Mangrove Soil Properties and their Carbon Pools among Large Islands in Indonesia Joko Purbopuspito 1,2* , Daniel Murdiyarso 1,3 , Matthew Warren 4 , Boone Kauffman 1,5 , Haruni Krisnawati 6 , Sartji Taberima 7 , Solichin Manuri 8 , and Sigit Sasmito 1 1. Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR), Bogor Indonesia. 2. Sam Ratulangi University, Manado Indonesia 3. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor Indonesia 4. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 271 Mast Rd., Durham NH 03824, USA 5. Oregon State University, Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife. Nash Hall Rm 104, Corvallis OR 97331, USA 6. Center for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development (CFCRRD-FORDA), Bogor Indonesia 7. University of Papua, Manokwari Indonesia 8. GIZ, Jambi Indonesia *. Correspondence to: [email protected]; [email protected]Abstract Mangroves in Indonesia contribute about a quarter of world’s mangrove area and are mainly distributed in Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Papua islands. This study aimed to quantify soil properties and carbon pools of mangrove ecotypes and among those islands. We sampled mangrove soils at distances of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 m from the edge of water body at depth intervals of 0-15, 15- 30, 30-50, 50-100 and >100 cm at Sumatera (6 transects), Kalimantan (7), and Papua (13) and estimated also their above-ground carbon pools using six of 7m- radius plots at respective distances. Average of soil depths, soil carbon contents and carbon pools of riverine ecotype (175.9±33.3 cm, 8.4±1.3 % and 812.0±38.3 Mg C.ha -1 , respectively) were significantly smaller (P<0.01) than that of estuarine ecotype (207.5±20.2 cm, 10.2±2.0 % and 972.8±69.3 Mg C.ha -1 , respectively). Average soil bulk density of riverine ecotype (0.62±0.07 g.cm -3 ), however, was significantly larger (P<0.01) than that of estuarine ecotype (0.53±0.10 g.cm -3 ). There were no differences among islands on average of soil bulk density and soil carbon content. Average soil carbon pool down to their soil depth at Sumatera Island (1033.5±73.0 Mg C.ha -1 ) was significantly larger (P<0.01) than at Kalimantan Island (760.1±50.3 Mg C.ha -1 ), but both were not different from that of Papua Island (883.7±28.2 Mg C.ha -1 ). However, average soil depth of Papua mangrove (214.5±7.8 cm) was significantly deeper (P<0.01) than that of Kalimantan (171.1±42.0 cm) and both were not different from that of Sumatera (189.5±18.6 cm). Soil properties (bulk density, carbon content, and carbon pool) at each distance from the edge of water body landwardly were not significantly different at all sites for all depth intervals. Mean carbon pools at depth interval of 0-15, 15-30, and 30-50 cm (70.4±7.7 to 96.0±9.2 Mg C.ha -1 ) were similar, but significantly smaller than that of deeper soil depth of 50-100 cm (245.0±35.2 Mg C.ha -1 ), and >100 cm (365.6±165.2 Mg C.ha -1 ). Aboveground carbon pools of riverine and estuarine mangrove were similar (213.2±35.7 and 199.9±15.6 Mg
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Mangrove Soil Properties and their Carbon Pools among Large Islands in
Indonesia
Joko Purbopuspito1,2*, Daniel Murdiyarso1,3, Matthew Warren4, Boone
Kauffman1,5, Haruni Krisnawati6, Sartji Taberima7, Solichin Manuri8, and Sigit
Sasmito1
1. Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR), Bogor Indonesia.
2. Sam Ratulangi University, Manado Indonesia
3. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor Indonesia
4. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 271 Mast Rd., Durham NH 03824, USA
5. Oregon State University, Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife. Nash Hall Rm 104, Corvallis OR 97331, USA
6. Center for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development (CFCRRD-FORDA), Bogor Indonesia
1), and solum depth >100 cm (S: 494.1±69.3 Mg C.ha-1; K: 327.3±81.6 Mg C.ha-1;
P: 437.8±34.8 Mg C.ha-1). Similar argument can be proposed based on the
geologic-geomorphological setting of the islands, where Sumatera is more active
and richer compared to the other two islands.
Table 2. Average values of ecosystem carbon pools according to their
mangrove ecotype in the study area
Table 3. Average values of mangrove ecosystem carbon pool according to
their island in the study area
Among Distances from Edge of Water Body: Soil properties (bulk density,
carbon content, and carbon pool) were not significantly different from the edge of
Properties unit riverine (18) estuarine (8)
CV(%) P-value Note X ± sd
Number of trees in plots (tree.ha-1
) 68 ±10 a 76 ±11 a 13.2 0.220 ns Tree basal area (m
2.ha
-1) 28.8 ±5.5 a 27.3 ±2.1 a 12.0 0.478 ns
Aboveground C pool Trees (T) (Mg C.ha
-1) 143.1 ±28.2 a 134.0 ±11.8 a 10.9 0.343 ns
Prop roots (R) (Mg C.ha-1
) 42.7 ±8.3 a 40.8 ±3.1 a 11.2 0.510 ns Woody debris (W) (Mg C.ha
-1) 27.4 ±4.1 a 25.1 ±5.1 a 11.2 0.242 ns
sub-total Abg C pool T+R (Mg C.ha
-1) 185.8 ±36.6 a 174.8 ±14.8 a 10.9 0.377 ns
T+R+W (Mg C.ha-1
) 213.2 ±35.7 a 199.9 ±15.6 a 10.0 0.317 ns Belowground C pool
0-15 cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 70.7 ±4.6 a 66.3 ±2.6 a 5.2 0.085 ns 15-30 cm (Mg C.ha
-1) 70.8 ±2.3 a 66.8 ±3.0 b 2.7 0.013 *
30-50 cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 94.8 ±4.7 a 91.9 ±11.0 a 9.6 0.587 ns 50-100 cm (Mg C.ha
-1) 238.4 ±12.8 a 245.6 ±25.5 a 10.5 0.643 ns
>100 cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 337.3 ±27.1 b 502.2 ±66.5 a 10.9 0.002 ** sub-total Bwg C pool
0-to-depth cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 812.0 ±38.3 b 972.8 ±69.3 a 7.1 0.007 ** Total C Pool
Ecosystem (Mg C.ha-1
) 1025.2 ±68.6 b 1172.7 ±66.2 a 7.6 0.027 * Notation: ns: not significantly different; *: significantly different; **: highly significantly different The letters next to the X±sd numbers in each row denote the differences between ecotypes
Properties unit Sumatera (6) Kalimantan (7) Papua (13)
P-value NoteX ± sd
Number of trees in plots (tree.ha-1
) 76 ±15 a 60 ±19 a 74 ±7 a 0.091 ns Tree basal area (m
2.ha
-1) 27.7 ±4.6 a 23.9 ±8.8 a 31.0 ±3.6 a 0.108 ns
Aboveground C pool Trees (T) (Mg C.ha
-1) 139.6 ±27.2 a 118.8 ±38.8 a 152.2 ±25.3 a 0.138 ns
Prop roots (R) (Mg C.ha-1
) 42.3 ±7.8 a 36.0 ±11.9 a 45.3 ±6.8 a 0.155 ns Woody debris (W) (Mg C.ha
-1) 14.6 ±4.6 b 29.8 ±8.0 a 23.4 ±7.8 a 0.014 *
sub-total Abg C pool T+R (Mg C.ha
-1) 181.9 ±35.0 a 154.8 ±50.7 a 197.5 ±32.1 a 0.141 ns
T+R+W (Mg C.ha-1
) 196.5 ±36.7 a 184.6 ±46.6 a 220.9 ±25.4 a 0.186 ns Belowground C pool
0-15 cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 77.3 ±5.1 a 63.8 ±7.5 b 64.2 ±2.3 b 0.003 ** 15-30 cm (Mg C.ha
-1) 75.4 ±7.4 a 61.8 ±5.4 b 69.4 ±2.9 ab 0.011 *
30-50 cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 103.1 ±6.2 a 88.5 ±7.1 b 88.5 ±10.1 b 0.006 ** 50-100 cm (Mg C.ha
-1) 283.6 ±23.4 a 218.7 ±27.4 b 223.8 ±16.7 b 0.002 **
>100 cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 494.1 ±69.3 a 327.3 ±81.6 b 437.8 ±34.8 a 0.003 ** sub-total Bwg C pool
0-to-depth cm (Mg C.ha-1
) 1033.5 ±73.0 a 760.1 ±50.3 c 883.7 ±28.2 b 1.E-05 ** Total C Pool
Ecosystem (Mg C.ha-1
) 1230.0 ±67.1 a 944.7 ±37.6 b 1104.6 ±24.7 c 2.E-06 ** Notation: ns: not significantly different; *: significantly different; **: highly significantly different The letters next to the X±sd numbers in each row denote the differences among islands
water body landward at all sites for all depth intervals (Figure 2 to Figure 5).
They indicated there was no variation across the 150 m span of sampling plots.
4. Aboveground Mangrove and Ecosystem Carbon Pools
Between Mangrove Ecotypes: There is no significant difference in the mean
total C-pools between riverine and estuarine ecotypes of 213.2±35.7 Mg C ha-1
and 199.9±15.6 Mg C.ha-1 respectively (Figure 6). The development of prop
roots seems to be highest near the edge and significantly different compared with
the remaining plots as they are away from the waterline. This may be related to
defense mechanism by anchoring the trees against sea waves and high tides.
As a result, C-pool within prop roots contributes quite significantly to the total
aboveground C-stocks.
The ecosystem C pools of riverine ecotype was significantly different from that of
estuarine ecotype, (1025.2±68.6 and 1172.7±66.2 Mg C.ha-1, respectively, Figure
7 and Table 2) due to their soil carbon pools. Our data was similar to that of
Donato et al. (2011) concluding mangroves are the richer among forest carbon
pools, which contained most their carbon in the soils. Our data not only showed
that riverine ecotypes were constructed by more mature stand of trees than the
estuarine ecotypes, but also with the soil carbon pool of riverine ecotype was less
than that of estuarine ecotype.
Figure 6. Aboveground carbon pools according to mangrove ecotypes in the
study area
Figure 7. Ecosystem carbon pools according to mangrove ecotypes in the
study area
Among Islands: Figure 8 showed aboveground carbon pools of mangrove at
Sumatera Island (196.5±36.7 Mg C.ha-1) was similar to that of Kalimantan Island
(184.6±46.6 Mg C.ha-1), and Papua Island (220.9±25.4 Mg C.ha-1). Figure 9 and
Table 3, however, indicated the ecosystem carbon pool of Sumatera Island
(1230.0±67.1 Mg C.ha-1) was significantly larger than that of Kalimantan Island
(944.7±37.6 Mg C.ha-1), and Papua Island (1104.6±24.7 Mg C.ha-1). This finding
was similar to Donato et al. (2011), Dahdouh-Guebas and Koedam (2008),
Ellison (2009), and Adame et al. (2010) were noting the role of sediment
deposition as well as the geomorphological settings which most probable causes
of these findings.
Figure 8. Aboveground carbon pools according to islands in the study area
Figure 9. Ecosystem carbon pools according to islands in the study area (right)
Among Distances from Edge of Water Body: Comparison between mangrove
ecotype (Figure 6 and Figure 7) as well as among islands (Figure 8 and Figure 9)
based on plot values indicated that aboveground and ecosystem carbon pools
were not significantly different from the edge of water body going inland at all
sites for all depth intervals, meaning there was no significant variation across the
150 m span of sampling plots.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thankfully acknowledge the assistances and helping hands of all
persons which are involved and can not be named one by one in these studies,
as well as the collaborative works and funding of CIFOR-USFS on the Tropical
Wetland Initiative for Climate change Adaptation and Mitigation (TWINCAM)
project.
References
Adame M.F., D. Neil, S.F. Wright, C.E. Lovelock. 2010. Sedimentation within
and among mangrove forests along a gradient of geomorphological
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Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of
wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Jamestown,
ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page.