Manual Body

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73/10073

But should be omitted from But cf. whenever itfollows But see

Example :

But see Blake v. Kline , 612 F.2d 718, 723-24 (3d Cir.1979); cf. C HARLES ALAN WRIGHT , LAW OF FEDERAL COURTS48 (4th ed.1983).

Signal that indicates background material.

See generally Cited authority presents helpful

background material related to the proposition. Theuse of a parenthetical explanation of the sourcematerials relevance following each authorityintroduced by See generally is encouraged.

Order of Signals

When more than one signal is used, the signals

(together with the authorities they introduce) shouldappear in the order in which they are listed. Signal of thesame basic type supportive, comparative,contradictory, or background must be strung together with a single citation sentence and separated bysemicolons. Signals of different types, however, must begrouped in different citation sentences.

4.

a.

5.

Citations


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Manual of Judicial Writing


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APPENDIX 1

ALTERNATIVE USE OF WORDS 102

102 CLEAR AND EFFECTIVE LEGAL WRITING , 124.

Appendices

Avoid this If this will work as well

Accord Give

Adequate amount Enough

Afford GiveAggregate Total

Allocate Give, divide

An adequate number of Enough

Anent About

A number of Many, severalApplicable That applies

Apprise Inform

As a consequence of Because of

As to About, of, by, for, in

A sufficient number of EnoughAt a later date Later

Attain Reach

At the present time Now

At the time when When

At this point in time NowAttributable to From, by

Bears a significant resemblance to Resembles


76/10076



Bring an action against SueBy means of By

By reason of Because of

Cease Stop

Commence Begin

Constitute Make upDeem Consider

During such time as While

During the course of During

During the month of May In May

Effect settlement SettleEntered a contract to Contracted

Envisage Think, see, regard

Eventuate Happen

Exclusively Only

Expiration EndFiled a complaint Complained

Filed a counterclaim Counterclaimed

Filed an application Applied

Filed a motion Moved

For the duration of DuringFor the purpose of To, for

For the reason that Because

Furnish Give, provide


77/10077


Has the option of MayHerein In this (agreement, etc.)

Indicate Show

Implement, effectuate Begin, carry out

Inasmuch as Since, because

In connection with WithIn excess of More than

Initiate Begin

In lieu of Instead of

In order to To

Instant case Here, this caseInstitute Begin

Inter sese Among themselves

In the event that If

In the light of the fact Because

In the near future SoonIn violation of Violates

Is able to Can

Is in compliance with Comply

Is in conformity with Conforms

Is of the opinion that BelievesIs violative of Violates

Made application Applied

Made provision Provided

Appendices


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Maintain Keep, continue, supportMake allegations Allege

Make an examination of Examine

Necessitate Require

Not less than At least

Notwithstanding Despite Notwithstanding the fact that Although

Offer testimony Testify

On a daily basis Daily

On or before By

On the ground that BecauseOn the part of By

Originate Start

Make inquiry Ask, inquire

Make mention of Mention

Motion for vacatur Motion to vacatePer annum A year

Performed a search on Searched

Place a limitation upon Limit

Prior to Before

Procure GetProvide assistance Help

Provide protection to Protect

Provide responses Respond


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Promulgate IssueProvided that However if

Pursuant to Under, by, in accordancewith

Reach a resolution Resolve

Render Make

Retain Keep

Reveal the identity of Identify

Said (adjective) The, this, that

Same (pronoun) It, them

Shall Must, may, will

Solely Only, alone

Submit Send, give

Subsequent to After

Sufficient Enough

Sub suo periculo At ones own peril

Such That, this, those, the

Terminate End, finish

The majority of Most

The means by which How

Thereafter Later

Therein In it, in them, inside

Transmit Send

Transpire Happen

Appendices


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81/10081

APPENDIX 2

SELECTED PHILIPPINE CODESAND THEIR SUGGESTED CITATIONS 103

CODES CITATIONS

Administrative Code, Revised R EVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODEBreastmilk Substitutes and Supplements, M ILK CODE

National Code of Marketing for Building Code, National B UILDING CODEChild and Youth Welfare Code C HILD & Y OUTH WELFARE CODECivil Code C IVIL CODECommerce, Code of C OMMERCIAL CODEConduct and Ethical Standards of P UBLIC OFFICERS CODEPublic Officers, Code of Cooperative Code C OOPERATIVE CODE

Corporation Code C ORPORATION CODEElection Code, Omnibus E LECTION CODEEnvironment Code, Philippine Environment E NVIRONMENT CODEFamily Code F AMILY CODEFire Code F IRE CODEFisheries Code F ISHERIES CODEForestry Code, Revised F ORESTRY CODEIntellectual Property Code I NTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE

Internal Revenue Code, National T AX CODEInvestments Code, Omnibus I NVESTMENTS CODELabor Code L ABOR CODELand Transportation and Traffic Code T RANSPORTATION & T RAFFIC CODELocal Government Code L OCAL GOVT CODEMuslim Code of Personal Laws M USLIM CODEPenal Code, Revised R EVISED PENAL CODESanitation Code S ANITATION CODE

Securities Regulation Code S ECURITIES CODEState Auditing Code A UDIT CODETariff and Customs Code T ARIFF CODEWater Code W ATER CODE

103 M. Feliciano, P HILIPPINE MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATIONS 15-16 (5th ed., 1999)

Appendices


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Index

AbbreviationAfter first usageCase title citationCurrencyHyphen

Names of agencies NumbersUnit of measure

Abstract languageAbstract nounsActive voiceAdjacent numbersAdjectival phraseAdjectivesAdministrative decisions

Docket numbersForeign citations

Administrative issuancesCapitalizationCitations

AgeAmbiguityAmerican cases

CitationsAmerican method

DateAnticipatory wordsAnunciacion, Eleonor F.Apostrophe

DateArbitral award

CitationArchaic legalismArias-Sumilong, Anna Cristina S.Associations

Citation

181860152557, 581616

494041-43115321, 46

3, 463

856-581324, 43, 44, 51-53

63-65

1733ii2418

6951, 52ii

58

INDEX


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AttestationSample

Austria-Martinez, Ma. AliciaAzcuna, Adolfo S.Back-to-back modifiers

NumbersBackground material

CitationBalancing listsBlock, Gertrude

EFFECTIVE LEGAL WRITINGBlock quotations

EllipsisBLUEBOOK : A U NIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATIONBody

Header Boldface

EmphasisBonoan, Cristina Regina N.Brackets

PeriodBridge between paragraphsBritish method

DateBullets

But cf. But seeCallejo, Romeo J. Sr.Camba, Edna B.Campaa, Ma. Piedad F.Capital lettersCapitalization

Court documentsCourt referenceGovernment agenciesParty designationPolitical subdivisionsStatute

3637

iiiii

11

7344

522727, 29, 307, 8, 67-69, 71

6

9, 29i30, 311938

173272, 7372iiiii4, 57-9

778798


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Cardinal numbersCarpio, Antonio T.

Case citationMultiple cases

Case reportsCitationForeign citations

Case titleCitationForeign decision citationFormat

CertificationSample

Cf.Charrow, V.R.

CLEAR AND EFFECTIVE WRITINGChico-Nazario, Minita V.

Chief JusticeAttestation

Chinese namesCitation

Cited authorityCitationsCLEAR AND EFFECTIVE WRITINGCodes

CitationList

ColonComma

DateLarge numbersSeries

Transition words and phrasesCompound names

CitationCompound wordsConcrete languageConlu, Asra Pieda T.

12ii, iii

61

60, 6165

58-6063, 642-3363872

40, 44, 45, 50, 75ii

v36, 37

5871-73v, 54-7340, 44, 45, 50, 75

55, 66, 818122, 23, 28, 31, 3319-21, 28, 31171020

20

5824, 5349i, ii

Index


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Consolidated casesCitations

Docket numbers Rollo citation

ConstitutionCapitalizeCitationSpell out

Constitution, ForeignCitation

Constitutional proceedingsCitation

Coordinating conjunctionsComma

Corona, Renato C.Corporations

Citation

Court decisionsCitationsConsolidated casesCourt documentsForeignGuideParty designationSampleStyleTitle pageTitle page sample

Court documentsCapitalizeGeneric name

Court officials & personnel

Administrative decisionsCourt records

CitationCourts

Reference

60

362v85418

65, 66

54

19ii

58

58-61, 63-65607, 863, 64v737iv, v25

7, 88

3

61, 62

7


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Citation

Cummulative adjectivesCurrencyDangling modifier DashDateDavide, Hilario G. Jr.DecimalsDefinitions

Quotation mark Division cases

SampleDio, Edna E.Displayed listsDispositionDocket number

Administrative decisionsConsecutive

Echo linksEFFECTIVE LEGAL WRITINGElarmo, Gorgonio B.Electronic addressElegant variationTHE ELEMENTS OF LEGAL STYLETHE ELEMENTS OF STYLEEllipsisEnglishEnriquez, Rowena Jeanne B.Eva, Jed M. IIIEvangelista, Noemi R.Exclamation point

Executive issuancesCitations

Exclamation points

59

211543, 4425, 26, 3217v, 614,15

10

37, 38i, ii32-3535

3-473952ii6952202029, 3048, 50iiiii28

56-5828

Index

Criminal cases


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ExhibitsCitations

Explicit connectivesFederal cases

CitationsFeliciano, Myrna S.

PHILIPPINE MANUAL OF LEGAL C ITATIONSFigure of speech

NumbersFigures

NumbersTime

FontSizeTimes New Roman

Footnotes Numbers

CitationsForeign court decisions

CitationsForeign statutes

CitationsFormatFractionGabriel, Norman R.Garcia, Cancio C.Garner, Bryan A.

THE ELEMENTS OF LEGAL STYLELEGAL WRITING IN PLAIN E NGLISH

Gaspar-Gito, Emily L. San

Gatmaytan, Dante B.Gavino, Susana N.Gender inequalityGender-neutral

Language Noun

63

39

64i81

11

10-1616, 17

11

12

54-56, 60, 61, 70, 71

63-65

661, 614iiii

2010, 14, 20-22, 24-26, 28-30, 38, 39,41, 44ii

ii45

45-4946


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Gender relationsGender sensitivity

Generic masculineGeneric name

Court documentsGeneric pronoun

Gonzales, Annele R.Government agencies

CitationGovernment of the Philippines

CitationGuerra, Maria Victoria Gleoresty Sp.Hacker, Diana A.

POCKET STYLE MANUALHeader

Body

Title pageHyphen

Compound wordsFractionDatePrefix/Suffix

Id. In re

Citation In the matter of

CitationInclusive languageIndention

QuotationIndependent clause

International agreementsCitations

International arbitral bodiesCitation

466

46

847, 48

ii859

59i, ii

21

6

213, 16, 17, 24, 255314172571

60

6046

27, 3020

56

69

Index


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International Court of JusticeCitation

International sourcesCitation

Internet sourcesCitation

Introductory phraseIntroductory sentenceIntroductory signalsIntroductory textIntrusive phrases and clausesIslamic names

CitationItalics

Case titleEmphasis

Italicization

Judicial decisions see Court decisionsJustices

List in court decisionsSeniority

Khan, Ismael G. Jr.Language

ArchaicBracketConcreteGender-neutralInclusiveLiteralMistakenSexist

Largoza-Cantero, Antonia T.

Latin wordsLawyers

Administrative decisionsLegal Accountability and Dispute Resolution

(LADR) Program

69

67-69

69, 7020, 4331, 33, 3471-733240

58

609, 299, 10

35, 3644, 35iii46-5352314945-4946503145-49ii

50

4

iii


91/10091

Legal jargonTable

LEGAL WRITING : GETTING IT R IGHTAND GETTING IT WRITTEN

LEGAL WRITING IN A NUTSHELLLEGAL WRITING IN PLAIN E NGLISH

LegalismLegerdemainLegislative enactments

CitationsLegislative proceedings

CitationsLesaca, Alejandro G.List of JusticesLists

Literal languageLocal government

CitationLogical order

SentencesMagdamo, Melchor G.Magazines

ItalicizationMaleMale supremacyManifestation

CapitalizationMargins

Format Microsoft Publisher 97

Minute resolution sampleMisplaced modifier Modifiers

Back-to-back DanglingHyphen

5075-81

42-44, 5019, 22, 24, 31, 5210, 14, 20-22, 24-26, 28-30, 38, 39,41, 445152

54-56

55ii431-35

50

59

45ii

94645

7

11

64443, 44114325

Index


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MisplacedSex-linked

SquintingModifying phraseModifying wordsMorales, Conchita CarpioMotions

Title of documents Names

CitationCompound

National Bilibid PrisonsRelease

NEW YORK LAW R EPORTS STYLE MANUAL NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY WRITER S GUIDE

TO STYLE AND USAGE

NewspapersItalicization

Nominalization Non-English words

Italicization Nouns

AbstractApostropheGender-neutralHyphenInclusive languageModifiers

NumbersOrdinalPlural form

SeriesSignificantSpell outThat begin a sentence

Numbers for Comparison

4446, 47

444443, 44ii

7

58-6056

3731, 53

10-17, 19, 21, 25-32, 44, 51

940

92140244824464310-171212

131010-121110


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Numbers inCommon expression

DialogueOng, Milagros S.Ordinal numbersOrdinances

CapitalizationCitations

OREGON APPELLATE COURTS STYLE MANUALPanganiban, Artemio V.ParagraphParallelismParentheses

CitationsPeriodRun-in-ListSignificant number

Parenthetical expressionParenthetical explanationPartnership

CitationParty designation

CapitalizationPassive voice

Per curiamPercentagePeriodPermanent Court of Arbitration

CitationPHILIPPINE MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATIONSPHILIPPINE R EPORTS

Citation

Phrasal adjectivePhrases and clauses

AdjectivalAnticipatoryEmphasisIntrusive

11

11iii12

85820i, iii38, 3944, 4519, 20, 23, 29, 3156193110

3173

58

741, 42513, 1419, 28, 33, 39

6981

60, 61

2420, 225333940

Index


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IntroductoryReference

TransitionalPlain English

TablePLAIN E NGLISH FOR LAWYERSPleadings

Title of DocumentsPlural

Figure Numbers

Pluralize wordsPOCKET STYLE MANUALPoetry

QuotationPointing wordsPolitical agencies/subdivisions

Capitalization PonentePopular name

CitationPrefixPrepositionPromulgation datePronoun

GenericSexist

Proper namesCapitalize

Public officersCitation

Punctuation

Puno, Reynato S.Question marksQuisumbing, Leonardo A.Quotation

Blocked

20, 4310

385075-8023

7

13122421

2838

95, 35

5625234

4747, 48

8

5919-26, 29, 31, 33

i, iii28i26-2927, 30


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BracketsSelf-contained

Quotation mark CommaDefinitionsExhibitsPeriodPoetryReference to Words & PhrasesSingle quotation marks

Quotation within quotationQuotations, Blocked

EllipsisRamos, Leoni R.Ray, Mary Barnard

LEGAL WRITING : GETTING IT R IGHTAND GETTING IT WRITTEN

RecordsCitation

Redundant legalismReference lists

NumbersReference to Word or Phrase

Quotation marksRepeating citationResolutions

SalutationTitle pageTitle page sample

Reyes, Oliver Xavier A.Rogero, Laurinda R.

Rollo

CitationRule of thumbRules

CapitalizeRules of Court

Citation

30, 3122

1028106319, 282810272727, 28, 3029, 30ii

42-44

6251

12

1070, 71

626iiii

61, 6250

8

61

Index


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Run-in-listSandoval-Gutierrez, Angelina

SealSeeSee alsoSee generallySemicolonSeniority

List of justicesSentence

Closely connectedEllipsisIntroductoryLogical order Main subject and verbsParallel structureShort and medium length

Subject and predicateTopic

SeriesPunctuation mark

Sex-linked modifiersSex-role stereotypesSexist languageSexist pronounShortened title

Court documentsSignalsSigns and symbols

Unit of measureSpell out

Adjacent numbers

Constitution and statutesDateCustomarily abbreviatedFraction

Numbers

31ii, iii

271717321, 22, 31

421, 23, 39-45212931, 33, 3445414439, 40

4138

20, 2246, 4746, 4745-4947, 48

871-73

16

11

1817181410


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98/10098


Transcript of Stenographic Notes (TSN)Citation

Transitional words and phrasesTreaties

CitationTy-Capacite, Annaliza S.Ultraquistic subterfugeUnit of measureUnited Nations

CitationUnited States Agency for

International Development (USAID)University of the Philippines

University Center for Womens Studies,GENDER -FAIR LANGUAGE : A P RIMER

VerbsVersus

CitationsVilla, Bernadette Ann A.Voting resultsWEBSTER S DICTIONARYWhole numbersWomenWord styleWords

AlternativeAnticipatoryApostropheCompoundEmphasisHyphenLatin

Literal sense Non-EnglishPrimary wordPluralizePointing

62, 63

20, 38

56i, ii5216

67, 68

iii

4523, 41-43

60i, ii1591445-4945-53iv, 49-5375-80332424, 5392450

509252437


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ReferenceRelated words

SurplusTransitional

Words as wordsWydick, Richard C.

PLAIN E NGLISH FOR LAWYERSYnares-Santiago, Consuelo

Index

1041

4920, 3810

23ii, iii


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