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34-1
MANGANESE ORE
Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews)
Manganese occurs as silvery grey in colour and isvery hard and brittle in nature. It is always
available in combination with iron, laterite andother minerals. Manganese in alloy form is an essentialinput in steel making and is one of the mostimportant metals in an industrial economy. Manganeseores of major commercial importance are: (i) pyrolusite(MnO
2, Mn about 63.2%); (ii) psilomelane (manganese
oxide, containing water and varying amounts ofoxides of Ba, K and Na as impurities; Mn commonly45-60%); (iii) manganite (Mn
2O
3. H
2O, Mn about
62.4%); and (iv) braunite (3Mn2O
3, MnSiO
3, Mn
about 62% and SiO2 about 10%).
Indian manganese ore deposits occur mainly asmetamorphosed bedded sedimentary depositsassociated with Gondite Series (Archaeans) ofMadhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Chhindwara & Jhabuadistricts), Maharashtra (Bhandara & Nagpur districts),Gujarat (Panchmahal district), Odisha (Sundergarhdistrict) and with Kodurite Series (Archaeans)of Odisha (Ganjam & Koraput districts) and AndhraPradesh (Srikakulam & Visakhapatnam districts).
RESOURCESThe total resources of manganese ore in the
country as on 1.04.2013 are placed at 475 million tonnesas per UNFC system. Out of these, 95.87 million tonnesare categorised as reserves and the balance 379.31million tonnes are in the remaining resources category.Grade-wise, ferro-manganese grade accounts for 8%,medium grade 11%, BF grade 34% and the remaining47% are of mixed, low, others, unclassified, and not-known grades including 0.35 million tonnes of battery/chemical grade.
State-wise, Odisha tops the total resources with40% share followed by Karnataka 20%, MadhyaPradesh 11%, Maharashtra 8%, Andhra Pradesh 4%and Jharkhand & Goa 3% each. Rajasthan, Gujaratand West Bengal together shared the remaining about2% resources (Table- 1).
EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENTDeta i l s o f exp lora t ion ca r r ied ou t fo r
manganese ore by GSI and other agencies (StateGovt Departments, MOIL Ltd etc.) during 2014-15are furnished in Table- 2.
PRODUCTION, STOCKS ANDPRICES
The produc t ion of manganese ore a t2,345 thousand tonnes during 2014-15 decreasedby 11% as compared to that in the previous year.
34 Manganese Ore
There were 146 reporting mines during 2014-15
as against 163 in the previous year. Besides,
manganese ore production was reported by
five mines of iron ore, two mines of
laterite and one mine of limestone in 2014-15 against
seven mines of iron ore and one mine each of laterite,
limestone in 2013-14. In all, 73 producers reported
production of manganese ore in 2014-15. Eight
principal producers operating 38 mines contributed
84% of the total production. About 75% of the total
production was reported by 16 mines including
one associate mine, each producing more than
40,000 tonnes per annum, while 12% was contributed
by 10 mines (including one associate mine) each falling
in the production range of 20,001 to 40,000 tonnes.
The remaining 13% production was covered by
122 manganese ore and 6 associate mines each
producing up to 20,000 tonnes.
In 2014-15, twenty two public sector mines
jointly accounted for 49% of the total production.
The contribution of captive mines was 9% of the
total production.
As regards g rade-wise compos i t ion of
production in 2014-15, 68% of the total production
was of lower grade (below 35% Mn), 20% of
medium grade (35-46%Mn) and 11% was of high
grade (above 46% Mn). Production of manganese
dioxide was 20,358 tonnes (1%) during the year as
against 37,305 tonnes (1%) in the previous year.
34-3
MANGANESE ORE
Ta
ble
– 1
: R
ese
rv
es/
Reso
urces
of
Ma
ng
an
ese
Ore a
s o
n 0
1.0
4.2
01
3
(By
Gra
des/
Sta
tes)
(In
'0
00
to
nn
es)
Rese
rves
Rem
ain
ing
reso
urc
es
To
tal
Sta
te/G
rad
eP
rov
ed
Pro
bab
leT
ota
lF
easi
bil
ity
Pre
-feasi
bil
ity
Measu
red
Ind
icate
dIn
ferr
ed
Reco
nn
sais
san
ce
To
tal
reso
urc
es
ST
D1
11
ST
D1
21
ST
D1
22
(A)
ST
D2
11
ST
D2
21
ST
D2
22
ST
D3
31
ST
D3
32
ST
D3
33
ST
D3
34
(B
)(A
+B
)
All
In
dia
:
To
tal
64
10
52
34
61
83
06
95
87
16
55
51
41
58
86
84
77
61
84
31
88
41
60
67
84
95
23
79
31
44
75
18
5
By
Gra
des
Batt
ery
/Ch
em
ical
-1
0-
10
47
51
24
26
11
2–
23
32
43
Ferr
o-m
an
gan
ese
58
66
31
46
12
59
10
27
11
55
02
65
53
71
19
00
29
04
82
04
46
62
03
89
30
66
0
Med
ium
28
34
64
98
13
87
99
81
83
09
91
16
44
53
81
40
31
84
80
11
64
50
99
48
97
9
BF
91
01
18
86
62
91
16
16
37
47
29
97
02
27
75
22
31
10
86
25
82
82
94
11
42
53
51
54
15
0
Mix
ed
55
8-
31
08
68
-1
10
95
63
––
12
02
83
22
61
69
26
17
79
4
Med
ium
& B
F m
ixed
45
44
27
66
30
41
10
35
13
93
59
12
41
00
48
12
79
21
86
5-
32
14
04
24
91
Ferr
o-m
an
gan
ese
,m
ediu
m &
BF
mix
ed2
74
72
12
55
82
91
40
32
15
31
84
72
21
06
42
41
49
81
01
00
40
-4
09
46
81
26
7
Ferr
o-m
an
gan
ese
& B
F1
41
14
96
65
52
56
15
40
77
83
48
26
13
58
91
27
88
9–
23
30
82
58
69
Lo
w (
-)2
5%
Mn
43
21
76
11
61
93
36
01
79
02
61
42
37
37
13
26
10
54
14
37
71
49
96
Oth
ers
90
44
16
18
70
11
13
64
13
85
45
88
10
68
18
85
18
53
32
-1
30
79
24
44
3
Un
cla
ssif
ied
27
87
70
14
17
39
06
18
01
41
36
50
36
26
61
30
11
11
51
50
22
63
32
65
39
No
t-K
no
wn
56
39
11
10
63
66
74
81
48
7–
32
64
72
1–
76
49
77
55
By
Sta
tes
An
dh
ra P
rad
esh
35
82
66
04
84
47
26
41
43
73
25
61
88
32
20
90
10
12
13
47
31
81
99
Go
a-
--
-1
43
98
15
05
91
02
48
26
29
55
8–
34
87
43
48
74
Gu
jara
t–
––
––
––
––
29
54
–2
95
42
95
4
Jhark
han
d2
97
66
65
32
83
97
02
50
91
38
65
13
––
41
77
11
26
97
11
13
68
1
Karn
ata
ka
36
29
57
07
09
49
08
13
79
33
95
91
03
11
15
16
73
74
52
74
82
57
89
95
99
48
67
Mad
hy
a P
rad
esh
22
34
76
94
91
28
93
05
85
45
56
18
87
56
67
-4
37
05
06
2–
21
54
25
21
27
Mah
ara
shtr
a1
23
71
18
12
10
01
15
18
41
97
44
96
66
99
9–
52
68
33
23
29
22
55
83
77
42
Od
ish
a1
79
59
12
80
23
62
53
43
86
27
90
42
75
11
35
58
34
43
31
05
02
69
41
33
41
01
78
75
62
13
14
2
Raja
sth
an
11
04
–6
47
17
51
––
––
–4
03
0–
40
30
57
81
Tela
ng
an
a1
36
32
23
36
22
14
5-
88
62
03
11
81
25
61
61
8
West
Ben
gal
––
––
––
––
–2
00
–2
00
20
0
Fig
ure
s ro
un
de
d o
ff.
34-4
MANGANESE ORE
Table – 2 : Details of Exploration Activities for Manganese Ore, 2014-15
Agency/ Location Mapping Drilling
State/ Area/ Sampling Remarks
District Block Scale Area No. of Meterage (No.) Reserves/Resources estimated
As on 01.04.2015, total manganese oreresources were estimated at23.72 million tonnes with grade(30-50% Mn), out of which11.44 million tonnes placed underreserves & 12.28 million tonnes wereplaced under remaining resources.
As on 01.04.2015, about 10.09 milliontonnes resources were estimated, out ofwhich 4.09 million tonnes placedunder reserves & 6.00 million tonneswere placed under remaining resources.
As on 01.04.2015, about 0.99 milliontonnes resources were estimated, out ofwhich 0.55 million tonnes placedunder reserves & 0.45 million tonneswere placed under remaining resources.
34-5
MANGANESE ORE
Agency/ Location Mapping Drilling
State/ Area/ Sampling Remarks
District Block Scale Area No. of Meterage (No.) Reserves/Resources estimated
As on 01.04.2015, about 11.37 milliontonnes in-situ manganese oreresources were estimated, out of which4.56 million tonnes placed underreserves & 6.81 million tonnes wereplaced under remaining resources.
As on 01.04.2015, about 4.71 milliontonnes of manganese ore resourceswere estimated, out of which2.86 million tonnes placed underreserves & 1.85 million tonnes wereplaced under remaining resources.
As on 01.04.2015, about 4.25 milliontonnes of manganese ore resourceswere estimated, out of which 2.25million tonnes placed under reserves &1.00 million tonnes were placed underremaining resources.
As on 01.04.2015, about 8.17 milliontonnes of manganese ore resourceswere estimated, out of which1.43 million tonnes placed underreserves & 6.74 million tonnes wereplaced under remaining resources.
As on 01.04.2015, about 5.76 milliontonnes of manganese ore resourceswere estimated, out of which2.07 million tonnes placed underreserves & 3.69 million tonnes wereplaced under remaining resources.
As on 01.04.2015, about 0.55 milliontonnes of manganese ore resourceswere estimated, out of which0.15 million tonnes placed underreserves & 0.40 million tonnes wereplaced under remaining resources.
Madhya Pradesh being the leading manganese
ore producing State accounted for 38% of the
total production in 2014-15. Next in the order of
production were Maharashtra (29%), Odisha (14% ),
Andhra Pradesh (11%) and Karnataka (8%).
Jharkhand and Rajasthan contributed very
nominal production during the year (Tables- 3 to 7).
The mine-head c los ing s tock for theyear 2014-15 were at 1,098 thousand tonnes asagainst 726 thousand tonnes in the previousyear (Tables - 8 (A) and 8 (B).
The average daily employment of labourstrength in manganese ore mines was 14,031 in2014-15 as against 16,659 in the previous year.Prices of manganese ore are furnished in theGeneral Review on "Prices".
34-6
MANGANESE ORE
Table – 3 : Principal Producers ofManganese Ore, 2014-15
WORLD REVIEWThe total world reserve of manganese ore
is approximately 570 million tonnes of metal content
which is unevenly distributed (Table-14). Reserves
are located in South Africa (26%), Ukraine (25%),
Australia (17%), Brazil and India (9% each). Only a
small fraction of global manganese reserves is clearly
economic. This fact continues to support interest in
deep-sea manganese nodules, which constitute an
enormous untapped resource. Most nodules are found
in areas of deep-sea floor at water depths of 5 to 7 km.
The Pacific Ocean alone is estimated to contain about
2.5 billion tonnes nodules containing about 25% Mn,
making them similar in abundance to low-grade land-
based deposits. Most major steel-making nations lack
manganese resources. North America had less than
1% world reserves. Besides, United States have lean
grade reserves and potentially high extraction cost.
This situation has created an active global trade in
manganese ore and manganese alloys.
World production of manganese ore in 2014 was
estimated to be around 54.7 million tonnes as compared
to 53.3 million tonnes in 2013. China was the leading
producer contributing about 29% followed by South
Africa (25%), Australia (14%), Gabon (7%), Kazakhstan
(5%) and India (4%) (Table-15). The production of
manganese ore is linked with the production of steel.
The steel industry consumes it in the form of ore and
manganese alloys.
China
China was the world's largest producer and
consumer of manganese ore. The production
increased by 3% as compared to the previous
year. China is also a producer of manganese
alloys and electrolytic manganese metal (EMM).
34-20
MANGANESE ORE
South Africa
Manganese o re p roduc t ion (con ta ined
manganese) increased by 26% in 2014 from
that in 2013. This increase was primarily a
resu l t o f h igher p roduc t ion capac i ty a t
Tshipi Kalahari Manganese Mine.
Brazil
Brazil was one of the leading manganese
ore and ferro alloy producer which produced
2.5 million tonnes of manganese ore in 2014
(a decrease of about 12%) from previous year.
FOREIGN TRADE
Exports
Exports of manganese ore decreased to about
11 thousand tonnes in 2014-15 from 66 thousand
tonnes in 2013-14. Out of the total exports in
2014-15, no exports of manganese ore having +46%
Mn were carried out. Similarly, there were no exports
of ore having 30 to 35% Mn and that of manganese
ore (others) were 11,026 tonnes. More than 99%
of exports were to Pakistan. Exports of manganese
oxide (total) increased marginally to 16,449 tonnes
in 2014-15, as against 15,763 tonnes in the previous
year. Manganese oxide exports in 2014-15 comprised
manganese dioxide 3,261 tonnes and other than
manganese oxides 13,118 tonnes. Exports were
mainly to Spain (9%), Germany (7%) and Russia (6%).
In 2014-15, exports of manganese and alloys
(including waste & scrap) decreased to 134 tonnes
compared to 199 tonnes in the previous year. Exports
of (wrought/un-wrought) manganese & alloys in
2014-15 were at 114 tonnes as compared to
156 tonnes in the previous year (Tables- 16 to 24).
Imports
Imports of manganese ore increased to about
3.17 million tonnes in 2014-15 from 2.18 million
tonnes in 2013-14. South Africa (64%), Australia
(24%), Gabon (18%) and Cote d' Ivore (2%) were
the main suppliers of manganese ore in 2014-15.
Out of the manganese ore ( total) imported,
manganese ore having +46% Mn contributed
892,093 tonnes, manganese ore having 35 to 46%
Mn were 2,090,840 tonnes, manganese ore having
30 to 35 % Mn were 170,570 tonnes and manganese
ore (others) were only 1 tonne. In 2014-15, imports of
manganese dioxides were 7,847 tonnes. Imports of
manganese dioxides comprised manganese oxide and
other than manganese dioxides 4,654 tonnes. Imports
were mainly from China (73%), Indonesia (16%) and
South Africa (10%). During 2014-15, imports of
manganese & alloys (including waste and scrap) were
30,932 tonnes, out of which manganese & alloys
(unwrought) comprised 20,226 tonnes. Imports of
manganese & alloys were 1072 tonnes solely from
China. (Tables- 25 to 35).
Table – 14 : World Reserves of Manganese Ore(By Principal Countries)
(In '000 tonnes of metal content)
Country Reserves
World: Total (rounded) 620000
Australia 91000
Brazil 50000
China 44000
Gabon 22000
Ghana 13000
India* 52000
Kazakhstan 5000
Mexico 5000
South Africa 200000
Ukraine 140000
Other countries Small
Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2015.* India's total UNFC resources of manganese ore as on1.4.2013 are estimated at 475 million tonnes.
Table – 15 : World Production of Manganese Ore(By Principal Countries)
(In '000 tonnes)
Country 2012 2013 2014
World:Total(rounded) 47800 53300 54700
Australia 7179 7426 7587
Brazil 2796 2833 2498
China(e) 14500 15500 16000
Gabon 3363 4091 4000e
Ghana 1491 1998 1353
India* 2342 2588 2166
Kazakhstan 2975 2852 2609
Malaysia 1100 1125 835
South Africa 8943 10952e 13857e
Ukraine@ 1234 1525 1526
Other countries 1936 2392 2229
Source: World Mineral Production, 2010-2014.@: Marketable* India's production of manganese ore in 2012-13,2013-14 and 2014-15 was 2.34 million tonnes 2.63 milliontonnes and 2.34 million tonnes, respectively.
34-21
MANGANESE ORE
Table – 16 : Exports of Manganese Ore : Total
(By Countries)
2013-14 2014-15(P)
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 66030 189342 11026 65399
Pakistan - - 11000 64088
Netherlands - - 25 1310
Brunei - - 1 1
Other countries 66030 189342 - -
Table – 17 : Exports of Manganese Ore
(46% or more Mn)
(By Countries)
2013-14 2014-15(P)
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 20 1102 - -
Philippines 20 1102 - -
Other countries - - - -
Table – 18 : Exports of Manganese Ore(30% or more but below 35% Mn)