Project Report On STUDY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS ENERGY METER Submitted to R.T.M. Nagpur University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering Submitted by Chetan S. Kadu Sachin C. Suke Mangesh M. Ukey Under the Guidance of J. G. Chaudhari Department of Electrical Engineering
Design a perfect system which helps to overcome from the problem of tampering meter, faulty reading & poor metering efficiency. Wireless communication is implemented, so that the consumed energy information can be transmitted to a centralized monitoring station through a F.M. transmitter & FM receiver.
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Project Report
On
STUDY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS ENERGY METER
Submitted to
R.T.M. Nagpur University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical Engineering
Submitted by
Chetan S. Kadu Sachin C. Suke
Mangesh M. Ukey
Under the Guidance of
J. G. Chaudhari
Department of Electrical Engineering
G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur
2007-2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Success is the manifestation of
perseverance, inspiration and motivation. We,
the projectees, ascribe our success in this
venture to J.G. Chaudhari, project guide. His
endeavor for perfection, indefatigable zeal and
enthusiasm, foresight and innovation
contributed in a big way in the successful
completion of this project within the estimated
time. This work is a reflection of his ideas and
concept and above all his sincere interest.
We are deeply indebted to Dr P.R.Bajaj,
Principal and Dr. V.K. Chandrakar, Head of
Department for their keen interest and
valuable suggestion from time to time lead to
make this project near perfection.
Last but not the least we thank all
supporting staff of the department and our
friends whose timely ideas and inspiration lead
to successful completion of our project
………..Projectees
INDEX
CHAPTER
NO.
TITLE PAGE
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 4
3 MAIN COMPONENT 6
3.1 Electronic Energy Meter 7
3.2 Digital Pulse Generator 11
3.3 Microcontroller (IC 89C2051) 13
3.4 RF Transmitter 18
3.5 Implemented Model For RF
Transmitter
21
3.6 RF Receiver 22
3.7 Implemented Model For RF Receiver 25
4 WIRELESS ENERGY CONTROL UNIT 26
5 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION 29
6 POWER SUPPLY REQUIRMENTS 35
7 OTHER COMPONENTS 40
7.1 ATMEL 553 (AT 24C08A) 41
7.2 Voltage Regulator 43
7.3 Crystal Oscillator 44
7.4 Transistor 46
7.5 Resistor 49
7.6 Capacitor 50
7.7 Zener Diode 52
8 ADVANTAGES 54
9 LIMITATIONS 55
10 APPLICATIONS 56
11 CONCLUSION 57
12 FUTURE SCOPE 58
13 REFRENCES 59
14 APPENDIX 61
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
Power sector players have made many efforts and spent considerable
money and resources in formulating strategies for improving collection
efficiency, however, these have seldom yielded encouraging results.
Metering is one of the major technical issues impacting the collection
efficiency of power companies. Currently, only a few percent of power
meters installed in India are electronic and rest are electromechanical.
Usually, the meter reading is taken once a month by the field
executives of the distribution company. The human errors involved in
collection of bills and old electronic & electromechanical type of meters
together have resulted in poor metering efficiency, zero metering, faulty
reading, bribing utilities executive to charge less units and tampering of the
meters to clock them reverse.
The demand for electrical energy is ever increasing. Today over 21%
(theft apart!!) of the total electrical energy generated in India is lost in
transmission (4-6%) and distribution (15-18%). The electrical power deficit
in the country is currently about 18%. Clearly, reduction in distribution
losses can reduce this deficit significantly. It is possible to bring down the
distribution losses to a 6-8 % level in India with the help of newer
technological options (including information technology) in the electrical
power distribution sector which will enable better monitoring and control.
…1…
The introduction of electronic energy meter for electrical energy
metering has resulted in various improvements in the operation of utilities
apart from the increase revenue due to better recording of energy
consumption. One such additional benefit is possibility of reading the meter
automatically using meter-reading instruments even without going near the
meter. The main purpose of project work is to design and developed a
tamper proof wireless energy meter, which can implement at big industries
and huge commercial complexes.
Electrical utilities face particular challenges in meeting continuously
changing customer load demands. At least two related reasons exist for these
challenges. First, power demands can fluctuate substantially from day to day
or hour to hour, making it difficult for utilities to ensure that they have
enough capacity to meet demand. These fluctuations in energy demand may
arise from ordinary cyclic energy usage patterns (for example peaking in the
afternoon), or else can result from an unexpected change in the balance
between energy supply and demand, such as where, for example, a power
generator linked to the power grid unexpectedly goes down, large energy
users go on or off line, or a fault occurs somewhere in the distribution
system. A second factor contributing to the challenges faced by power
utilities is the fact that power consumption in local areas tends to grow over
time, gradually placing increasing burdens on electrical utilities to meet the
growing demand. Because the construction of new power plants is very
costly and must comply with a variety of governmental regulations, it is
possible for a local or even large geographic region to find itself without the
power capacity to supply its current or anticipated future demand.
…2…
A major challenge for utility companies is handling peak energy
demands. This is because the energy supplied by power utilities must be
sufficient to meet the energy demand moment by moment, and peak
demands place the greatest strain on the power distribution system. When
energy demand outstrips available supply, disruptive events such as power
blackouts, brownouts or interruptions can occur. Not only can such events
cause substantial inconvenience to large numbers of people and businesses,
but they can also be dangerous or life-threatening—where, for example, the
power supply for hospitals or critical home care medical equipment is
compromised.
Historically, when power utilities serving a locality have been faced
with a severe energy situation caused by high demand, their options have
been extremely limited. Power utilities can, for example, request that
consumers conserve energy, but not all consumers follow such requests and,
in any event, conservation has not tended to provide a complete solution for
energy supply problems. Power utilities can attempt to satisfy peak demands
by purchasing available energy from a third party source connected to the
power grid, but such purchases, particularly at peak demand times, can be
extremely costly as energy suppliers often demand a premium when demand
is high.
…3…
CHAPTER - 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
…4…
2.1 Working:
The supply is given to the input side of analog energy meter and
output connected to the load side. Analog meter is interface with
microcontroller (IC 89C2051). When load is on energy meter consumes
certain amount of energy. The number of unit consumed by the load is
shown by LED and with the help of digital pulse generator this analog signal
from led is fed to the microcontroller. Then this LED signal fed to
transmitter via ATMEL 553 timer IC in the for of digital signal (0, 1).
Crystal oscillator is used to generate the high value of frequency for IC
operation, due to higher value of frequency (24 MHZ) the digital signal fed
to transmitter circuit and transmitter circuit sends this signal via antenna to
the receiver circuit. At receiver circuit the signal is received and fed to the
signal generator with the help of carrier frequencies with suitable value.
After receiving the signal, amplifier amplifies that signal and
converting in to digital form, fed to microcontroller. LED display is directly
connected through microcontroller, it shows the display of unit consumes at
consumer side. This process takes place by electromagnetic wave by the
method of close proximity of electromagnetic propagation of
electromagnetic wave.
If consumer may try to tamper the meter by shorting the relay
contacts, the receiver receives more pulse than the credit, immediately alarm
energizes at receiver side and supply get trip from substation to consumed.
Hence it protects the circuit and protects the energy from theft.
…5…
CHAPTER - 3
MAIN COMPONENTS
Electronic Energy Meter
Digital Pulse Generator
Microcontroller (IC 89C2051)
RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
…6…
3.1 ELECTRONIC ENERGYMETER:
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Power Measurement today introduced the next step in affordable
energy management. The wireless energy meter with a low installed cost,
exceptional scalability, and accuracy verified to national sub-billing
standards.
…7…
The meter offers an affordable energy monitoring solution for large
commercial properties, including office buildings and retail malls. This is
the addition to the Power Measurement line of wireless metering products.
The meters form a wireless network that automatically reports energy
consumption on each tenant space for individual and aggregate billing
purposes. Property managers can then use this information to help manage
accounts, conserve energy, and recover energy costs.
With no conduit or wires to run, installation is simple and
inexpensive. Each tenant is equipped with a wireless energy meter to record
usage, and an Wireless Gateway is installed nearby to receive radio signals
(from up to 100 meters). The gateway then converts the energy data into
industry or an enterprise energy management software program such as
Power Measurement's. Building managers can monitor energy usage as
real-time or logged data for anywhere in the network. To extend the reach of
wireless meters across longer distances, an optional ION Wireless Repeater
unit is also available in AC or solar-powered configurations.
An electronic energy meter refers to a type of advanced meter that
identifies consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and
optionally communicates that information via some network that to the local
utility for the monitoring and billing purpose.
ENERGY- drives the world- the masculine, the feminine and the
neuter all in all. Though energy can be of different forms like electrical.
Which are interring convertible using the technologies in hand.
…8…
METER – measure the amount of something exhausted and here it
measure the amount of energy consume. for using electricity need to pay the
electricity department.
Electronic energy meter is equipped with the wireless module. After
desired time the no. of unit will be transmitted to main super computer data
base. Thus, no need of personal visiting the place and noting down the
reading which will pass on to operator. Not only is this but the concept of
energy theft detection and thus it controlling the main source of inspiration
for us to work on this.
Electronic energy meter to measure electricity usage have so many
advantages over their electromechanically counter parts. Including accuracy,
flexibility and tampering detection that their adoption is spreading rapidly.
With this networking capability the meter can be installed numerous
of point in power distribution network not just at consumer premises to
monitor and optimized functioning the entire system.
The electronic energy meter has a power full capability to detect
tampering. The meter is ideally suitable for energy metering in the domestic
application and for auditing and a load management in industrial application.
…9…
3.1.2 ADVANTAGES:
Electronic energy meter are quite compact as compared to analog
meter.
Electronic energy meter require very less power consumption as
compared to analog device.
Electronic meter are less affected by environmental change in
conditions and magnetic field as against analog meter.
Electronic meter give quite good dynamic response much better than
electro mechanical type instrument for fluctuating loading condition.
Electronic meter have less aging problem, as these are static device and do not contain any rotary part.
…10…
3.2 DIGITAL PULSE GENERATOR:
Simple pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition
rate (frequency), pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external
implemented using low-cost monolithic IC technology and can produce
pulses as short as 1picoseconds, and with a repetition rates exceeding 30
billion pulses per second. These pulsars are typically used in military
communications applications, and low-power microwave transceiver ICs.
Pulse generators are generally voltage sources, with true current pulse
generators being available only from a few suppliers.
These pulses can then be injected into a device under test and used as
a stimulus or clock signal or analyzed as they progress through the device,
confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in the
device. Pulse generators are also used to drive devices such as switches,
lasers and optical components, modulators, intensifiers as well as resistive
loads. The output of a pulse generator may also be used as the modulation
signal for a signal generator.
…12…
3.3 MICROCONTROLLER (IC 89C2051):
(Pin Diagram for Microcontroller)
3.3.1 DESCRIPTION:
The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only
memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard
MCS-51 instruction set.
….13…
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications.
The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of
Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five
vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision
analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The
Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode
saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip
functions until the next hardware reset. A microcontroller is a integrated
circuit with a following key features.
Central processing unit- ranging from small and simple 8-bit
processors to sophisticated 32-or 64-bit processors.
Input/output interfaces such as serial ports.
Peripherals such as timers and watchdog circuit.
RAM for data storage.
ROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program storage.
Clock generator – often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal,
resonator or RC Circuit.
…14…
Most industrial equipments is controller through mechanical or
electrical devices called controllers. These devices helpful for turn on or turn
off various processes and thus they regulate the control of particular
mechanism.
3.3.2 SELECTION OF MICROCONTROLLER:
Speed of operation.
No. of I/O ports required.
Availability of Assembler, Simulator, Compiler, etc.
On chip serial communication.
On chip program memory and data memory.
3.3.3 PIN DESCRIPTION:
VCC (Pin 20) Supply voltage.
GND (Pin 10) Ground.
Port 1 (Pin 12-19)
The Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7
provide internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pull-ups. P1.0 and
P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1),
respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 out-put
buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are
written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are
used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups.
…15…
Port 3 (Pin 2,3,6,7,8,9,11)
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins with
internal pull-ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip
comparator and is not accessible as a gen-eral-purpose I/O pin. The Port 3
output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull-ups.
RST (Pin 1)
Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.
XTAL1 (Pin 5)
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 (Pin 4)
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
…16…
3.3.4 OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS:
The XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an
inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator,
as shown in Figure 5-1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be
used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be
left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 5-2. There are
no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the
input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop,
but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must
It must be stressed that range obtained in practice may lie outside
these figures. Range tests should always be performed before assuming that
a particular range can be achieved in any given application.
6.2 ANTENNA CONSIDERATIONS AND OPTIONS:
The choice and positioning of transmitter and receiver antennas is of
the utmost importance and is the single most significant factor in
determining system range. The following notes apply particularly to integral
antennas and are intended to assist the user in choosing the most effective
arrangement for a given application.
…36…
However this is often not desirable for practical/ergonomic reasons
and a compromise may need to be reached. If an internal antenna must be
used try to keep it away from other metal components and pay particular
attention to the “hot” end (i.e. the far end), as this is generally the most
susceptible to detuning. The space around the antenna is as important as the
antenna itself.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers tend to radiate significant
amounts of radio frequency hash, which can cause desensitization of the
receiver if its antenna is in close proximity. 900MHz region is generally less
prone to this effect than lower frequencies, but problems can still arise.
Things become worse as logic speeds increase, because fast logic edges are
capable of generating harmonics across the UHF range which are then
radiated effectively by the PCB tracking. In extreme cases system range can
be reduced by a factor of 3 or more. To minimize any adverse effects, situate
the antenna and module as far as possible from any such circuitry and keep
PCB track lengths to the minimum possible. A ground plane can be highly
effective in cutting radiated interference and its use is strongly
recommended.
A simple test for interference is to monitor the receiver RSSI output
voltage, which should be the same regardless of whether the microcontroller
or other logic circuitry is running or in reset.
Integral antennas generally do not perform as well as externally
mounted types, however they result in physically compact equipment and
are the preferred choice for portable applications. The following can be
recommended.
…37…
Helical: This is a compact but slightly less effective antenna formed
from a coil of wire. It is very efficient for its size, but has high Q and tends
to suffer badly from detuning caused by proximity to nearby conductive
objects. It needs to be carefully trimmed for best performance in a given
situation and the required dimensional tolerances can be difficult to achieve
repeatable, nevertheless it can provide a very compact solution.
Loop: A loop of PCB track, tuned and matched with 2 capacitors.
Loops are relatively inefficient but have good immunity to proximity
detuning, so may be preferred in shorter range applications where very high
component packing density is necessary.
External antennas have several advantages if portability is not an
issue. They can be optimized for individual circumstances and may be
mounted in relatively good RF locations away from sources of interference,
being connected to the equipment by coax feeder. Apart from the usual
whips, helicals etc, low-profile types such as microstrip patches can be very
effective at these frequencies. Suitable antennas are available from many
different sources and are generally supplied pre-tuned to the required
frequency.
…38…
Integral Antenna Configuration
…39…
CHAPTER - 7
OTHER COMPONENTS
ATMEL 553(AT24C08A)
Voltage Regulator IC 7805
Crystal Oscillator
Transistor
Resistor
Capacitor
Zener Diode
…40…
7.1 ATMEL 553(AT24C08A):
7.1.1 DESCRIPTION:
The AT24CO8A provides 8192 bits of serial electrically erasable and
programmable read only memory (EEPROM) organized as 1024 words of 8
bits each. The device iss optimized for use in many industrial and
commercial applications where the low power and the low voltage operation
are essential. The AT24CO8A is available in space saving 8 pin PDIP is
accessed via 2 wire serial interface. In addition, the entire family is available
in 1.8 volt - 5.0 volt versions.
…41…
7.1.2 PIN DESCRIPTION:
Serial Clock (SCL):
The SCL input is used to positive edge clock data in to each EEPROM device and negative edge clock data out of each device.
Serial Data (SDA):
The SDA pin is bi-directional for serial data transfer. This pin is open
drain driven and may be wire – ORed with any number of other open drain
or open collector device.
Device/Page Address (A2, A1, A0):
The A2, A1, A0 pins are device addresses input, for the AT24CO8A only used A2 input for hard wire addressing and total of two 8k device may be addressed on single bus system. The A0 and A1 pins are no connects.
Write Protect (WP):
AT24CO8A has a Write Protect pin that provides hardware data protection. Write Protect pin allows normal read/operation when connected to ground (GND).
7.1.3 FEATURES OF ATMEL 553:
Utilize different array protection compare to the other type IC’s.
Automotive grade and extended temperature device.
Low power and low voltage operation
Bidirectional data transfer protocol.
High reliability.
…42…
7.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (IC 7805):
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically
maintain a constant voltage level.
It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active
electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate
one or more AC or DC voltages.
With the exception of shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage
regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal
fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the
regulation element. This forms a negative feedback servo control loop. If the
output voltage is too low, the regulation element is commanded to produce a
higher voltage. For some regulators if the output voltage is too high, the
regulation element is commanded to produce a lower voltage; however,
many just stop sourcing current and depend on the current draw of whatever
it is driving to pull the voltage back down. In this way, the output voltage is
held roughly constant. The control loop must be carefully designed to
produce the desired tradeoff between stability and speed of response.