FROM: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Manning In accordance with Federal Laws provided For Educational and Information Purposes – i.e. of PUBLIC Interest Bradley Manning From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Bradley Manning Born December 17, 1987 (age 24) Crescent, Oklahoma, United States Occupation Soldier, United States Army Known for Allegedly passed classified data to WikiLeaks Criminal charge Charges include transferring classified data onto his personal computer; transmitting national defense information to an unauthorized source; aiding the enemy. Bradley E. Manning (born December 17, 1987) is a United States Army soldier who was arrested in May 2010 in Iraq on suspicion of having passed restricted material to the website WikiLeaks. He was charged in July that year with transferring classified data onto his personal computer, and communicating national defense information to an unauthorized source. An additional 22 charges were preferred in March 2011, including "aiding the enemy", a capital offense, though prosecutors said they would not seek the death penalty. He was found fit to face court martial in April 2011. [1] Manning had been assigned in October 2009 to a unit of the 10th Mountain Division, based near Baghdad. There he had access to the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network ( SIPRNet ), used by the United States government to transmit classified information. He was arrested after Adrian Lamo, a computer hacker, reported to the FBI that Manning had told him during online chats in May 2010 that he had downloaded material from SIPRNet and passed it to WikiLeaks. The leaked material is said to have included 250,000 U.S. diplomatic cables; footage of a July 2007 Baghdad airstrike; and footage of the May 2009 Granai airstrike in Afghanistan. [2]
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States, said he felt female, and discussed having surgery. The counselor said it was clear that he was in crisis,
partly because of his gender confusion, but also because he was opposed to the kind of war that he now found
himself involved in.[13]
On May 7, 2010, he reportedly punched a female soldier in the face, and was demoted from
Specialist to Private First Class. He was also told he would be discharged from the army.[14]
[edit] Alleged disclosure of classified material
[edit] WikiLeaks
Further information: Information published by WikiLeaks
Julian Assange and Daniel Domscheit-Berg at the Chaos Communication Congress, Berlin, December 2009. It was Assange who had the idea in 2006 of creating an open-source, democratic intelligence agency.
[15]
WikiLeaks was set up in late 2006 as a disclosure portal, initially using the Wikipedia model, where volunteers
would write up and analyze classified or restricted material submitted by whistleblowers, or material that was in
some other way legally threatened. It was Julian Assange—an Australian with a background in computer hacking,
and the de facto editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks—who had the idea of creating what he saw as an "open-source,
democratic intelligence agency." The wiki element was abandoned, but the site remained open for the anonymous
submission of leaked documents, using OpenSSL, Freenet, PGP, and Tor.[15]
The New York Times wrote in December 2010 that the U.S. government was trying to discover whether Assange
had been a passive recipient of material from Manning, or had encouraged or helped him to extract the files; if the
latter, Assange could be charged with conspiracy. According to Daniel Domscheit-Berg, a former WikiLeaks
spokesman, part of the WikiLeaks security concept was that they did not know who their sources were. WikiLeaks
did not identify Manning as the source of the material, and according to NBC in January 2011, the U.S.
government could find no evidence of direct contact between Manning and Assange. Manning told Lamo during
their online chats in May 2010 that he had developed a relationship with Assange, but knew little about him. Lamo
alleged later that Manning also said he had communicated directly with Assange using an encrypted Internet
conferencing service, and that Assange had "coached" him. Lamo is the only source of these allegations; he said
these statements from Manning were in the unpublished parts of the chat logs, but that the FBI had taken his hard
drive so he no longer had access to the logs.[16]
[edit] Manning's access to SIPRNet, material released by WikiLeaks
The Bradley Manning Support Network was formed in June 2010 by Mike Gogulski, an American living in
Slovakia. Manning's friend, David House, was also involved in founding it, and it was coordinated by Courage to
Resist, which supports war resisters within the military. Several notable figures joined its advisory board, including
Daniel Ellsberg, one of 30 protesters arrested outside the Quantico base in March 2011; filmmaker Michael Moore,
who contributed $5,000; Ray McGovern, a former CIA analyst; Ann Wright, a retired army colonel; and Robert
Meeropol. Rallies were held in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, and Ireland, and by January 2011
donations for Manning's defense had risen to over $100,000, including $15,100 from WikiLeaks.[47]
The hacker group Anonymous threatened in March 2011 to disrupt activities at Quantico by cyber-attacking
communications and exposing information about personnel, calling it "Operation Bradical."[48]
Manning was one of 241 candidates listed for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize.[49]
[edit] See also
Classified information in the United States
Incarceration in the United States
Information sensitivity Journalism sourcing
Espionage Act of 1917
McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950
[edit] References
1. ^ a b c d e Nicks, Denver. "Private Manning and the Making of Wikileaks", This Land, September 23, 2010.
For the charges against Manning, see "Soldier faces criminal charges", United States Division—Center,
Media Release, July 6, 2010, accessed February 19, 2011; for the additional charges, see Miklaszewski, Jim
and Kube, Courtney. "Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty", msnbc.com, March 2, 2011. That he was found fit to stand trial, see "Panel Says WikiLeaks Suspect Is Competent to Stand Trial",
Associated Press, April 29, 2011.
2. ^ a b c d Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in WikiLeaks Video Probe", Wired
magazine, June 6, 2010.
Last, Jonathan V. "The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning", CBS News, January 11, 2011.
Also see "Charge sheet", Cryptome, accessed December 26, 2010.
3. ^ a b "WikiLeaks Suspect Transferred to Fort Leavenworth", Associated Press, April 20, 2011.
4. ^ Fishman, Steve. "Bradley Manning’s Army of One", New York, July 3, 2011, p. 2ff.
5. ^ Leigh, David and Harding, Luke. Wikileaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy. Guardian Books, 2011, pp.
20–24. Also see Nicks, Denver. "Private Manning and the Making of WikiLeaks", This Land, September 23, 2010.
For his weight and height, see Kirkland, Michael. "Under the U.S. Supreme Court: Bradley Manning,
WikiLeaks martyr?", UPI, March 13, 2011. 6. ^ For his mother not adjusting, and Manning fending for himself, see Thompson, Ginger. "Early Struggles of Soldier
Charged in Leak Case", The New York Times, August 8, 2010.
For having "an attitude," and being a "computer nerd", see Booth, Robert; Brooke, Heather; and Morris,
Steve. "WikiLeaks cables: Bradley Manning faces 52 years in jail", The Guardian, November 30, 2010. For being the only American in the school, building his own website, and for being impersonated, see Leigh
and Harding 2011, p. 24.
For Tom Dyer's comments, see "WikiLeaks: Bradley Manning 'set up own Facebook'", Channel 4 News, December 1, 2010.
7. ^ Fishman, July 3, 2011, p. 3.
8. ^ a b Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 25–26.
9. ^ Nicks, September 23, 2010.
Leigh and Harding 2011, p. 72.
10. ^ Fishman, July 3, 2011, p. 1.
11. ^ Fishman, July 3, 2011, p. 4. 12. ^ Moran, Terry. "Should PFC Bradley Manning Spend The Rest Of His Life In Prison?", Nightline, ABC News,
November 29, 2010, courtesy of YouTube, accessed February 19, 2011.
13. ^ Fishman, July 3, 2011, p. 5. 14. ^
a b O'Kane, Maggie; Madlena, Chavala; Grandjean, Guy; and Fisher, Daniel. "WikiLeaks accused Bradley Manning
'should never have been sent to Iraq'", The Guardian, May 27, 2011; for the allegation about the woman officer and
his discharge, see the Guardian's video, 17:40 mins. Also see O'Kane, Maggie; Madlena, Chavala; Grandjean, Guy; and Fisher, Daniel. "Bradley Manning: the
bullied outsider who knew US military's inner secrets", The Guardian, May 27, 2011.
15. ^ a b Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 52–56.
16. ^ For the U.S. government trying to determine whether Assange encouraged Manning, and that the government took Lamo's hard drive, see Savage, Charlie. "U.S. Tries to Build Case for Conspiracy by WikiLeaks", The New York
Times, December 15, 2010.
For Domscheit-Berg, see Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. Inside WikiLeaks. Doubleday, 2011, p. 165. For Manning's comments to Lamo; for Lamo's allegations about Manning's contact with Assange and his use
of an Internet conferencing service; and that Lamo is the only source of the allegations, see Leigh and
Harding 2011, p. 75.
That the U.S. government can find no direct connection between Manning and Assange, see Miklaszewski, Jim. "NBC: U.S. can't link accused Army private to Assange", NBC News, January 24, 2011.
Also see Barnes, Julian and Perez, Evan. "Assange Probe Hits Snag", Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2011.
17. ^ Leigh and Harding, 2011, p. 31. 18. ^ Blake, Heidi; Bingham, John; and Rayner, Gordon. "Bradley Manning, suspected source of WikiLeaks documents,
raged on his Facebook page", The Daily Telegraph, July 30, 2010.
19. ^ For the publishing sequence, see Leigh and Harding 2010, p. 70. For more information about the "Reykjavik 13" cable and the State Department profiles of politicians, see
Myers, Steven Lee. "Charges for Soldier Accused of Leak", The New York Times, July 6, 2010.
For the leak of the Defense Dept report on WikiLeaks, see Kravets, David. "Secret Document Calls
Wikileaks ‘Threat’ to U.S. Army", Wired, March 15, 2010. For the Defense Dept report itself , see Assange, Julian. "U.S. intelligence planned to destroy WikiLeaks",
WikiLeaks release on March 15, 2010 of Horvath, Michael D. "Wikileaks.org—An Online Reference to
Foreign Intelligence Services, Insurgents, or Terrorist Groups?", United States Army Counterintelligence Center, Department of Defense Counterintelligence Analysis Program, March 18, 2008.
20. ^ Leigh and Harding, 2010, pp. 70, 194ff, 211. See p. 70 for the date of the Apache video; p. 194ff for the other
material WikiLeaks published; and p. 211 for the number of documents and the quote from WikiLeaks. As of February 2011, the contents of 4,000 cables had been published. The Guardian published identifying
information for all the cables (date, sender, etc.) on its website on December 3, 2010. See Fowler, Andrew.
The Most Dangerous Man in the World. Skyhorse Publishing, 2011, pp. 207–208.
21. ^ Williams, Matt. "Bradley Manning hearing told of lax security at military intelligence unit". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
22. ^ Poulsen, Kevin. "Ex-Hacker Adrian Lamo Institutionalized for Asperger’s", Wired, May 20, 2010.
For information about Poulsen's relationship with Lamo, see Last, Jonathan V. "The Left's Canonization of St. Bradley Manning", CBS News, January 11, 2011.
For Lamo's conviction, see Shachtman, Noah, "Adrian Lamo Cuts Deal With Feds", Wired, January 9, 2004.
23. ^ a b Greenwald, Glenn. "The strange and consequential case of Bradley Manning, Adrian Lamo and WikiLeaks",
Salon, June 18, 2010. Greenwald wrote: "Lamo told me that Manning first emailed him on May 20 and, according to highly edited
chat logs released by Wired, had his first online chat with Manning on May 21; in other words, Manning first
contacted Lamo the very day that Poulsen's Wired article on Lamo's involuntary commitment appeared (the
Wired article is time-stamped 5:46 p.m. on May 20).
"Lamo, however, told me that Manning found him not from the Wired article—which Manning
never mentioned reading—but from searching the word "WikiLeaks" on Twitter, which led him to a
tweet Lamo had written that included the word "WikiLeaks." Even if Manning had really found
Lamo through a Twitter search for "WikiLeaks," Lamo could not explain why Manning focused on
him, rather than the thousands of other people who have also mentioned the word "WikiLeaks" on
Twitter, including countless people who have done so by expressing support for WikiLeaks."
24. ^ Leigh and Harding 2011, p. 76.
25. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hansen, Evan. Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed, Wired magazine, July 13, 2011.
26. ^ Domscheit-Berg 2011, p. 164.
27. ^ a b Greenwald, Glenn. "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired", Salon, December 27, 2010.
Also see Greenwald, Glenn. "Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs", Salon, December 30, 2010.
28. ^ Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. "Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs", December 28,
2010. 29. ^ Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges In WikiLeaks Probe", Wired
magazine, June 16, 2010.
30. ^ "Attorney for WikiLeaks suspect says he's seen no evidence on documents", CNN, August 31, 2010.
Also see "Charge sheet", courtesy of Cryptome, accessed December 26, 2010. 31. ^ "Twitter Subpoena", Salon, January 10, 2011.
32. ^ Miklaszewski, Jim and Kube, Courtney. "Manning faces new charges, possible death penalty", msnbc.com, March
2, 2011. For the CBS report on the number of documents involved, and the penalty if convicted, see "WikiLeaks:
Bradley Manning faces 22 new charges", CBS News, March 2, 2011.
For the ABC figures, see Martinez, Luis. "22 New Charges Against Pvt. Bradley Manning, Accused
WikiLeaks Source", ABC News, March 2, 2011. 33. ^
a b For a description of the jail, see Nakashima, Ellen. "In brig, WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning ordered to
sleep without clothing", The Washington Post, March 5, 2011.
For Manning's lawyer's description of the detention, see "A Typical Day for PFC Bradley Manning", The Law Offices of David E. Coombs, December 18, 2010, accessed March 7, 2011.
For Manning's request of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, see Leigh and Harding, 2011, p. 89.
34. ^ For details of the new rule, and the brig psychiatrist's classification, see Nakashima, Ellen. "In brig, WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning ordered to sleep without clothing", The Washington Post, March 5, 2011.
For his lawyer calling it ritual humiliation, see Gallagher, Roy. "Bradley Manning and the stench of US
hypocrisy", The Guardian, March 4, 2011.
For a sleep garment having been supplied, see Nakashima, Ellen. /11/AR2011031106542.html "WikiLeaks suspect's treatment 'stupid,' U.S. official says", The Washington Post, March 12, 2011.
For a description of the smock, see "Editorial; The Abuse of Private Manning", The New York Times, March
15, 2011. 35. ^ Pilkington, Ed. "Stripped naked every night, Bradley Manning tells of prison ordeal", The Guardian, March 11,
2011.
For Manning's letter, see "Memorandum", released by David Coombs, March 10, 2011, accessed March 12, 2011. See pp. 7, 9 for his having had his eyeglasses removed; p. 7 for the alleged harassment and conflicting
orders; p. 10 for his embarrassment about his lack of clothing.
36. ^ For David House's view, see Brooke, Heather. "Bradley Manning's health deteriorating in jail, supporters say", The
Guardian, December 16, 2010. For more on House's views, see Sontheimer, Michael. "I Have Watched My Friend Degrade over Time", Der
Spiegel, March 14, 2011.
For Dennis Kuninich, see "State Department spokesperson P.J. Crowley decries Bradley Manning's treatment as 'counterproductive,' 'stupid'", CBS News, March 11, 2011.
For Daniel Ellsberg, see Ellsberg, Daniel. "This shameful abuse of Bradley Manning", The Guardian, March
11, 2011. For more information, see Greenwald, Glenn. "The inhumane conditions of Bradley Manning's detention",
Salon, December 15, 2010.
37. ^ For the Quantico spokesman's description of detention, see Shane, Scott. "Accused Soldier in Brig as WikiLeaks
Link is Sought", The New York Times, January 13, 2011. For Geoff Morrell's opinion and Jeh Johnson's visit, see Nakashima, Ellen. "In brig, WikiLeaks suspect
Bradley Manning ordered to sleep without clothing", The Washington Post, March 5, 2011, p. 2.
For more on Johnson's visit, see Horton, Scott. "Inhumanity at Quantico", Harper's Magazine, March 7, 2011.
For Morrell's opinion that he is being treated like other detainees, see Tapper, Jake and Radia, Kirit.
"Comments on Prisoner Treatment Cause State Department Spokesman to Lose His Job", ABC News, March 13, 2011.
38. ^ MacAskill, Ewen. "Bradley Manning case sparks UN criticism of US government", The Guardian, 11 April 2011.
Also see Shane, Scott. "Accused Soldier in Brig as WikiLeaks Link is Sought", The New York Times,
January 13, 2011. 39. ^ For the Amnesty complaint, see "Letter from Amnesty International to Robert M. Gates", Amnesty International,
London, January 19, 2011, courtesy of Allvoices.com, accessed February 15, 2011.
For Amnesty's approach to the British government, see Pilkington, Ed; McGreal, Chris; and Morris, Steven. "Bradley Manning is UK citizen and needs protection, government told", The Guardian, February 1, 2011.
The newspaper wrote that under the British Nationality Act 1981 anyone born outside the UK after 1 January
1983 whose mother is a British citizen by birth is British by descent. For the British embassy and Ann Clywd, see Addley, Esther and Leigh, David. "Bradley Manning supporters
welcome UK government's expression of concern", The Guardian, April 5, 2011; for Ann Clywd raising the
issue in the House of Commons, see "MPs raise concerns over Bradley Manning's treatment", BBC, April 4,
2011. For Manning's mother, see "Bradley Manning needs consular visit, mother tells William Hague", The
Guardian, 13 April 2011.
40. ^ Coombs, David E. "Clarification Regarding PFC Manning's Citizenship", Law Offices of David E. Coombs, February 2, 2011: "There has been some discussion regarding PFC Bradley Manning's citizenship. PFC Manning
does not hold a British passport, nor does he consider himself a British citizen. He is an American, and is proud to be
serving in the United States Army. His current confinement conditions are troubling to many both here in the United
States and abroad. This concern, however, is not a citizenship issue." 41. ^ For Philip J. Crowley's and President Obama's comments, see Nakashima, Ellen. "WikiLeaks suspect's treatment
'stupid,' U.S. official says", The Washington Post, March 12, 2011.
For more of Obama's reply, see Zengerle, Patricia. "Obama asked Pentagon about Wiki soldier's treatment", Reuters, March 11, 2011.
For Crowley's resignation, see Tapper, Jake and Radia, Kirit. "Comments on Prisoner Treatment Cause State
Department Spokesman to Lose His Job", ABC News, March 13, 2011. 42. ^ Lee, M.J. and Phillip, Abby. "Barack Obama on Bradley Manning: 'He broke the law'", Politico, April 22, 2011.
43. ^ Ackerman, Bruce and Benkler, Yochai. "Private Manning’s Humiliation", The New York Review of Books,
accessed April 10, 2011.
For the list of signatories, see "A Statement on Private Manning's Detention", balkin.blogspot.com, March 15, 2011, accessed April 10, 2011.
For analysis, see Pilkington, Ed. "Bradley Manning: top US legal scholars voice outrage at 'torture'", The
Guardian, April 10, 2011. 44. ^ Pilkington, Ed. "Bradley Manning's jail conditions improve dramatically after protest campaign", The Guardian,
May 4, 2011.
45. ^ "Article 32 Hearing", Law Office of David E. Coombs, 21 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011. 46. ^ Andy Greenberg. "Alleged WikiLeaks Source Bradley Manning Has A Court Date: 569 Days After His Arrest",
Forbes, 21 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
47. ^ For the Support Network's founder, Mike Gogulksi, and Michael Moore, see Dishneau, David. "Michael Moore
Praises Suspected WikiLeaks Source", Associated Press, August 21, 2010. For more about Gogulski and the Courage to Resist, see Savage, Michael W. "Army analyst linked to
WikiLeaks hailed as antiwar hero", The Washington Post, August 14, 2010.
For David House's involvement, see Greenwald, Glenn. "Government harassing and intimidating Bradley Manning supporters", Salon, November 9, 2010.
For Daniel Ellsberg joining, see "Support for US 'WikiLeaks' soldier raised in west Wales", BBC News,
September 16, 2010. For Ann Wright and Ray McGovern, see McGreal, Chris. "Michael Moore campaigns to free Bradley
Manning in war logs case", The Guardian, September 15, 2010.
For the rallies, see "Montreal protesters rally in support of WikiLeaks", The Montreal Gazette, December 18,
2010. For the donations, see "WikiLeaks contributes to Manning defense, support group says", CNN, January 15,
2011.
For the support group's advisory board, see "Advisory Board", Bradley Manning Support Network, accessed March 4, 2011.
For Ellsberg's arrest, see Fears, Darryl. "Protesters arrested near Quantico as rally for alleged WikiLeaks
source turns tense", The Washington Post, March 20, 2011. For new advisory board members, see Update 6/17/11: New advisory board members, David House speaks
out against Wikileaks Grand Jury, Bradley Manning Support Network, June 17, 2011.
2011. For "Operation Bradical," see Emspak, Jesse. "Anonymous Threatens To Post Info On Bradley Manning's
Guards", International Business Times, March 10, 2011.
49. ^ Fouche, Gwladys (27 September 2011). "Nobel Peace Prize may recognise Arab Spring". Reuters. Retrieved 29
September 2011.
[edit] Further reading
Key articles about Lamo and the Lamo-Manning chat log, in order of publication
Poulsen, Kevin. "Ex-Hacker Adrian Lamo Institutionalized for Asperger’s", Wired magazine, May 20, 2010. Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested in WikiLeaks Video Probe", Wired magazine,
June 6, 2010.
Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. 'I Can't Believe What I'm Confessing to You': The WikiLeaks Chats", Wired
magazine, June 10, 2010.
Nakashima, Ellen. "Messages from alleged leaker Bradley Manning portray him as despondent soldier", The Washington Post, June 10, 2010.
Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. "Three Weeks After Arrest, Still No Charges in WikiLeaks Probe", Wired
magazine, June 16, 2010. Xeni, Jardin. "WikiLeaks: a somewhat less redacted version of the Lamo/Manning logs", Boing Boing, June 19,
2010.
Greenwald, Glenn. "The worsening journalistic disgrace at Wired", Salon, December 27, 2010. Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. "Putting the Record Straight on the Lamo-Manning Chat Logs", Wired, December
28, 2010.
Greenwald, Glenn. "Wired's refusal to release or comment on the Manning chat logs", Salon, December 29, 2010.
Firedoglake. "Manning/WikiLeaks timeline", published as a complete version of the released excerpts, accessed March 14, 2011.
Hansen, Evan. "Manning-Lamo Chat Logs Revealed", Wired, July 13, 2011.
Other
Democracy Now! "Glenn Greenwald on the Assange Extradition Ruling, the Jailing of Bradley Manning ...",