Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Exp. No. : Date : MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON AIM: To study the mode characteristics of reflex klystron. EQUIPMENTS: 1. Klystron power supply 2. Reflex Klystron with mount 3. Isolator 4. Variable Attenuator 5. Frequency meter 6. Waveguide-detector mount with detector 7. Micro ammeter, VSWR meter 8. Wave guide stand and accessories. PROCEDURE: a) Carrier Wave operation 1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure with microammeter as indicating meter 2. Fire the Klystron correctly for CW operation with optimum beam voltage Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 1
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Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Exp. No. :
Date :
MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON
AIM:
To study the mode characteristics of reflex klystron.
EQUIPMENTS:
1. Klystron power supply
2. Reflex Klystron with mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency meter
6. Waveguide-detector mount with detector
7. Micro ammeter, VSWR meter
8. Wave guide stand and accessories.
PROCEDURE:
a) Carrier Wave operation
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure with microammeter as indicating meter
2. Fire the Klystron correctly for CW operation with optimum beam voltage
3. Adjust the repeller voltage to maximum negative value and decrease it in steps of 1V and record o/p
power and frequency in table. The frequency is measured by tuning the frequency meter to have a dip in
the o/p each time. The frequency meter should be detuned each time while measuring power
4. Plot power/frequency versus repeller voltage to get mode curves-figure
5. Compute various parameters from the graph
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 1
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
b) Modulated source (square wave operation)
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure with VSWR meter as indicating meter
2. Set the mod-selector switch to AM-MOD position. Keep AM-MOD and AM- FRE, knob at the mid
position
3. Fire the Klystron correctly for square wave operation with optimum beam voltage
4. Adjust the modulation voltage and repeller voltage to obtain maximum reading in the VSWR meter and
read it on the power scale
5. Also adjust the klystron tuning plunger for a maximum in VSWR meter.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 6 of CW procedure
RESULT:
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 2
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Figure: Mode Characteristics of reflex klystron
K Kly
Figure: Setup for study of Klystron tube
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 3
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Mount + Tube
Frequency meter
Variable attenuator
Isolator Detector mount
Micro ammeter
VSWR Meter
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Table: Mode Characteristics of Reflex Klystron
Sl no Repeller voltage,( V) Microammeter reading ( μ A ) Frequency,( GHz)
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 4
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Exp. No. :
Date :
GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To study the Gunn oscillator as a source of microwave power and hence to study the
a) I-V characteristics
b) To find the threshold voltage.
EQUIPMENTS:
1 Gunn Oscillator
2 Gunn Oscillator power supply
3 PIN diode modulator
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
6 Attenuator
7 Detector with tunable mount.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the equipment as shown in figure.
2. Set the Gunn oscillator micrometer tuning screw at suitable frequency (~9GHz). Adjust attenuator for
suitable power level
3. Change Gunn biasing in steps of 0.5V and record corresponding currents in the table (read current in the
panel meter of the Gunn power supply)
4. Draw the current voltage characteristic.
5. Set the Gunn bias voltage above Vo and with zero attenuation. Record power and frequency for this
Gunn diode biasing
6. Reduce the Gunn biasing in steps of 0.5V and record corresponding power and frequency
7. Plot power/frequency versus bias characteristics
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Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
8. With Gunn oscillator micrometer screw in the middle of its range, set Gunn biasing for maximum power
o/p and record in table this power and frequency of oscillation
9. Move micrometer screw to one extreme till power falls to a low but readable value
10. Move micrometer screw in the opposite direction in steps of 0.5mm and record in table, the power and
corresponding frequency till the screw reaches another extreme
11. Plot power versus frequency characteristics and frequency versus micrometer reading curve-the
calibration curve
RESULT:
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 6
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Figure: I-V Characteristics of Gunn oscillator
K Kly
Figure: Setup for the study of Gunn Diode
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Vo V--
<----I
Power Supply
Gunn Oscillator
AttenuatorFr. Meter
PIN Modulator
Isolator
Micro Ammeter
Detector mount
V I
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Micrometer Reading = Frequency =
Table: I-V Characteristics
Sl no Bias Voltage (V) Current (mA) Threshold Voltage (V)
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 8
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Exp. No. :
Date :
FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide and to verify the relation between λ0 ,
λg, and λc
EQUIPMENTS :
1. Klystron oscillaltor,
2. Isolator,
3. Frequency meter,
4. Variable attenuator,
5. Standing wave detector,
6. Movable short terminator
7. Klystron power supply
8. VSWR meter
PROCEDURE:
Frequency measurement:
1. Set up the microwave bench as shown in figure
2. Set variable attenuator at minimum position
3. Set VSWR meter at 40dB
4. Switch ON klystron power supply. Modulate with 1kHz square wave
5. Adjust the reflector voltage to get maximum deflection in the VSWR meter.
6. Maximize the deflection with tuning probe in the VSWR meter
7. Frequency measurement using frequency meter
8. Tune the frequency meter until a dip is observed in the VSWR meter. Also tune the frequency meter to
obtain minimum deflection. Note frequency directly from frequency meter.
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Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Wavelength measurement:
9. Replace the termination with variable short. Detune the frequency meter.
10. Move the probe along slotted line. The deflection in the VSWR meter will vary.
11. Move probe to minimum deflection point.
12. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position. Calculate guide wavelength as
twice the distance
13. Calculate guide wavelength (λg) as twice the distance between minimum positions.
14. λc is calculated as 2a, where a is the inner dimension of waveguide broader side
15. Calculate λO as
16. Calculate frequency using the expression f0= c/ λ0
RESULT
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 10
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
K Kly
Figure: Setup for frequency & wavelength measurements
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 11
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Mount + Tube
Frequency meter
Variable attenuator
Isolator Slotted Line
Termination
VSWR Meter
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Exp. No. :
Date :
ATTENUATOR CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To study the attenuator characteristics by
a) Measuring the insertion loss and
b) Plotting o/p power versus micrometer reading for the given variable attenuator.
EQUIPMENTS:
Standard microwave test bench and the given test attenuator.
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure with VSWR as indicating meter
2. Fire the Klystron correctly for AM-MOD operation with optimum beam voltage
3. Adjust for maximum power o/p (~30dB). Note the o/p power in VSWR meter (P0)
4. Insert the test attenuator between frequency meter and detector mount without disturbing the bench.
5. Move the micrometer screw to fully released position. Note the o/p power in VSWR meter (P1).
Calculate the insertion loss as (P0-P1)
6. Move the micrometer screw in the opposite direction in steps of 0.5mm and note down the
corresponding power (P2) from the VSWR meter
7. Find out the attenuation (P1-P2) value for different micrometer readings and plot the graph
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Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
K Kly
Figure: Setup for studying attenuator characteristics
Table: Attenuator Characteristics
Input power P0 =
Sl no Micrometer reading (mm) o/p Power (dB) P2 P0-P2 (dB)
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 13
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Mount + Tube
Frequency meter
IsolatorAttenuator
TestAttenuator
Detector mount
VSWR Meter
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Calculation:
Frequency of operation =
Output power P1 =
Insertion loss = P0-P1 =
RESULT:
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Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Exp. No. :
Date :
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
AIM:
To measure the coupling factor, insertion loss and directivity
EQUIPMENTS:
Standard microwave test bench and the directional coupler under test and matched load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure with VSWR as indicating meter
2. Fire the Klystron correctly for AM-MOD operation with optimum beam voltage
3. Adjust for maximum power o/p (~30dB). Note the o/p power in VSWR meter (Pi)
4. Insert the test directional coupler in the forward direction between frequency meter and detector
mount without disturbing the bench and connect the detector to the auxiliary arm with the main arm
o/p terminated in matched load
5. Note the auxiliary arm o/p power in VSWR meter (Pao), ie., the power coupled to the auxiliary arm.
Also calculate the coupling factor (C) as Pi-Pao.
6. Now carefully interchange the detector of the auxiliary line o/p and matched load of the main line
without disturbing the setup.
7. Note the main arm o/p power in VSWR meter (Po), and calculate insertion loss (L) as Pi-Po
8. Restore the original arrangement, with the exception that the directional coupler under test be in the
reverse direction.
9. Note the auxiliary arm o/p power in VSWR meter (Pd), it is assumed that Pi is same as before. The
directivity (D) is calculated as Pao-Pd
10. Compute the isolation (I) as Pi-Pd and also check I=C+D
RESULT
Dept. Of Electronics & Communication 15
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Figure: Directional coupler
K Kly
Figure: Setup for studying isolator & circulator
Calculation:
Frequency of operation =
Table: Directional coupler
Sl no Pi (db)Pao
(db)Po (db) Pd (db) C (dB) L (dB) D (dB)
I =
C+D
(dB)
1
2
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I/p, Port 1
O/pPort 2
Port 4
Port 3
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Mount + Tube
Isolator+Attenuator+Fr. Meter
Directional Aux armMain armCoupler
Detector mount
VSWR Meter
Matchedload
Microwave & Optical Communication Lab
Exp. No. :
Date :
E-PLANE TEE & H-PLANE TEE
AIM:
To study the properties of E- and H-plane tee junctions and to determine isolations and coupling coefficients.
EQUIPMENTS:
Standard microwave test bench and the E- and H-plane tee junctions under test and matched load
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in figure with VSWR as indicating meter
2. Fire the Klystron correctly for AM-MOD operation with optimum beam voltage
3. Adjust for maximum power o/p (~30dB). Note the o/p power in VSWR meter (Pi)
4. Insert the test E-plane tee junction between frequency meter and detector mount without disturbing the
bench. and connect the detector to one of the ports and terminate the other in a matched load.
5. Determine the isolation in decibels by noting the o/p level in the VSWR meter (db scale)
6. Interchange the position of the detector and matched load and determine the isolation in decibels by
noting the change in the o/p level
7. Repeat steps 4, 5 and 6 for other orientations of the tee as well as for H-plane tee also.
8. Calculate the coupling coefficient from C=10 (-α/20), where α is the attenuation. Substitute the isolation
calculated in each case as α and hence calculate coupling coefficient.