Managing Wildlife Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension
Dec 26, 2015
Managing WildlifeManaging Wildlife
USDA NRCS
Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension
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What we’ll be coveringWhat we’ll be covering
Impacts to and from wildlife, including disease
Methods to discourage wildlife
Aspects of predator control
Ways to deal with nuisance wildlife
Methods to encourage wildlife and the risks of doing so
Setting goals for managing wildlife on your property
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Setting wildlife goalsSetting wildlife goals
What wildlife is common What wildlife is common in your area?in your area?Do you want to Do you want to encourage or encourage or discourage wildlife?discourage wildlife?What type of wildlife do What type of wildlife do you want to encourage?you want to encourage?What type of wildlife do What type of wildlife do you want to discourage?you want to discourage?
www.farmphoto.com
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Impacts to and from wildlifeImpacts to and from wildlife
Habitat lossHabitat loss
Dependence on Dependence on artificial feedingartificial feeding
DiseaseDisease
www.farmphoto.com
NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.
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Habitat lossHabitat loss
FencingFencing
Displaces Displaces some animals some animals
Subdivides Subdivides and and fragments fragments habitathabitat
www.farmpictures.com
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Artificial feedingArtificial feeding
Attracts some Attracts some species to feeding species to feeding areasareas
Changes species Changes species balancebalance
Can make some Can make some species become species become more vulnerable to more vulnerable to predatorspredators www.farmphoto.com
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Spread of diseaseSpread of disease
Domestic to wild Domestic to wild
Wild to domesticWild to domestic
From both to humans!From both to humans!
USDA NRCS
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BrucellosisBrucellosis
At risk: At risk: Cattle, goats, Cattle, goats,
sheep, swine and sheep, swine and other domestic other domestic animalsanimals
Moose, elk and bisonMoose, elk and bison HumansHumans
Historically spread from domestic to wildHistorically spread from domestic to wildSpread from bison and elk to domestic Spread from bison and elk to domestic herds todayherds today
www.montana.edu/wwwcbs
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Transmissible spongiform Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies encephalopathies
Called TSEsCalled TSEs
Thought to be caused by prions, Thought to be caused by prions, infectious, self-replicating proteinsinfectious, self-replicating proteins
Three important diseases in animalsThree important diseases in animals Chronic wasting diseaseChronic wasting disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathyBovine spongiform encephalopathy ScrapieScrapie
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Chronic wasting diseaseChronic wasting disease
At risk: mule deer, At risk: mule deer, white-tailed deer, white-tailed deer, Shiras moose and Shiras moose and mountain elkmountain elk
Always fatalAlways fatal
Not clear if Not clear if transmittable to transmittable to domestic animalsdomestic animals
Not clear if originally Not clear if originally transmitted from transmitted from domestic animalsdomestic animals
USDA NRCS
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (aka “mad cow disease”)(aka “mad cow disease”)
Another TSE, much in the Another TSE, much in the newsnewsAffects cattle 2 to 8 years oldAffects cattle 2 to 8 years oldAlways fatalAlways fatalTransmitted through Transmitted through consumption of brain or consumption of brain or central nervous system central nervous system tissues of infected animalstissues of infected animalsCannot be transmitted by Cannot be transmitted by animals sharing pasture or animals sharing pasture or penspens
NRCS
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ScrapieScrapieAffects sheep and goats 2 to Affects sheep and goats 2 to 5 years old5 years oldAlways fatalAlways fatalPasses from mother to youngPasses from mother to youngCan be passed from animal Can be passed from animal to animal or animal to to animal or animal to environmentenvironmentHumans are not susceptible Humans are not susceptible to infection from meat, milk to infection from meat, milk or contact with infected or contact with infected animalsanimalsScrapie tag required in Scrapie tag required in breeder sheepbreeder sheep
NRCS
ScrapieScrapie
NRCS
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West Nile virusWest Nile virus
Passed by mosquitoes Passed by mosquitoes from infected birds to from infected birds to other birds, horses and other birds, horses and humanshumans
Not passed animal to Not passed animal to animal or animal to animal or animal to humanhuman
Most humans and Most humans and animals infected show animals infected show only flu-like symptomsonly flu-like symptoms
www.insectidentification.org
www.cdc.gov
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Lyme diseaseLyme disease
Spread by deer Spread by deer ticksticks
Cannot be spread Cannot be spread animal to animal, animal to animal, animal to human, or animal to human, or human to humanhuman to human
Early symptoms are Early symptoms are flu-likeflu-like
www.insectidentification.org
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HantavirusHantavirusDeer mouse is Deer mouse is primary carrierprimary carrier
Passed through Passed through urine, droppings and urine, droppings and salivasaliva
Humans contract Humans contract disease by breathing disease by breathing in dust from the in dust from the infected materialsinfected materials
www.cdc.gov
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Bubonic plagueBubonic plague
Transmitted by Transmitted by fleas that bite fleas that bite infected rodentsinfected rodents
Can be Can be transmitted transmitted human to humanhuman to human
Most common in Most common in southwestern southwestern statesstates
www.insectidentification.org
http://photogallery.nrcs.usda.gov
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Avian influenza (bird flu)Avian influenza (bird flu)
Wild birds, domestic Wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans are poultry, and humans are at riskat risk
Passed from bird to bird Passed from bird to bird and bird to humanand bird to human
No documented human No documented human to human transmissionto human transmission
Concern regarding Concern regarding mutation possibilitiesmutation possibilities
www.smithmeadows.com
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RabiesRabies
Infectious viral disease affecting mammals, including humans
Passed through bites of infected animals
Vaccinations available for most domestic animals and humans
Treatable in humans after infection (before clinical signs appear)
Fatal in untreated animals
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E. coliE. coliRefers to a group of bacteria that are naturally occurring in the intestinal tracts of cattle, deer, goats and sheep
Transmitted to humans through ingestion of feces-contaminated food or water
Infected people, especially children, can also pass the disease
Most people recover without antibiotics, but in a small percentage of people, it can cause complications
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GiardiaGiardia
Gastrointestinal disease caused by a parasitePassed through ingestion of feces or food or water contaminated by manureCondition generally requires medical treatmentFound in soils, water, contaminated surfaces and food
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Preventing contamination Preventing contamination
Small-acreage properties have the added complication of animal manure
Manage manure sources, storage areas, compost and other sources of contamination carefully
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Preventing contaminationPreventing contamination
Clean water troughs regularly
Avoid contaminating irrigation water
UNCE, Reno, Nev.
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Identifying wildlife damageIdentifying wildlife damage
Do you know that something is destroying your plants, property or livestock, but don’t know what animal it is?
You can’t control or discourage it until you can identify the animal
The following information may help you identify the culprit
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Plant damagePlant damage
Nebraska Game and Park Commission
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Plant damagePlant damage
Wildlife Damage Image Collection, U of N, Lincoln and USDA
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Damage caused by carnivoresDamage caused by carnivores
National Park Service
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Minimizing wildlife conflictsMinimizing wildlife conflicts
Limit access to your homeLimit access to your home
Limit access to your yardLimit access to your yard
Reduce the attractiveness of your Reduce the attractiveness of your living areasliving areas
Reduce the temptations to Reduce the temptations to predatorspredators
Limit access to your homeLimit access to your home
www.crittercontrol.com
Limit access to your yardLimit access to your yard
www.farmphoto.comwww.farmphoto.com
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Fencing to Fencing to discouragediscourage wildlife wildlife
Type and species of wildlifeType and species of wildlifeAdditional purpose(s) of fencingAdditional purpose(s) of fencingType of fencingType of fencing Net wireNet wire ElectricElectric Electric modification of existing fencesElectric modification of existing fences Portable electric fencesPortable electric fences Deer fenceDeer fence
Fencing Fencing considerationsconsiderations
UCCE
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Reduce the temptations to Reduce the temptations to predatorspredators
UCCE
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Pet management strategiesPet management strategies
Remove pet food Remove pet food from wildlife from wildlife accessaccessControl your pets, Control your pets, especially at especially at nightnightIf you confine If you confine your pets outside, your pets outside, make sure the make sure the area is safearea is safe
UCES
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Livestock managementLivestock management
Some domestic Some domestic animals attract animals attract predatorspredators mountain lions, mountain lions,
bears, coyotes bears, coyotes and dogsand dogs
raccoons, raccoons, opossums and opossums and skunksskunks
www.aphis.usda.gov
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Predator avoidancePredator avoidance
Move animalsMove animals
Guard animals Guard animals
Destroy pest Destroy pest animalsanimals
www.lgd.org
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Move animalsMove animals
Moving Moving animals into animals into a barn or a barn or night pen night pen will reduce will reduce access by access by predatorspredators
UCCE
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Guard animalsGuard animalsDogsDogs
LlamasLlamas
DonkeysDonkeys
UNCE, Reno, Nev.UCCE
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Guard dogsGuard dogs
They are not shepherds or herders – they They are not shepherds or herders – they are protectorsare protectors Great Pyrenees, Akbash, Kommodores, Great Pyrenees, Akbash, Kommodores,
Anatolian shepherds, MaremmasAnatolian shepherds, Maremmas
Pros Pros Effective - 84% of respondents in a Colorado Effective - 84% of respondents in a Colorado
survey rated dogs’ performance at deterring survey rated dogs’ performance at deterring predators as excellent or goodpredators as excellent or good
Deters many species of wildlifeDeters many species of wildlife
ConsCons May be aggressive to peopleMay be aggressive to people Must be started as very young pupsMust be started as very young pups
LlamasLlamas
ProsPros 80% of owners rated them as effective or very 80% of owners rated them as effective or very
effectiveeffective Most effective for coyotes and dogsMost effective for coyotes and dogs Need less trainingNeed less training Need no special foodNeed no special food Live longer than dogsLive longer than dogs
ConsCons May be afraid of mountain lions (who isn’t!)May be afraid of mountain lions (who isn’t!)
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DonkeysDonkeys
ProsPros Least expensiveLeast expensive Somewhat effective Somewhat effective
against dogs and against dogs and coyotescoyotes
ConsCons Not as effective as Not as effective as
dogs or llamasdogs or llamas 59% of Texas sheep 59% of Texas sheep
producers rated producers rated donkeys good or donkeys good or fairfair www.donkeybreedsociety.co.uk
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Destroying pest animalsDestroying pest animals
Some may be destroyed without Some may be destroyed without permitpermit
Others require a permitOthers require a permit
Some may not be destroyed, such Some may not be destroyed, such as threatened species, endangered as threatened species, endangered species or other protected speciesspecies or other protected species
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Resources for helpResources for help
USDA Wildlife ServicesUSDA Wildlife ServicesLocal Cooperative Extension office Local Cooperative Extension office State Department of AgricultureState Department of AgricultureLicensed pest control companiesLicensed pest control companiesLocal animal control authorities Local animal control authorities Local health departmentLocal health departmentLocal branch of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Local branch of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceServiceLocal National Wildlife Federation chapterLocal National Wildlife Federation chapter
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Regulations in local areaRegulations in local areaDogsDogsCoyotesCoyotesFoxesFoxesMountain lionsMountain lionsBearsBearsWolvesWolvesMooseMooseNuisance deer, etc.Nuisance deer, etc. texnat.tamu.edu/ranchref
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Other wildlife pests that affect Other wildlife pests that affect domestic livestockdomestic livestock
Black fliesMormon cricketsScorpionsSnakesPigeonsStarlingsFlickers and woodpeckersCanada geeseCommensal rodentsPocket gophers, moles and voles
Prairie dogs and ground squirrelsTree squirrels and chipmunksBeavers and muskrats PorcupinesRabbitsRaccoon and opossumsLarge herbivores (deer and elk)Feral animals
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Black fliesBlack flies
www.okstate.edu
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Black fly controlBlack fly control
Use insecticides in still water
Improve water quality
Wear light-colored clothing to avoid bites
Apply repellant to individual animals
Try Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti)
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Mormon cricketsMormon crickets
www.uwyo.edu
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ScorpionsScorpions
western exterminators
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Scorpion controlScorpion controlRemove all debris that provides cover for scorpionsKeep grass closely mowed Store garbage containers off the ground in a frameNever bring firewood in the house unless you are going to place it directly on the fire. Plug holes, repair screens, and fill all cracks to limit accessManage their food source (insects and spiders)
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SnakesSnakesMost snakes are not poisonousMost snakes eat insects and/or rodentsSnakes like cool, damp, dark shelters, which may lead them to your house or other buildings
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Poisonous snakesPoisonous snakes
Nebraska Game and Park Commission
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Nuisance birdsNuisance birds
Pigeons
Starlings
Woodpeckers
Canada geeseNebraska Game and Park Commission
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Environmental modificationsEnvironmental modifications
Wildlife Damage Image Collection, U of N, Lincoln and USDA
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Frightening devicesFrightening devices
www.myths.e2bn.org
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Repellants or toxicants, trapping Repellants or toxicants, trapping and destroyingand destroying
Nebraska Game and Park Commission
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PigeonsPigeons
Ryancordell.com
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StarlingsStarlings
www.havahart.com
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Controlling starlingsControlling starlings
Cover crops with nets
Clean up food sources
Use foods that are difficult for starlings to eat
Feed later in the day
Exclude birds from nesting and roosting areas
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Woodpeckers and flickersWoodpeckers and flickers
www.gardencone.com
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Canada geese Canada geese
www.gardencone.com
Controlling Canada geeseControlling Canada geese
Make sites less desirable by discontinuing public feeding
Restrict easy access between land and water
Plant less-palatable grasses
Use dogs as a deterrent
Provide an alternate food source
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Rodents and related varmintsRodents and related varmints
Commensal rodents (live near or with people) Mice Rats
Gophers, moles and volesPrairie dogs and ground squirrelsTree squirrels and chipmunksBeavers and muskratsPorcupines
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Commensal rodentsCommensal rodents
www.ag.arizon.edu
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Controlling commensal rodentsControlling commensal rodents
www.hpcsc.appstate.edu
Remove food sources
Exclude them by filling entry points
Use traps or toxicants
Get a cat
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Pocket gophersPocket gophers
http://wdfw.wa.gov
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MolesMoles
www.palaoes.com
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VolesVoles
Laurie Smith, USDA
www.pestgon.com
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Prairie dogs and Prairie dogs and ground squirrelsground squirrels
Nebraska Game and Parks COmmission
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Tree squirrels and chipmunks Tree squirrels and chipmunks
Nebraska Game and Parks COmmission
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Beavers and muskratsBeavers and muskrats
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
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Controlling beavers and muskratsControlling beavers and muskrats
, U of N, Lincoln and USDA
Exclude them from small water bodies
Vary water levels
Fence
Protect trees
Trap (need permit)
Shoot (if allowed)
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PorcupinesPorcupines
www.gpnc.org ICWDM.org and USDA/WS
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Controlling porcupinesControlling porcupines
Modify the habitat
Exclude them
Use tree trunk guards
Trap
Shoot
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RabbitsRabbits
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
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Raccoons and opossumsRaccoons and opossums
www.unpronounceable.comICWDM.org and USDA/WS
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Controlling raccoons and Controlling raccoons and opossumsopossums
Don’t feed them! Store all food and garbage in secure containersPrevent access through pet doorsExclude them from compost piles and other sources of food
Never feed raccoons, no matter how cute
they seem!
www.flicr.com
More exclusion methodsMore exclusion methods
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Eliminate access to potential den sites
Secure poultry coops
Fence vegetable gardens and orchards
Fence ponds
Protect bird feeders and nest boxes
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Large herbivores Large herbivores (deer and elk)(deer and elk)
USDA NRCS
USDA NRCS
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Feral animalsFeral animals
NRCS
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Feral animalsFeral animals
Kayentaanimalshelter.org
www.caspca.org
www.usda.gov
Encouraging WildlifeEncouraging Wildlife
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What wildlife needsWhat wildlife needs
Food: a variety of plant species and types
Water: natural or artificial sources
Shelter: safety, shade, cover and nesting
USDA NRCS
Plant selectionPlant selection
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Match food and shelter plants to the needs of the species you want to attract
Create diversity
Make sure plantings mesh with the needs and capabilities of your landscape
More about plant selectionMore about plant selection
WSU Clark County Extension
Mix sizes, heights and types of vegetation
Use native species
Don’t forget to maintain defensible space and basic safety
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Water for wildlifeWater for wildlife
All life needs All life needs water, water, including including wildlifewildlife
Wildlife can Wildlife can use natural or use natural or artificial artificial sourcessources
dlp.cs.berkeley.edu
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Natural water sourcesNatural water sources
Should provide:Should provide:Plants along edges Plants along edges to provide stabilityto provide stabilityBuffer areas of taller Buffer areas of taller plants to provide plants to provide cover for animalscover for animalsA variety of plants, A variety of plants, giving wildlife a giving wildlife a variety of habitats variety of habitats
birdsofoklahoma.net
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Artificial ponds or water holesArtificial ponds or water holesShould provide:Should provide:
Both shallow and Both shallow and deep areasdeep areas
Rocks along the Rocks along the edgesedges
Plants along the Plants along the edges to provide edges to provide stabilitystability
Buffer areas of taller Buffer areas of taller plants to provide plants to provide cover for animalscover for animals
www.farmphoto.com
NRCS, Mont.
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Artificial water sourcesArtificial water sources
Troughs, tanks, etc. Troughs, tanks, etc. should have ramps to should have ramps to aid small animals and aid small animals and birds that might birds that might otherwise drownotherwise drown
On-demand water On-demand water sources for livestock sources for livestock should be routinely should be routinely checked for problemschecked for problems
What about What about mosquitoes?mosquitoes?
www.farmphoto.com
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Shelter and nesting habitatShelter and nesting habitat
Provides shade, cover Provides shade, cover for nests and safety for nests and safety from predatorsfrom predators
Examples:Examples: Grasses and shrubs for Grasses and shrubs for
small animals and small animals and birdsbirds
Evergreen trees for Evergreen trees for year-round protectionyear-round protection
Snags for certain birds Snags for certain birds and small animalsand small animals
dlp.cs.berkeley.edu
www.farmphoto.com
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Selecting areas to be used for Selecting areas to be used for shelter or nesting habitatshelter or nesting habitat
Areas that are not easily cultivated Areas that are not easily cultivated or accessed, such as seeps, bogs, or accessed, such as seeps, bogs, caves, roadsides, ditches, old caves, roadsides, ditches, old buildings, etc.buildings, etc.
OrchardsOrchards
Riparian buffer stripsRiparian buffer strips
Snags, fence rows, hedgerowsSnags, fence rows, hedgerows
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Habitat for birdsHabitat for birds
Need a Need a combination of combination of shrubs, trees and shrubs, trees and grassesgrassesLeave occasional Leave occasional downed and downed and standing snags standing snags for nests and for nests and perchesperches
dlp.cs.berkeley.edu
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For hummingbirdsFor hummingbirds
Hummingbirds are Hummingbirds are pollinatorspollinators
As with all birds, As with all birds, they need water, they need water, food and shelterfood and shelter
Hummingbirds are Hummingbirds are omnivores (also omnivores (also eat insects and eat insects and spiders)spiders) birdwatching-bliss.com
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Attracting songbirdsAttracting songbirdsIdentify the birds in your areaNeed food, water and shelter Some have special nesting needsControl potential predators, especially during the nesting season
USDA NRCS
Habitat for upland game birdsHabitat for upland game birds
BLMNRCS
USDA NRCS
NRCS
For birds of preyFor birds of prey
Nebraska Game and Park Commission
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Habitat for batsHabitat for bats
Bats are great Bats are great insectivores!insectivores!
Like all animals, Like all animals, they need water, they need water, food and shelterfood and shelter
They are They are susceptible to susceptible to pesticidespesticides
New Jersey Audubon Society
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For butterfliesFor butterflies
Like all animals, Like all animals, they need water, they need water, food and shelterfood and shelterProviding food Providing food and shelter for all and shelter for all four stages of four stages of their life cycle can their life cycle can ensure return ensure return visitsvisits
http://news.synearth.net
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Native or solitary beesNative or solitary bees
Recent studies indicate Recent studies indicate a reduction in a reduction in pollinators worldwide pollinators worldwide
Many areas are reporting Many areas are reporting the disappearance of the disappearance of honey beeshoney bees
Solitary bees are the Solitary bees are the unsung pollinators unsung pollinators present in most areaspresent in most areas
www.pollination.com
AmphibiansAmphibians
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
Salamanders
Frogs
Toads
www.statesymbolsusa.com
ReptilesReptilesTurtles
Snakes
Lizards
Weforanimals.com
www.arabpinto.com
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission
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Other species to attract???Other species to attract???
calpoly.edu
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Pasture and landscape management Pasture and landscape management to encourage wildlifeto encourage wildlife
Keep wildlife needs in mindKeep wildlife needs in mind Provide access to waterProvide access to water Avoid early season mowing and chemical Avoid early season mowing and chemical
weed control in tall grassweed control in tall grass Control noxious weeds Control noxious weeds Maintain habitat corridors Maintain habitat corridors Manage fuels to reduce fire hazardsManage fuels to reduce fire hazards
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Fencing considerations to Fencing considerations to encourage wildlifeencourage wildlife
Type and species of wildlifeType and species of wildlife
Continual or seasonal access Continual or seasonal access needsneeds
Localized or full accessLocalized or full access
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Avoiding impacts to Avoiding impacts to wildlife requires: wildlife requires:
Pet managementPet management
Livestock Livestock management management
Pasture/landscape Pasture/landscape management management
Appropriate fencingAppropriate fencing
birdsofoklahoma.net
www.flickr.com
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Living with wildlifeLiving with wildlife
Determine local wildlife populationDetermine local wildlife population
Determine wildlife goals for your Determine wildlife goals for your propertyproperty Complete exclusionComplete exclusion Open accessOpen access Combination Combination
Determine available wildlife habitat on Determine available wildlife habitat on your propertyyour property
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the Landthe Land
Your design for your propertyYour design for your property
Design or redesign your property layout and facilities, especially the portion dedicated to animal uses, to avoid impacts to the land and wildlife. Include: Existing or proposed space, shelter, water and
feed areas for animals Manure storage areas and schedules Fencing or strategies for avoiding predation or
limiting wildlife access Landscaping or features to attract desirable
wildlife