.0 19.6with underhung tailgate:

struck - - 12.0 15.7

heaped - - 15.3 20.0with overhung tailgate:

struck - - 12.1 15.8

heaped - - 15.6 20.4

Body volume (cbm) Metr. ton per m3

Side extension (mm)

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14.5 Ground pressure and cone indexGround pressure of a loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius.

14.6 Drive

Volvo A25D 6x6Continuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

Volvo A25D 4x4Continuous 4x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal in drop box and transversal in both axles.

14.7 TransmissionElectronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. Hydraulic retarder as standard.

14.8 Travel speed

14.9 Steering systemHydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering as standard.

14.10 Frame and bogieSeparate frames for front unit and rear unit, joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stresses on the frame members.

The bogie permits a freedom of wheel movement of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stresses.

The suspension on the front unit consists of one rubber spring and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

Volvo A25D 4x4 Volvo A25D 6x6

Unloaded Loaded Unloaded Loaded

Front 125 kPa18.2 psi

159 kPa23.1 psi

123 kPa17.9 psi

144 kPa20.9 psi

Rear 49 kPa7.2 psi

194 kPa28.1 psi

47 kPa6.9 psi

159 kPa23.1 psi

Cone index80 70

Forward km/h mile/h

Reversekm/h mile/h

A25D 6x6 and 4x4 53 33 13 8

78

14.11 EngineVolvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine.

* NAFTA / ** EU

14.12 BrakesService brakes: Two circuit air-over-hydraulic dry disc

brakes.

Parking brake: Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.

Hydraulic retarder as standard.

14.13 CabApproved ROPS and FOPS cab. Sound and heat-insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilation. Air- conditioning as an option.

Manufacturer VolvoModel D10BADE2** D10BACE2*Engine output SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

33.3 r/s 2000 rpm228 kW 310 hp227 kW 309 hp

Max torque at SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

22.5 r/s 1350 rpm1375 Nm 1014 lb ft1365 Nm 1007 lb ft

Cylinder volume 9.6 l 586 in3

Fuel consumption Low Medium High

l/h US gal/h13 – 17 3.4 – 4.517 – 23 4.5 – 6.123 – 29 5.8 – 7.6

Fuel consumption load factor guide

High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Contin-uous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance.Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance.Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on well- maintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.

79

14.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance

14.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A25D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45% for a Volvo A25D 6x6/4x4, and downhill the Volvo A25D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.

Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.

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All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.

45%

15%

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Diagram Volvo A25D

14.16 Diagram

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Rimpull - Retardation

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RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic and exhaust retarders)

1. Braking effort in metric ton. 2. Speed in km/h. 3. Machine weight in metric ton. 4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.

Instructions

Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated.

A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart.B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW.C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve.D. Read down for vehicle speed.

RIMPULL

1. Rimpull in metric ton. 2. Speed in km/h. 3. Machine weight in metric ton. 4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %.

Rimpull

Max. retarding performance

Continuous

85

86


15.1 Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded ............................................................................. 87

15.2 Weights ................................................................................ 88

15.3 Body ...................................................................................... 88Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................... 88Underhung tailgate (option) (B) .................................................. 88Overhung tailgate (option) (C) ....................................................88Exhaust gas heating (option) .......................................................88Side extensions (option) ............................................................... 88

15.4 Body volumes................................................................... 89Body volumes..................................................................................89

15.5 Ground pressure and cone index .......................... 90

15.6 Drive ...................................................................................... 90

15.7 Transmission .................................................................... 90

15.8 Travel speed...................................................................... 90

15.9 Steering system .............................................................. 90

15.10 Frame and bogie............................................................. 90

15.11 Engine................................................................................... 91

15.12 Brakes .................................................................................. 91

15.13 Cab......................................................................................... 91

15.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance....................................................... 92

15.15 Operating on slopes ..................................................... 92

15.16 Diagram ............................................................................... 93Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30D, loaded.......................................................................93Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30D, unloaded ..................................................................94Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30D......................................................................................95Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A30D with retarder and exhaust brake .................................................. 96

Rimpull - Retardation ................................................. 97

87

15151515 A30D Specification and PerformanceA30D Specification and PerformanceA30D Specification and PerformanceA30D Specification and Performance15.1 Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded


A25D A30D A25D A30D

A 10 220 10 297 33'6'' 33'9''

A1 4 954 4 954 16'3'' 16'3''

A2 5 764 6 002 18'11'' 19'8''

B 5 152 5 339 16'11'' 17'6''

C 3 428 3 428 11'3'' 11'3''

C1 3 318 3 318 10'11'' 10'11''

C2 1 768 1 768 5'10'' 5'10''

C3 3 760 3 834 12'4'' 12'7''

D 2 764 2 764 9'1'' 9'1''

E 1 210 1 210 3'12'' 3'12''

F 4 175 4 175 13'8'' 13'8''

G 1 670 1 670 5'6'' 5'6''

H 1 610 1 688 5'3'' 5'6''

I 608 608 1'12'' 1'12''

J 2 778 2 856 9'1'' 9'4''

K 2 102 2 181 6'11'' 7'2''

L 677 686 2'3'' 2'3''

M 6 559 6 592 21'6'' 21'8''

N 8 105 8 105 26'7'' 26'7''

N1 4 079 4 037 13'5'' 13'3''

O 2 700 2 900 8'10'' 9'6''

P 2 490 2 706 8'2'' 8'11''

R 512 513 1'8'' 1'8''

R1 634 635 2'1'' 2'1''

U 3 257 3 310 10'8'' 10'10''

V 2 258 2 216 7'5'' 7'3''

V* - - - - - 2 258 - - - - - 7'5''

W 2 859 2 941 9'5'' 9'8''

W* - - - - - 2 859 - - - - - 9'5''

X 456 456 1'6'' 1'6''

X1 581 582 1'11'' 1'11''

X2 659 659 2'2'' 2'2''

Y 2 258 2 216 7'5'' 7'3''

Y* - - - - - 2 258 - - - - - 7'5''

Z 2 859 2 941 9'5'' 9'85''

Z* - - - - - 2 859 - - - - - 9'5''

a1 23,5° 23,5° 23.5° 23.5°

a2 74° 70° 74° 70°

a3 45° 45° 45° 45°



* A30D with optional 23.5R25 tires

88

15.2 Weights

15.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.

Wear plates (option) (A)If the machine is transporting rock constantly, we recommend wear plates.

Weight: 1000 kg 2200 lbs.

Underhung tailgate (option) (B) An underhung tailgate with an operating mechanism which automatically opens the tailgate is available as option.

Overhung tailgate (option) (C) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Exhaust gas heating (option)By means of this equipment, exhaust gases are conducted from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing in a solid mass.

Side extensions (option)Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 28,000 kg 61,728 lbs.

All weights in kg lbs.

Volvo A30D 6x6750(30)/65R25 tires

Volvo A30D 6x623.5R25 tires

Operating weight, unloaded

Front 12,500 27,557 12,300 27,116

Rear 10,560 23,280 10,160 22,398

Total 23,060 50,837 22,460 49,514

Payload

Front 4,940 10,891 4,740 10,450

Rear 23,060 50,837 22,660 49,956

Total 28,000 61,728 27,400 60,405

Total weight

Front 14,990 33,047 14,790 32,606

Rear 36,070 79,519 35,670 78,637

Total 51,060 112,556 50,460 111,245

Fig. A

Fig. B

Fig. C

89

15.4 Body volumes

Body volumes Depending on side extension.

According to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3

Standard body:

Struck 13.6 17.8

Heaped 17.5 22.9

with underhung tailgate:

Struck 13.8 18.0

Heaped 18.0 23.5

with overhung tailgate:

Struck 14.0 18.3

Heaped 18.1 23.7

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15.5 Ground pressure and cone indexFully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius.

15.6 DriveContinous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

15.7 TransmissionElectronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up in all gears. Single stage design dropbox. Hydraulic retarder with variable retarder power is standard.

15.8 Travel speedForward: 53 km/h 33 mph

Reverse: 13 km/h 8 mph

15.9 Steering systemHydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering is standard.

15.10 Frame and bogieSeparate frames for front unit and rear unit are joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.

The bogie permits a freedom of movement of the wheels of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stress.

The suspension on the front unit consists of one rubber spring and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

Volvo A30D 6x6

Tires 23.5R25 750(30)/65R25


Front 124.8 kPa 18.0 psi 150.0 kPa 21.8 psi 101 kPa 14.6 psi 121 kPa 17.5 psi

Rear 51.5 kPa 7.4 psi 181.0 kPa 26.3 psi 43 kPa 6.2 psi 146 kPa 21.2 psi

Cone index 70 60

91

15.11 EngineVolvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine.

* NAFTA / ** EU

15.12 BrakesService brakes: Two circuit air-over-hydraulic dry

disc brake system.


Hydraulic retarder integrated in the transmission.

15.13 CabApproved ROPS and FOPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilations. Air- conditioning as an option.

Manufacturer VolvoModel D10BABE2** D10BAAE2*Engine output SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

33.3 r/s 2000 rpm242 kW 329 hp241 kW 328 hp

Max torque at SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net

22.5 r/s 1350 rpm1420 Nm 1047 lbf ft1410 Nm 1040 lbf ft

Cylinder volume 9.6 l S586 in3


l/h US gal/h16 – 20 l/h 4.2 – 5.320 – 25 l/h 5.3 – 6.626 – 32 l/h 6.6 – 8.5

Load factor guide

High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Contin-uous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance.Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance.Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on well- maintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.

92


15.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A30D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45%, and downhill the Volvo A30D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.


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Diagram Volvo A30D

15.16 Diagram

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Diagram Volvo A30D

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Rimpull - Retardation RIMPULL


Rimpull

RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic and exhaust retarders)


Instructions



Max. retarding performance

Continuous

98


16.1 Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25,unloaded ............................................................................. 99

16.2 Weights ..............................................................................100

16.3 Body ....................................................................................100Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................ 100Overhung tailgate (option) (B).................................................. 100Exhaust gas heating (option) .................................................... 100Side extensions (option) (C) ..................................................... 100

16.4 Body volumes.................................................................101

16.5 Ground pressure and cone index ........................102

16.6 Drive ....................................................................................102

16.7 Transmission ..................................................................102

16.8 Travel speed....................................................................102

16.9 Steering system ............................................................102

16.10 Frame and bogie...........................................................102

16.11 Engine.................................................................................103

16.12 Brakes ................................................................................103

16.13 Cab.......................................................................................103

16.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance.....................................................104

16.15 Operating on slopes ...................................................104

16.16 Diagram ............................................................................105Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35D, loaded.................................................................... 105Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35D, unloaded ............................................................... 106Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35D................................................................................... 107Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A35D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake...................... 108

Rimpull - Retardation..................................................109

99

16161616 A35D Specification and PerformanceA35D Specification and PerformanceA35D Specification and PerformanceA35D Specification and Performance16.1 Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25, unloaded

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A35D A40D A35D A40D

A 11 167 11 310 36'6'' 37'1''

A2 6 224 6 428 20'4'' 19'8''

B 5 527 5 730 16'9'' 21'1''

C 3 681 3 746 12'1'' 12'3''

C1 3 560 3 626 11'7'' 11'9''

C2 1 768 1 768 5'8'' 5'8''

C3 3 987 4 093 13'1'' 13'4''

D 3 101 3 100 10'2'' 10'2''

E 1 276 1 279 4'2'' 4'2''

F 4 501 4 451 14'8'' 14'6''

G 1 820 1 940 6'0'' 6'4''

H 1 757 1 823 5'8'' 6'0''

I 728 646 2'39'' 2'12''

J 2 912 3 075 9'6'' 10'0''

K 2 302 2 492 7'6'' 8'2''

L 915 906 3'0'' 2'97''

M 7 242 7 384 23'8'' 24'2''

N 8 720 8 863 28'6'' 29'1''

N1 4 397 4 238 14'4'' 13'9''

O 3 103 3 268 10'2'' 10'7''

P 2 870 3 078 9'4'' 10'1''

R 584 654 1'92'' 2'15''

R1 670 751 2'2'' 2'46''

U 3 528 3 590 11'6'' 11'8''

V 2 515 2 636 8'3'' 8'7''

V* 2 625 - - - - - 8'6'' - - - - -

W 3 208 3 432 10'5'' 11'3''

W *)** 3 410 3 570 11'2'' 11'7''

X 572 617 1'88'' 2'02''

X1 606 639 1'99'' 2'1''

X2 720 765 2'36'' 2'51''

Y 2 515 2 636 8'3'' 8'7''

Y* 2 625 - - - - - 7'4'' - - - - -

Z 3 208 3 432 10'5'' 11'3''

Z*)** 3 410 3 570 11'2'' 11'7''

a1 23° 25° 23° 25°

a2 70° 70° 70° 70°

a3 45° 45° 45° 45°



*) A35D with optional 775/65R29 tires

**) A40D with optional 875/65R29 tires

100

16.2 Weights

16.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1 m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.



Overhung tailgate (option) (B)The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Exhaust gas heating (option)This equipment directs exhaust gases from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing to the body and keeps clay from sticking.

Side extensions (option) (C) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 32,500 kg 71,650 lbs.

All weights in kg lbs. Volvo A35D 6x6

Service weight

Front 15,320 33,774

Rear 12,980 28,616

Total 28,300 62,390

Payload

Front 2,380 5,401

Rear 30,050 66,247

Total 32,500 71,649

Total weight

Front 17,770 39,175

Rear 43,030 94,863

Total 60,800 134,038

Fig. A Fig. BFig. C

101

16.4 Body volumes

Body volumes A35D Depending on side extension. .

Body volumes according to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3

Standard body:Struck 15.2 19.9Heaped 20.0 26.1with overhung tailgate:Struck 15.5 20.3Heaped 20.7 27.1

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102

16.5 Ground pressure and cone indexFully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius.

16.6 DriveContinuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

16.7 TransmissionElectronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. High and low range in dropbox. Hydraulic retarder is standard.




16.10 Frame and bogieSeparate frames for front unit and rear unit joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.


The suspension on the front unit consists of two rubber springs and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

Volvo A35D 6x6

Tires 26.5R25 775/65R29


Front 128 kPa 18.6 psi 149 kPa 21.6 psi 110 kPa 15.9 psi 128 kPa 18.6 psi

Rear 54 kPa 7.8 psi 180 kPa 26.1 psi 46 kPa 6.6 psi 153 kPa 22.2 psi

Cone index 75 65

103

16.11 EngineVolvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine with Volvo Engine Brake, VEB.

* NAFTA / ** EU

16.12 BrakesService brakes: Two-circuit, dry-disc brake system.


Hydraulic retarder and VEB is standard.

16.13 CabApproved ROPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilations. Air-conditioning as an option.

Manufacturer VolvoModel D12C ADE2** D12C ABE2*Engine output SAE J1349 Net

30 r/s 1800 rpm289 kW 393 hp

Max torque at SAE J1349 Gross

20 r/s 1200 rpm1950 Nm 1438 lbf ft

Cylinder volume 12 l 732 in3


l/h US gal/h18 – 24 l/h 4.7 – 6.324 – 31 l/h 6.3 – 8.231 – 41 l/h 8.2 – 10.8

Load factor guideHigh: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Con-tinuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance.Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance.Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on well-maintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.

104




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Diagram Volvo A35D

16.16 Diagram

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Time in

min

.

Distan

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in m

Total resistan

ce

Total resistanceG

round structure

106

Diagram Volvo A35DTr

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Diagram Volvo A35D


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RIMPULL


Rimpull

Continuous

Low range Max. retarding performance

High range Max. retarding performance

110


17.1 Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25,unloaded ...........................................................................111

17.2 Weights ..............................................................................112

17.3 Body ....................................................................................112Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................ 112Overhung tailgate (option) (B).................................................. 112Exhaust gas heating (option) .................................................... 112Side extensions (option) (C) ..................................................... 112

17.4 Body volumes.................................................................113

17.5 Ground pressure and cone index ........................114

17.6 Drive ....................................................................................114

17.7 Transmission ..................................................................114

17.8 Travel speed....................................................................114

17.9 Steering system ............................................................114

17.10 Frame and bogie...........................................................114

17.11 Engine.................................................................................115

17.12 Brakes ................................................................................115

17.13 Cab.......................................................................................115

17.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance.....................................................116

17.15 Operating on slopes ...................................................116

17.16 Diagram .........................................................................117Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40D, loaded.................................................................... 117Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40D, unloaded ............................................................... 118Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40D................................................................................... 119Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A40D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake...................... 120

Rimpull - Retardation..................................................121

111

17171717 A40D Specification and PerformanceA40D Specification and PerformanceA40D Specification and PerformanceA40D Specification and Performance17.1 Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25, unloaded

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A35D A40D A35D A40D

A 11 167 11 310 36'6'' 37'1''

A2 6 224 6 428 20'4'' 19'8''

B 5 527 5 730 16'9'' 21'1''

C 3 681 3 746 12'1'' 12'3''

C1 3 560 3 626 11'7'' 11'9''

C2 1 768 1 768 5'8'' 5'8''

C3 3 987 4 093 13'1'' 13'4''

D 3 101 3 100 10'2'' 10'2''

E 1 276 1 279 4'2'' 4'2''

F 4 501 4 451 14'8'' 14'6''

G 1 820 1 940 6'0'' 6'4''

H 1 757 1 823 5'8'' 6'0''

I 728 646 2'39'' 2'12''

J 2 912 3 075 9'6'' 10'0''

K 2 302 2 492 7'6'' 8'2''

L 915 906 3'0'' 2'97''

M 7 242 7 384 23'8'' 24'2''

N 8 720 8 863 28'6'' 29'1''

N1 4 397 4 238 14'4'' 13'9''

O 3 103 3 268 10'2'' 10'7''

P 2 870 3 078 9'4'' 10'1''

R 584 654 1'92'' 2'15''

R1 670 751 2'2'' 2'46''

U 3 528 3 590 11'6'' 11'8''

V 2 515 2 636 8'3'' 8'7''

V* 2 625 - - - - - 8'6'' - - - - -

W 3 208 3 432 10'5'' 11'3''

W *)** 3 410 3 570 11'2'' 11'7''

X 572 617 1'88'' 2'02''

X1 606 639 1'99'' 2'1''

X2 720 765 2'36'' 2'51''

Y 2 515 2 636 8'3'' 8'7''

Y* 2 625 - - - - - 7'4'' - - - - -

Z 3 208 3 432 10'5'' 11'3''

Z*)** 3 410 3 570 11'2'' 11'7''

a1 23° 25° 23° 25°

a2 70° 70° 70° 70°

a3 45° 45° 45° 45°




**) A40D with optional 875/65R29 tires

112

17.2 Weights

17.3 BodyThe body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.



Overhung tailgate (option) (B) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.

Exhaust gas heating (option)This equipment directs exhaust gases from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing to the body and keeps clay from sticking.

Side extensions (option) (C) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 37,000 kg 81,571 lbs.

All weights in kg lbs. A40D 6x6

Service weight

Front 16,300 33,935

Rear 14,970 33,003

Total 31,270 68,938

Payload

Front 2,870 8,327

Rear 34,130 75,242

Total 37,000 81,570

Total weighl

Front 19,170 42,262

Rear 49,100 108,245

Total 68,270 150,507

Fig. A Fig. BFig. C

113

17.4 Body volumes

Body volumes A40D Depending on side extension.

Body volumes according to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3

Standard body:Struck 16.9 22.1Heaped 22.5 29.4with overhung tailgate:Struck 17.2 22.5Heaped 23.2 30.3

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17.5 Ground pressure and cone index Fully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius.

17.6 DriveContinuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.

17.7 TransmissionElectronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. High and low range in dropbox. Hydraulic retarder is standard.




17.10 Frame and bogieSeparate frames for front unit and rear unit joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.


The suspension on the front unit consists of two rubber springs and three shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.

Volvo A40D 6x6

Tires 29.5R25 875/65R29


Front 115 kPa 16.7 psi 135 kPa 19.6 psi 100 kPa 14.5 psi 118 kPa 17.1 psi

Rear 53 kPa 7.7 psi 172 kPa 24.9 psi 47 kPa 6.8 psi 150 kPa 21.7 psi

Cone index 71 60

115

17.11 EngineVolvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine with Volvo Engine Brake, VEB.

* NAFTA / ** EU

17.12 BrakesService brakes: Two-circuit, multiple wet-disc brake

system. The brake system is continuously force cooled by an external cooling system with separate oil.


Hydraulic retarder and VEB is standard.

17.13 CabApproved ROPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilation. Air-conditioning as an option.

Manufacturer VolvoModel D12C ACE2** D12C AAE2*Engine output SAE J1349 Net

30 r/s 1800 rpm313 kW 420 hp

Max torque at SAE J1349 Gross

20 r/s 1200 rpm2100 Nm 1549 lbf ft

Cylinder volume 12 l 732 in3


l/h US gal/h19 – 26 5.0 – 6.926 – 34 6.9 – 9.034 – 48 9.0 – 12.7

Load factor guideHigh: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Contin-uous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance.Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance.Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on well- maintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance..

116





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Diagram Volvo A40D

17.16 Diagram

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118

Diagram Volvo A40D

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Diagram Volvo A40D

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Continuous

Low range Max. retarding performance

High range Max. retarding performance

122

Specification and PerformanceSpecification and PerformanceSpecification and PerformanceSpecification and PerformanceC-model Diagrams .....................................................................12318.16 A25C Diagrams..............................................................123

Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25C, loaded.................................................................... 123Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25C, unloaded ............................................................... 124Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25C .................................................................................. 125Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 126

18.16 A30C Diagrams..............................................................127Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30C, loaded.................................................................... 127Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30C, unloaded ............................................................... 128Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30C .................................................................................. 129Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A30C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 130

18.16 A35C Diagrams..............................................................131Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35C, loaded.................................................................... 131Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35C, unloaded ............................................................... 132Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35C .................................................................................. 133Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A35C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 134

18.16 A40 Diagrams.................................................................135Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40, loaded ....................................................................... 135Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40, unloaded .................................................................. 136Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40...................................................................................... 137Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A40 with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 138

Special Vehicles...........................................................................14019.1 A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions.......140

19.2 Weights............................................................................. 14219.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 142

20.1 A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions ................14320.2 Weights............................................................................. 14420.4 Body volumes................................................................... 14420.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 144

21.1 A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions .................14521.2 Weights............................................................................. 14621.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 146

22.1 A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions .................14721.2 Weights............................................................................. 14821.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 148

Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/Tunneling .........................................................149

123

C-model Diagrams

18.16 A25C Diagrams

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18.16 A30C Diagrams

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18.16 A35C Diagrams

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Diagram Volvo A40

18.16 A40 Diagrams

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Diagram Volvo A40

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140

Special Vehicles19.1 A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions

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Pos A25D TC Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 A25D TC Unloaded machine with 650/65R25

TC42 TC50 TC52 TC54 TC59 TC42 TC50 TC52 TC54 TC59

A 9 410 10 210 10 410 10 610 11 110 9 356 10 156 10 356 10 556 11 056

A1 4 420 5 220 5 420 5 620 6 120 4 420 5 220 5 420 5 620 6 120

B 4 520 5 320 5 520 5 720 6 220 4 520 5 320 5 520 5 720 6 220

B1 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170

B2 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

C 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 381 3 381 3 381 3 381 3 381

C1 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 271 3 271 3 271 3 271 3 271

C2 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768

D 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764

E 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210

F 4 175 4 975 5 175 5 375 5 875 4 175 4 975 5 175 5 375 5 875

G 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670

H 410 450 455 465 475 410 450 455 465 475

I 835 835 835 835 835 835 835 835 835 835

J 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444

K 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 353 1 353 1 353 1 353 1 353

L 940 940 940 940 940 940 940 940 940 940

M 365 365 365 365 365 315 315 315 315 315

N 7 980 9 110 9 390 9 670 10 360 7 995 9 125 9 405 9 685 10 375

N1 4 070 4 870 5 070 5 270 5 770 4 055 4 855 5 055 5 255 5 755

V 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258

V1 974 974 974 974 974 974 974 974 974 974

V2 720 720 720 720 720 705 705 705 705 705

W 2 859 2 859 2 859 2 859 2 859 2 888 2 888 2 888 2 888 2 888

X2 659 659 659 659 659 705 705 705 705 705

a1 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5°

a3 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45°

Pos A30D TC Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 A30D TC Unloaded machine with 23.5R25

TC42 TC50 TC52 TC54 TC59 TC42 TC50 TC52 TC54 TC59

A 9 410 10 210 10 410 10 610 11 110 9 410 10 210 10 410 10 610 11 110

A1 4 420 5 220 5 420 5 620 6 120 4 420 5 220 5 420 5 620 6 120

B 4 520 5 320 5 520 5 720 6 220 4 520 5 320 5 520 5 720 6 220

B1 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170

B2 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

C 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428 3 428

C1 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318 3 318

C2 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768 1 768

D 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764 2 764

E 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210 1 210

F 4 175 4 975 5 175 5 375 5 875 4 175 4 975 5 175 5 375 5 875

G 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670

H 410 450 455 465 475 410 450 455 465 475

I 835 835 835 835 835 835 835 835 835 835

J 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444 1 444

K 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400

L 1 005 1 005 1 005 1 005 1 005 1 005 1 005 1 005 1 005 1 005

M 380 380 380 380 380 365 365 365 365 365

N 8 021 9 151 9 431 9 711 10 401 7 980 9 110 9 390 9 670 10 360

N1 4 029 4 829 5 029 5 229 5 729 4 070 4 870 5 070 5 270 5 770

V 2 216 2 216 2 216 2 216 2 216 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258 2 258

V1 974 974 974 974 974 974 974 974 974 974

V2 615 615 615 615 615 720 720 720 720 720

W 2 941 2 941 22 941 2 941 2 941 2 859 2 859 2 859 2 859 2 859

X2 659 659 659 659 659 659 659 659 659 659

a1 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5° 23.5°

a3 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45°

142

19.2 Weights

19.5 Ground pressure

Weights Ground Pressure

Operating weight includes all fluids and operator. At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.

A25D TC42 A25D TC50 A25D TC52 A25D TC54 A25D TC59 A25D

Tires 23.5R25650/65R25

23.5R25650/65R25

23.5R25650/65R25

23.5R25650/65R25

23.5R25650/65R25

Tires 23.5R25650/65 R25

Operating weight unloaded Unloaded

Front 11 800 kg 11 980 kg 12 020 kg 12 070 kg 12 170 kg Front 123 kPa

Rear 5 540 kg 5 660 kg 5 690 kg 5 720 kg 5 800 kg Rear 48 kPa

Total 17 340 kg 17 640 kg 17 710 kg 17 790 kg 17 970 kg Loaded

Payload incl. superstructure 28 220 kg 27 920 kg 27 850 kg 27 770 kg 27 590 kg Front 144 kPa

Total weight Rear 159 kPa

Front 14 140 kg 14 140 kg 14 140 kg 14 140 kg 14 140 kg

Rear 31 420 kg 31 420 kg 31 420 kg 31 420 kg 31 420 kg

Total 45 560 kg 45 560 kg 45 560 kg 45 560 kg 45 560 kg

Weights Ground Pressure


A30D TC42 A30D TC50 A30D TC52 A30D TC54 A30D TC59 A30D TC

Tires 750/65R25 750/65R25 750/65R25 750/65R25 750/65R25 Tires 750/65R25

Operating weight unloaded Unloaded

Front 12 020 kg 12 2000 kg 12 240 kg 12 290 kg 12 390 kg Front 101 kPa

Rear 5 980 kg 6 100 kg 6 130 kg 6 1600 kg 6 240 kg Rear 43 kPa

Total 18 000 kg 18 300kg 18 370 kg 18 4500 kg 18 630 kg Loaded

Payload incl. superstructure 32 5300 kg 32 230 kg 32 160 kg 32 080 kg 31 900 kg Front 121 kPa


Front 14 990 kg 14 990 kg 14 990 kg 14 990 kg 14 990 kg

Rear 36 070kg 36 070kg 36 070kg 36 070kg 36 070kg

Total 51 060 kg 51 060 kgg 51 060 kg 51 060 kg 51 060 kg

Optional 23.5R25 tires, reduces weight /axle with 220 kg and increases payload with 660 kg.

143

20.1 A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions


A25D A30D A25D A30D

A 10 220 10 297 33'6'' 33'9''

A1 4 954 4 954 16'3'' 16'3''

A2 5 764 6 002 18'11'' 19'8''

B 5 152 5 339 16'11'' 17'6''

C 3 428 3 428 11'3'' 11'3''

C1 3 318 3 318 10'11'' 10'11''

C2 1 768 1 768 5'10'' 5'10''

C3 3 760 3 834 12'4'' 12'7''

D 2 764 2 764 9'1'' 9'1''

E 1 210 1 210 3'12'' 3'12''

F 4 175 4 175 13'8'' 13'8''

G 1 670 1 670 5'6'' 5'6''

H 1 610 1 688 5'3'' 5'6''

I 608 608 1'12'' 1'12''

J 2 778 2 856 9'1'' 9'4''

K 2 102 2 181 6'11'' 7'2''

L 677 686 2'3'' 2'3''

M 6 559 6 592 21'6'' 21'8''

N 8 105 8 105 26'7'' 26'7''

N1 4 079 4 037 13'5'' 13'3''

O 2 700 2 900 8'10'' 9'6''

P 2 490 2 706 8'2'' 8'11''

R 512 513 1'8'' 1'8''

R1 634 635 2'1'' 2'1''

U 3 257 3 310 10'8'' 10'10''

V 2 258 2 216 7'5'' 7'3''

V* - - - - - 2 258 - - - - - 7'5''

W 2 859 2 941 9'5'' 9'8''

W* - - - - - 2 859 - - - - - 9'5''

X 456 456 1'6'' 1'6''

X1 581 582 1'11'' 1'11''

X2 659 659 2'2'' 2'2''

Y 2 258 2 216 7'5'' 7'3''

Y* - - - - - 2 258 - - - - - 7'5''

Z 2 859 2 941 9'5'' 9'85''

Z* - - - - - 2 859 - - - - - 9'5''

a1 23,5° 23,5° - - - - - - - - - -

a2 74° 70° - - - - - - - - - -

a3 45° 45° - - - - - - - - - -

A25D: Unloaded machine with 23,5R25


* A30D with optional 23,5R25 tires

144

20.2 Weights

20.4 Body volumes


Weights Ground Pressure Load Capacity

Operating weight includes all fluids and operator. At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights. Body volume according to SAE 2:1.

A25D A30D A25D A30D A25D A30D

Tires 23.5R25 750/65R25 Tires 23.5R25 750/65R25 23.5R25

Operating weight unloaded Unloaded Std. Body

Front 12 160 kg 12 500 kg Front 123 kPa 101 kPa 127 kPa Load capacity 24 000 kg 28 000 kg

Rear 9 400 kg 10 560 kg Rear 48 kPa 43 kPa 54 kPa Body, struck 11,7 m3 13,6 m3

Total 21 560 kg 23 060 kg Loaded Body, heaped 15,0 m3 17,5 m 3

Payload 24 000 kg 28 000 kg Front 144 kPa 121 kPa 152 kPa With underhung tailgate

Total weight Rear 159 kPa 146 kPa 183 kPa Body, struck 12,0 m3 13,8 m3

Front 14 140 kg 14 990 kg Body, heaped 15,3 m3 18,0 m3

Rear 31 420 kg 36 070 kg With overhung tailgate

Total 45 560 kg 51 060 kg Body, struck 12,1 m3 14,0 m3

Body, heaped 15,6 m3 18,1 m3

With over and under hung tailgate

Body, struck 12,1 m3 - -

Body, heaped 15,6 m3 - -

145

21.1 A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions

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A 11 153 36'7''

B 6 058 19'11''

C 3 428 11'3''

C * 3 373 11'1''

C1 3 318 10'11''

C1* 3 263 10'8''

C2 1 768 5'10''

D 2 764 9'1''

E 1 210 3'12''

F 4 975 16'4''

G 1 670 5'6''

H 1 744 5'9''

K 1 790 5'10''

K * 1 684 5'6''

L 578 1'11''

L * 510 1'8''

M 6 594 21'8''

M * 6 429 21'1''

N 9 110 29'11''

N1 4 870 16'0''

O 2 566 8'5''

V 2 258 7'5''

W 2 859 9'5''

X 456 1'6''

X * 412 1'4''

X1 581 1'11''

X1* 537 1'9''

X2 659 2'2''

X2* 615 2'0''

Y 2 258 7'5''

Z 2 859 9'5''

a1 23,5° 23.5°

a2 60° 60°

a2 * 57,5° 57.5°

a3 45° 45°

Unloaded machine with 23.5R25* Low version with 650/65R25

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21.2 Weights



Operating weight includes all fluids and operator. At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights. * Total weight including container.

A25D A25D A25D

Tires 23.5R25 Tires 23.5R25

Operating weight unloaded Unloaded ISO Container 20ft

Front 12 160 kg Front 123 kPa Load capacity* 24 000 kg

Rear 9 400 kg Rear 48 kPa

Total 21 560 kg Loaded

Payload 24 000 kg Front 144 kPa


Front 14 140 kg

Rear 31 420 kg

Total 45 560 kg

147

22.1 A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions

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A 11 167 36'6''

A2 6 224 20'4''

B 5 527 16'9''

C 3 681 12'1''

C1 3 560 11'7''

C2 1 768 5'8''

D 3 101 10'2''

E 1 276 4'2''

F 4 501 14'8''

G 1 820 6'0''

H 1 757 5'8''

I 728 2'39''

K 2 302 7'6''

L 915 3'0''

M 7 242 23'8''

N 8 720 28'6''

N1 4 397 14'4''

O 3 103 10'2''

R 584 1'92''

R1 670 2'2''

V 2 515 8'3''

V* 2 625 8'6''

W 3 208 10'5''

W * 3 410 11'2''

X 572 1'88''

X1 606 1'99''

X2 720 2'36''

Y 2 515 8'3''

Y* 2 625 7'4''

Z 3 208 10'5''

Z* 3 410 11'2''

a1 23° 23°

a2 49° 49°

a3 45° 45°



148

21.2 Weights




A35D A35D A35D

Tires 26.5R25* Tires 26.5R25 775/65R29

Operating weight unloaded Unloaded ISO Container 20 ft

Front 15 120 kg Front 128 kPa 107 kPa Load capacity 32 500 kg

Rear 10 830 kg Rear 46kPa 38 kPa

Total 25 950 kg Loaded

Payload 32 500 kg Front 139kPa 116 kPa

Total weight Rear 178 kPa 148 kPa

Front 16 440 kg

Rear 42 000 kg

Total 58 400 kg

*) A35D with tires 775/65R29, add 200 kg /axle.

149

Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/Tunneling

150

151

Under our policy of continuous product development and improvement, we reserve the right to change specifications and design without prior notice. The illustrations do not necessarily show the standard version of the machine.

Ref. No. 21 3 669 5024Printed in Växjö 2003.03

Manual_Volvo.pdf

Documents

loading times

loading area

maneuvering times

different loading equipment

calculation of cost

production calculation

calculation of load

productive time