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Italian Foreign Policy
Giovanni Brauzzi
with the cooperation ofRenato Benedetto
andAlessandro Fabiocchi
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... to clarify what had been the bases,both material and moral, on which the
foreign policy rested, such as the forcesand sentiments which surrounded the
policy itself and also, in that historical
period, the diplomatic initiative. In other words, passions and affections,
ideas and ideologies, the situation of thecountry and of its people, all that makesthe foreign policy a moment or an aspect
of the wider and more complex historicalprocess, which encompasses the wholelife of a nation and does not allow forwatertight compartments; a moment for
foreign relations which is intertwinedwith the moral, economic, social andreligious life in the interior.
Federico Chabod,
History of Italian Foreign Policy from1870 to 1896
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Material bases
Geography
Energy
Population
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Facts and Figures Area: 301,336 sq km
Land boundaries: 1,932 km
Coastline: 7,600 km
Population (2005): 58.462.375
Population Growth Rate : 1,1% birth rate: -18,396
immigration rate: +181,080
Life Expectancy at Birth: 79,25 years
GDP Composition by Sector:
agriculture 2%
industry 30%
services 68%
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ITALY ON THE MAIN MARKETS (%)
1,11,9China
5,26,6Middle East
8,09,6MediterraneanCountries
10,510,5EU Candidates
5,77,1EU
2,53,3Latin America
1,92,3US
20041995
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Italian Crude Oil Imports (2005)
IRAQ
5%
IRAN13%
RUSSIA
18%
ALGERIA
5%
SYRIA4%
NORWAY
3%OTHERS
15%
SAUDI
ARABIA
14%
LYBIA
23%
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THE NETHERLANDS
17%
NORWAY
7%
NIGERIA
4%
ALGERIA
34%
RUSSIA
36%
LYBIA
2%
Italian Natural Gas Imports (2005)
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Italian Population in the XX
Century(ISTAT 2005)
32,966
35,845
39,94441,652
42,994
47,516
50,624
54,137
56,557 56,778
1901 1911 1921 1931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
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Italian Population Projections
2010 - 2050(ISTAT 2005)
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
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THE CONSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK
Art. 11 of Italian Constitution: Italy rejects war
as an instrument of aggression against the
liberties of other people and as a means for
settling international controversies; it agrees,on conditions of equality with other States, to
such limitations of sovereignty as may benecessary for an international order aimed at
ensuring peace and justice among Nations; it
promotes and encourages international
organizations having such ends in view.
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The Multilateral Approach
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We the peoples of the United Nations,determined to save succeeding
generations from the scourge of war..determined to safeguard thefreedom, common heritage and
civilisations of their peoples, foundedon the principles of democracy,individual freedom and the rule of
law.
an ever closer union among
the peoples of Europe
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NATIONAL INTEREST
Few commodities and energy sourcesAging and shrinking population
We cannot keep our gates closed
Cultural and institutional pluralism
Universal visionLessons learnt from the past
thus
PURSUING NATIONAL INTEREST
THROUGH MULTILATERAL FORA
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N ti l I t t i
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National Interest in
International Fora
Italian priorities Being part of the leading group in the
European integration process
Strengthening transatlantic relations
Avoiding marginalisation at the UN
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Being part of the leading group
in the European integration process
25 March 1957-29 October 2004:
from Rome to Rome;
Simultaneous widening and deepening; Union of people and states;
Close the democratic gap;
Principle of subsidiarity;
European pillar of transatlantic relations;
From the EDC to the ESDP;
Being always part of the leading group, as
a vocation and a necessity.
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The Way Ahead in the European Constitutional Process
Still committed to the ratification and entry into force of
the European Constitutional Treaty;
En attendant 2007 (elections in France and NL);
50th
anniversary of the Rome Treaty ;Premature to reopen the text before;Working on policies is not an alternative to institutional
developments;
Ready to improvements made without changing theTreaties;
Defining Europes borders would be helped by a
constitutional dimension of the integration process.
St th i
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Strengthening
the transatlantic link
From Cold War
to new threats Coalitions
of the willing
are not enough
From the Balkansto Afghanistan:
the arc of crisis
Relaunch
NATOs
Political Dimension
New members,
New partners,
New capabilities,
Enduring commitment
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Complex challenges of international
securityNuclear
Proliferation
Terrorism
Failed, rogue states
Illegal immigration
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Troops engaged in international missions (updated 10/03/06)
8.411 military engaged in 28 missions in 19 countriesand 3 geographic areas
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Avoiding marginalisation and
oligarchic backsliding at the UN
World Government vs. Global Governance;
Effective Multilateralism;Criteria for the use of force;
National sovereignty, democracy and human rights;
Agenda for peace and agenda for development;
A role for the European Union;
UNSC Reform.
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The compass of
Italian foreign policy
North, towards Europe;
South, towards theMediterranean, theMiddle East and Africa;
East, towards the
Balkans and Russia;
West, towards Americaand globalisation.
F i
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Farnesina
Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Facts and Figures
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REPRESENTATIONS ABROAD (2005)
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMBASSIES
(2005)
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DIPLOMATIC-CONSULAR NETWORK, STAFF AND
BUDGET OF THE MINISTRIES OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
A COMPARISON IN EUROPE (year 2004)
2.52016.000453UNITEDKINGDOM
2.21513.210347GERMANY
2.17517.231430FRANCE
1.5618.245338ITALY
BudgetStaffDiplomatic/consular
network
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the dividing line between progressive andreactionary falls along a very new andsubstantial line: those who conceive the essential
purpose and goal of struggle as being the ancientone, the conquest of national political power, andwho, although involuntarily, play into the hands of
reactionary forces, letting the incandescent lava ofpopular passions set in the old moulds, and thusallowing old absurdities to arise once again, andthose who see the main purpose as the creation ofa solid international State, who will direct popular
forces towards this goal, and who, even if theywere to win national power, would use it first andforemost as an instrument for achievinginternational unity.
A provocative conclusion
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the foundation must be builtnow for a movement that knowshow to mobilize all forces forthe birth of the new organismwhich will be the grandest
creation, and the newest, thathas occurred in Europe forcenturies; in order to constitutea steady federal State, that willhave at its disposal a Europeanarmed service instead ofnational armies; that will breakdecisively economic autarkies,the backbone of totalitarianregimes; that will havesufficient means to see that itsdeliberations for themaintenance of common orderare executed in the individualfederal states, while each State
will retain the autonomy itneeds for a plastic articulationand development of political lifeaccording to the particularcharacteristics of the variouspeoples.
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If a sufficient number of men in the main Europeancountries understand this, then victory will soon fall intotheir hands, since both circumstances and opinion will befavourable to their efforts. They will have before themparties and factions that have already been disqualifiedby the disasterous experience of the last twenty years.Since it will be the moment for new action, it will also be
the moment for new men: the MOVEMENT FOR A FREEAND UNITED EUROPE.
Altiero Spinelli, Ventotene (Italy) 1941
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Do we have better alternatives for Europe ?