A SEMINAR REPORT ON STUDY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (CIVIL ENGINEERING) SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO Sunil Sharma Er. Pawan Kashyap (7109762) Civil Engineering Department January - June2013 R.P.I.I.T. TECHNICAL CAMPUS, BASTARA, KARNAL 1
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A SEMINAR REPORT
ON
STUDY OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (CIVIL ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
Sunil Sharma Er. Pawan Kashyap (7109762) Civil Engineering Department
January - June2013
R.P.I.I.T. TECHNICAL CAMPUS, BASTARA, KARNAL
Affiliated to
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Words are inadequate and out of place at times particularly in the context of expressing sincere feeling in
the contribution of this work, is no more than a mere rituals. It is our privilege to acknowledge with
respect & gratitude, the keen valuable and ever-available guidance rendered to us by Er. Pawan
The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by us for the award of
any other degree elsewhere.
Sunil Sharma(7109762)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the students is correct to the best of our
knowledge.
Er. PAWAN KASHYAP
Civil Engineering Department.
Seminar viva of Mr. Sunil Sharma Roll No. (7109762) is held today 08/05/2013 for partial fulfillment of the requirements the award of the degree of bachelor of technology and accepted.
Dr. S.L. Verma
Head.Civil Engineering Department
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title PageNo.
Acknowledgement 2
Certificate 3
List of figures 6
1: INTRODUCTION 7-8
1.1 General
1.2 System of sanitation
1.3 Need of waste water treatment
1.4 Types of sewage system
1.4.1 Combined sewage system
1.4.2 Seprate sewage system
2: TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 9
2.1 Classification of waste water treatment
3: PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 10-17
3.1 Screening
3.2 Types of Screen
3.2.1 Coarse screen
3.2.2 Medium screen
3.2.3 Fine screen
3.3 Grit Chamber
4
3.4 Skimming tank
3.5 Pre-aeration tank
4: PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 18-23
4.1 Septic tank
4.2 Imhoff tank
5: SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 24-31
5.1 Trickling filter
5.2 UASB reactor
6: TERTIARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 32
6.1 Tertiary Treatment
7: DISPOSING OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT 33-34
7.1 Disposing of sewage effluent
7.1.1 Disposal by dilution
7.2 Effluent Irrigation
7.2.1 Sewage farming
5
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1.4.1 Combined sewage system 8
1.4.2 Seprate sewage system 8
2.1 Schematic of a typical wastewater treatment plant 9
3.2.1 Coarse screen 11
3.2.2 Manually racked screen 12
3.3 Two chamber aerated grit chamber 15
3.4 Skimming Tank 16
4.1 Septic Tank 19
4.1.1 Wastewater comes into the septic tank from the sewer pipes in the house 19
4.2 Imhoff Tank 22
5.1 Trickling Filter 25
5.1.1 High Rate Trickling Filter 29
5.2 UASB REACTOR 31
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1. Sewerage System
Introduction
1.1 GENERAL
Sewage before being disposed of either in river streams or on land, has generally to be treated, so
as to make it safe. The degree of treatment required,however,depends upon the characterstics of
the souce of disposal.
1.2 System of sanitation
The waste products of a society including the human excreta had been collected, carried and
disposed of manually to a safe point of disposal, by the sweepers, since time immemorial. This
Primitive method of collecting and disposing of the society’s wastes, has now been modernized
and replace by a system, in which these wastes are mixed with sufficient quanity of water and
carried through closed conduits under the condition of gravity flow. This mixture of water and
waste products, popularly called Sewage.
1.3 Need of Wastewater Treatment
In addition to water that we want to recycle, wastewater contains pathogens (disease organisms),
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, solids, chemicals from cleaners and disinfectants and
even hazardous substances. Given all of the components of wastewater, it seems fairly obvious
that we need to treat wastewater not only to recycle the water and nutrients but also to protect
human and environmental health. Many people, however, are not very concerned about
wastewater treatment until it hits home. They can ignore it until bacteria or nitrates show up in
their drinking water, the lake gets green in the summer and the beach is closed, or the area begins
to smell like sewage on warm days. Sometimes residents discover they can’t get a building
permit or sell their home without a septic inspection or upgrade, or they find out there is no room
on their property for a new or replacement septic system. Often when one homeowner has a
sewage treatment problem, others in the neighborhood have the same problem. People don’t
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always talk to their neighbors about sewage problems for a variety of reasons, including risk of
enforcement actions.
1.4 Types of sewage system
Combined sewage system
Seprate sewage system
1.4.1 Combined sewage system
Fig.1.4.1 Combined sewage system
1.4.2 Seprate sewage system
Fig.1.4.2 Seprate sewage system
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2. Treatment of sewage
Treatment of sewage
Sewage before being disposed of either in river streams or on land, has generally to be treated, so
as to make it safe. The degree of treatment required,however,depends upon the characterstics of
the souce of disposal.
2.1 Classification of waste water treatment
Wastewater treatment options may be classified into groups of processes according to the
function they perform and their complexity:
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Fig. 2.1 Schematic of a typical wastewater treatment plant
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3. Preliminaty Treatment of sewage
Preliminary Treatment
Preliminary Treatment includes simple processes that deal with debris and solid material.The
purpose of preliminary treatment is to remove those easily separable components. This is usually
performed by screening (usually by bar screens) and grit removal. Their removal is important in
order to increase the effectiveness of the later treatment processes and prevent damages to the
pipes, pumps and fittings.
3.1 Screening
Screening is the very first process carried out at a sewage treatment,plant and consist of passing
the sewage through different type of screen,so as to trap and remove the floating materials, such
as piece of cloth, paper , wood, cork ,hair, fibre, kitchen refuse etc. These floating materials, if
not removed, will choke the pipes, or adversely affect the working of the sewage pumps. The
idea of providing screens is to protect the pumps and other equipments from the possible
damages due to the floating matter of the sewage.Screen should preferably be placed before the
Grit chambers.
3.2 Types of Screens
Depending upon the size of the opening, screens may be classified as:-
Coarse screens
Medium screen
Fine screen
3.2.1 Coarse screens
Coarse screen are defined as screens with openings between 6 to 150 mm. They are typically
used in wastewater treatment applications in order to remove large solids from the influent in
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order to protect pumps, piping, instruments, valves and other downstream equipment. Coarse
screening as a physical unit operation in wastewater treatment applications is effectively used in
order to remove rags, clothes, logs, debris or any other large objects that could clog, damage or
alter the process pumps and piping downstream. Depending upon the size of the wastewater
treatment plant and the requirements the coarse screens can be manually or mechanically
cleaned. An installation with two or more screen channels is usually preferred as one unit can be
taken out of service for maintenance without interrupting the screening operation. If only one
screen is used, a by-pass channel with a manually cleaned bar screen is essential. For small
wastewater treatment applications, a manually cleaned bar screen in a box is sometimes preferred
due to its simplicity. Napier-Reid designs and fabricates manual screens with a large box in order
to reduce the cleaning frequency by the operator. This box can also be designed as a flow splitter
box in order to evenly distribute the flow in two aeration tanks continuously if a conventional
activated sludge process is used or in an interrupted alternating on-off sequence if a Sequence
Batch Reactor (SBR) is selected. In SBR applications, control valves usually follow the outlets
of the splitter box in order to regulate the flow into the tanks.
Fig.3.2.1 Coarse screen
3.2.2 Medium Screen
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The spacing between the bar is about 6 to 40 mm. These screen will ordinary collect 30 to 90
liters of material per million litre of sewage. The rectangular shaped coarse and medium screens
are now a days widely used at sewage treatment plant. They made of steel bar, fixed parallel to
one another at desired spacing on rectangular steel frame, and are called bar screens. The
screens are set in a masonary or R.C.C chamber, called the screen chamber.
Fig.3.2.2 Manually racked screen
3.2.3Fine Screen
Have perforations of 1.5 to 3mm in size. The installation of these screen prove very effective,
and they remove as much as 20% of the suspended solid from sewage. These screen, however
get clogged very often and need frequent cleaning.
3.3 Grit Chambers
Wastewater usually contains a relatively large amount of inorganic solids such as sand, cinders
and gravel which are collectively called grit. The amount present in a particular wastewater
depends primarily on whether the collecting sewer system is of the sanitary or combined type.
Grit will damage pumps by abrasion and cause serious operation difficulties in sedimentation
tanks and sludge digesters by accumulation around and plugging of outlets and pump suctions.
Consequently, it is common practice to remove this material by grit chambers. Grit chambers
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are usually located ahead of pumps or comminuting devices, and if mechanically cleaned, should
be preceded by coarse bar rack screens. Grit chambers are generally designed as long channels.
In these channels the velocity is reduced sufficiently to deposit heavy inorganic solids but to
retain organic material in suspension. Channel type chambers should be designed to provide
controlled velocities as close as possible to 1.0 foot per second. Velocities substantially greater
than 1.0 foot per second cause excessive organic materials to settle out with the grit. The
detention period is usually between 20 seconds to 1.0 minute. This is attained by providing
several chambers to accommodate variation in flow or by proportional weirs at the end of the
chamber or other flow control devices which permit regulation of flow velocity. There are also
patented devices to remove grit. One development is the injection of air several feet above the
floor of a tank type unit. The rolling action of the air keeps the lighter organic matter in
suspension and allows the grit relatively free from organic matter to be deposited in the quiescent
zone beneath the zone of air diffusion. Excessive quantities of air can cause the roll velocity to
be too high resulting in poor grit removal. Insufficient quantities of air result in low roll
velocities and excessive organic matter will settle with the grit. These grit chambers are usually
called aerated grit chambers.
Cleaning.
Grit chambers are designed to be cleaned manually or by mechanically operated devices. If
cleaned manually, storage space for the deposited grit is usually provided. Grit chambers for
plants treating wastes from combined sewers should have at least two hand-cleaned units or a
mechanically cleaned unit with by-pass. Mechanically cleaned grit chambers are recommended.
Single, hand-cleaned chambers with by-pass, are acceptable for small wastewater treatment
plants serving sanitary sewer systems. Chambers other than channel type are acceptable, if
provided with adequate and flexible controls for agitation and/or air supply devices and with grit
removal equipment.
There are a number of mechanical cleaning units available which remove grit be scrapers or
buckets while the grit chamber is in normal operation. These require much less grit storage
space than manually operated units.
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Washing Grit
Grit always contains some organic matter which decomposes and creates odors. To facilitate
economical disposal of grit without causing nuisance, the organic matter is sometimes washed
from the grit and returned to the wastewater. Special equipment is available to wash grit.
Mechanical cleaning equipment generally provides for washing grit with wastewater as it is
removed from the chamber.
Quantity of Grit
This depends on the type of sewer system, the condition of the sewer lines and other factors.
Strictly domestic wastewater collected in well constructed sewers will contain little grit, while
combined wastewater will carry large volumes of grit, reaching a peak at times of severe storms.
In general, 1.0 to 4.0 cu.ft. of grit per million gallons of wastewater flow can be expected.
Operation
Manually cleaned grit chambers for combined wastewater should be cleaned after every large
storm. Under ordinary conditions these grit chambers should be cleaned when the deposited grit
has filled 50 to 60 percent of the grit storage space. This should be checked at least every ten
days during dry weather.
When mechanically cleaned grit chambers are used, they must be cleaned at regular intervals to
prevent undue load on the cleaning mechanism. Recommendations of the manufacturer should
be rigidly observed. This plus experience, will determine the cleaning schedule.
A grit in which marked odors develop indicates that excessive organic matter is being removed
in the grit chamber. Alternately, if sludge from a settling tank is excessively high in grit, or if
there is excessive wear in pumps, comminutors, sludge collectors or other mechanical
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equipment, the reason is likely to be inefficient functioning of the grit removing process. In
either case, a study of this unit should be made.
Fig.3.3 Two chamber aerated grit chamber
Disposal of Screenings and Grit
Screenings decompose rapidly with foul odors. They should be kept covered in cans at the
screens and removed at least daily for disposal by burial or incineration. The walls and
platforms of the screen chamber and screen itself should be hosed down and kept clean. Grit
containing much organic matter may have to be buried to prevent odor nuisances.
3.4 Skimming Tank
It is a chamber so arranged that floating matter rises and remains on the surface of wastewater
until removed, while liquid flows out continuously through deep outlets or under partition or
deep scum board. This may be accomplished in separate tank or combined with primary
sedimentation. In conventional sewage treatment plants separate skimming tanks are not used,
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unless specifically required, and this is achieved by providing baffle ahead of effluent weir in
primary sedimentation tank. Skimming tanks are used to remove lighter, floating substances,
including oil, grease, soap, pieces of cork and wood, vegetable debris, and fruit skins. Tank can
be rectangular or circular, designed for detention period of 1 to 15 minutes. Typical detention
time of about 5 min is adopted in design (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). The submerged outlet is
opposite the inlet and at lower elevation to assist in flotation and remove any solids that may
settle.
Fig.3.4 Skimming Tank
3.5 Pre-Aeration Tanks
Pre-aeration of wastewater, that is aeration before primary treatment is sometimes provided for
the following purposes:
To obtain a greater removal of suspended solids in sedimentation tanks.
To assist in the removal of grease and oil carried in the wastewater.
To freshen up septic wastewater prior to further treatment.
BOD reduction.
Pre-aeration is accomplished by introducing air into the wastewater for a period of 20 to 30
minutes at the design flow. This may be accomplished by forcing compressed air into the
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wastewater at a rate of about 0.10 cu.ft. per gallon of wastewater when 30 minutes of aeration is
provided or by mechanical agitation whereby the wastewater is stirred or agitated so that new
surfaces are continually brought into contact with the atmosphere for absorption of air. To insure
proper agitation when compressed air is forced into the wastewater, air is usually supplied at the
rate of 1.0 to 4.0 cubic feet per minute per linear foot of tank or channel. When air for
mechanical agitation (either with or without the use of chemicals) is used for the additional
purpose of obtaining increased reduction in BOD, the detention period should be at least 45
minutes at design flow. The agitation of wastewater in the presence of air tends to collect or
flocculate lighter suspended solids into heavier masses which settle more readily in the
sedimentation tanks. Pre-aeration also helps to separate grease and oil from the wastewater and
wastewater solids and to carry them to the surface. By the addition of air, aerobic conditions are
also restored in septic wastewater to improve subsequent treatment.
The devices and equipment for introducing the air into the wastewater are the same or similar to
those used in the activated sludge process.
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4. Primary Treatment of sewage
Primary Treatment
Primary treatment is mainly the removal of solids by settlement. Simple settlement of the solid
material in sewage can reduce the polluting load by significant amounts. It can reduce BOD by
up to 40%. Some examples of primary treatment is septic tanks, septic tanks with upflow filters,
Imhoff tanks.
4.1 Septic Tank
In rural areas where houses are spaced so far apart that a sewer system would be too expensive
to install, people install their own, private sewage treatment plants. These are called septic
tanks.
A septic tank is simply a big concrete or steel tank that is buried in the yard. The tank might hold
1,000 gallons (4,000 liters) of water. Wastewater flows into the tank at one end and leaves the
tank at the other. The tank looks something like this in cross-section:
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Fig.4.1 Septic Tank
In this picture, you can see three layers. Anything that floats rises to the top and forms a layer
known as the scum layer. Anything heavier than water sinks to form the sludge layer. In the
middle is a fairly clear water layer. This body of water contains bacteria and chemicals like
nitrogen and phosphorous that act as fertilizers, but it is largely free of solids.
Wastewater comes into the septic tank from the sewer pipes in the house, as shown here:
Fig.4.1.1 Wastewater comes into the septic tank from the sewer pipes in the house
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A septic tank naturally produces gases (caused by bacteria breaking down the organic material in
the wastewater), and these gases don't smell good. Sinks therefore have loops of pipe called P-
traps that hold water in the lower loop and block the gases from flowing back into the house.
The gases flow up a vent pipe instead -- if you look at the roof of any house, you will see one or
more vent pipes poking through.
As new water enters the tank, it displaces the water that's already there. This water flows out of
the septic tank and into a drain field. A drain field is made of perforated pipes buried in trenches
filled with gravel. The following diagram shows an overhead view of a house, septic tank,
distribution box and drain field:
A typical drain field pipe is 4 inches (10 centimeters) in diameter and is buried in a trench that is
4 to 6 feet (about 1.5 m) deep and 2 feet (0.6 m) wide. The gravel fills the bottom 2 to 3 feet of
the trench and dirt covers the gravel, like this:
The water is slowly absorbed and filtered by the ground in the drain field. The size of the drain
field is determined by how well the ground absorbs water. In places where the ground is hard
clay that absorbs water very slowly, the drain field has to be much bigger.
A septic system is normally powered by nothing but gravity. Water flows down from the house
to the tank, and down from the tank to the drain field. It is a completely passive system.
You may have heard the expression, "The grass is always greener over the septic tank." Actually,
it's the drain field, and the grass really is greener -- it takes advantage of the moisture and