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www.girem.in
Managing Solid Waste at the Assembly Constituency Level
FOREWORD In urban India, on a daily basis, the average per capita waste generation is estimated at 500 grams. With rapid
urbanisation, enhanced economic activities and our own apathy towards public cleanliness and hygiene, the
generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is increasing at an alarming pace.
Household waste is thrown on the streets; trade waste dumped in roadside bins; bio-medical waste is disposed
of in municipal areas; industrial waste in open streams and areas and so on. The problem of dealing with MSW is
humongous. Different cities have taken different approaches with varied results.
Yet the problem of municipal solid waste continues to stare in our face.
After an exhaustive study of the different approaches, not just in India but also overseas, GIREM has come up with
a feasible solution, applicable on a pan-India basis.
Assembly Constituency at the core of MSW Management This report of GIREM primarily highlights the potential of solid waste management practices in generating energy
at the level of an Assembly constituency. The community approach is simple, feasible and scalable.
The report has selected Gurgaon for its case study. Gurgaon typifies the rise of the first ever Super Star City of
India and there are many such cities in the making. While impressive chrome and glass facades of buildings are
dotting the skyline, the eyesore is at the ground level where garbage is piled up everywhere. Gurgaon generates
about 2,19,000 tons of waste annually and its treatment is far from satisfactory.
The story is the same in almost all growing cities.
In this background, GIREM proposes setting up of Waste to Energy (WTE) plants in each Assembly segment,
holding the legislator accountable for the upkeep of his constituency and also involving the community within that
segment.
The main factors that determine the techno-economic viability of WTE projects are the quantum of investment,
scale of operation, availability of quality waste, statutory requirements and project risks. Considering all these
factors, GIREM proposes WTE plants based on the successful working model in Sweden. The report has cited the
Swedish model which has been hailed the world over.
Shyam Sundar S Pani
President
GIREM
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ Page:06
ISSUES & CHALLENGESUnderstanding Waste
• Understanding the components of waste .................................................................... Page: 08
• Situational Analysis of Urban Solid Waste Management – Pan India .......................... Page:09
Case study – Gurgaon
• Why Gurgaon?............................................................................................................ Page:10
• Municipal Solid Waste Management in Gurgaon......................................................... Page: 10
• The Process................................................................................................................ Page: 10
• Issues of concern .................................................................................................... Page: 11
• Conclusion ................................................................................................................ Page: 11
Consequence of combined waste dumped in landfills or in city level dump yards.
• Environmental Hazards ....................................................................................... . Page: 13
• Health Hazards ..................................................................................................... Page: 13
RECOMMENDATIONSGIREM recommendations - Waste to Energy Plants at Assembly Constituency level
• Potential of harnessing waste for energy – at a glance ...................................... Page: 16
• What GIREM proposes? ........................................................................................ Page: 17
• Why waste to energy solutions? ............................................................................ Page: 18
Case Study Sweden
• How is it done? .................................................................................................... Page: 19
• Understanding the value of waste to energy .................................................. Page: 20
• Addressing environmental concerns .............................................................. Page: 20
• Clean emissions to the air ........................................................................... Page: 20
• Clean emissions to waterways ........................................................................... Page: 20
• Waste to energy process map at the Sävenäs waste-to-energy plant ............ Page 23
Indian Context: Why waste to energy can be an effective solution to India’s growing volumes of combined
waste ............................................................................................................................. Page: 25
Establishing Assembly Constituency level Waste to Energy Plants, on the lines of Sweden using the
Incinerator technology. ....................................................................................... Page: 26
• Typical Assembly Constituency Scenario in Bangalore ..................................... Page: 26
• Benefits of setting up of Assembly Constituency Level Waste Management Plants .. Page: 26
• Estimating the value of WASTE to ENERGY from each Assembly Constituency ...... Page: 27
How do the GIREM cities fare? ........................................................................... Page: 28
Issue wise recommendations for Municipal Solid Waste Management practices in Indian Cities Page: 29
• Creating awareness ....................................................................................... Page: 29
• Policy / Legislative Issues ....................................................................................... Page: 29
• Financial Issues ....................................................................................................... Page: 29
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CONTENTS
• Management Issues .......................................................................................... Page: 29
• Supportive Issues ....................................................................................................... Page: 29
Impact of integrated solid waste management practices ......................................... Page: 30
WTE programmes in the National Master Plan of the MNRE ......................................... Page: 31
Summary .................................................................................................................... Page: 32
About GIREM .................................................................................................................... Page: 33
Research Team ....................................................................................................... Page: 34
Glossary .................................................................................................................... Page: 36
Bibliography .................................................................................................................... Page: 36
INTRODUCTION
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GIREM’s research also indicates that a ‘number of
countries have been successful in implementing WTE
(Waste to Energy) and will continue to reap the benefits
for many years to come for the betterment of their
citizens. Most of these countries have more stringent
environmental standards and monitoring mechanisms
than India. These facts should both encourage and
reassure environmental groups and other stakeholders
of the various benefits of implementing WTE technology
in India. GIREM’s recommendations are based on
substantiated research and implementation reports
from across the country and abroad.
India is in the throes of a modern day disaster, and one
that is of its very own making. And getting out of it will
require the will and might of every citizen, corporate,
institute and municipality in the country.
We are talking about municipal solid waste
management in cities. Inadequate management
of municipal solid waste is leading to over-flowing
landfills and mounds mounds of garbage in different
places at urban and peri-urban areas. With research
studies indicating that every person generates between
400-500 gms of waste per day, India is expected
to generate 160.5 million Tonnes of Waste per year
(TPY) (440,000 TPD) by 2041. In a ‘business as usual’
scenario, India will be choking under the weight of
its own garbage as the present infrastructure itself
is struggling to dispose waste generated in a safe
and effective manner. In such a scenario, it is evident
that India’s present strategies and interventions are
inadequate to tackle the growing volumes of waste
generated on a daily basis.
GIREM Recommendations – Waste To Energy solutions at Assembly Constituency level While there are many strategies, methodologies
and technologies to manage waste, this report of
GIREM primarily highlights the potential of solid
waste management practices in generating energy
at the Assembly Constituency level. Given the
growing concern about garbage disposal in the
light of over-flowing landfills, and its related health
and environmental hazards, GIREM is proposing
Waste to Energy plants based on the successful
working model in Sweden. By adopting the same in a
large scale, India’s solid waste management solutions
can leap frog into the league of countries who are
implementing technology driven solutions to manage
high volumes of growing municipal solid waste in an
environmentally friendly manner. Although this may
require a paradigm shift from the present scenario of
municipal solid waste management, waste to energy
solutions may well be the only solution in the future to
manage the monumental volumes of waste that India is
generating on a daily basis.
Estimates suggest that every person generates
between 400-500 gms of waste per day. It
is estimated that urban India will generate
waste to the extent of 160.5 million TPY
(440,000 TPD) by 2041. In a ‘business as
usual’ scenario, India will be choking under
the weight of its own garbage as the present
infrastructure itself is struggling to dispose
waste generated in a safe and effective
manner.
ISSUES & CHALLENGES
ISSUES & CHALLENGESISSUES & CHALLENGES
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Understanding WasteWaste can consist of household wastes, construction
and demolition debris, sanitation residues, e-waste and
hospital waste. Waste in offices is also being generated
in the form of used stationary, photocopies, printed
reports, brochures etc. E-waste is adding significantly
to the concern of managing waste as computers,
communication gadgets, electronic gadgets and related
peripherals are being purchased and disposed off on
a regular basis by residential and commercial users.
Additionally, paper and plastic cups or plates, food, etc
are also being generated by the corporate offices. If not
managed properly, this combination of bio-degradable
and non bio-degradable waste would travel hundreds
of kilometers and end up as a collective waste in the
landfill.
Understanding the components of waste The composition of urban MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)
in India is 51% organics, 18% recyclables (paper,
plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of inerts (Waste
that does not undergo biological, chemical, physical,
or radiological transformation. Inert waste includes
building (demolition waste), gravel, sand and stone but
not any biodegradable, hazardous, or green (botanical)
material).
ISSUES & CHALLENGES
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Situational Analysis of Urban Solid Waste Management – Pan India Urban Solid Waste Management continues to remain
one of the most neglected areas of urban development
in India.
As per tabulations, the waste generated in 366 Indian
cities in total represent 70% of India’s urban population.
(the tabulations have been done on the basis of per
capita waste which is waste generated per person per
day)
Year Per capita waste
(waste
generated per
person per day)
Waste Generated By
Urban IndiaTons/day Tons/year
2011 0.498 1,85,132 6,75,73,3512012 0.505 1,92,847 7,03,89,2952013 0.512 2,00,884 7,33,22,5852014 0.518 2,09,255 7,63,78,1142015 0.525 217,,975 7,95,60,9732016 0.532 2,27,059 8,28,76,4702017 0.539 2,36,521 8,63,30,1312018 0.547 2,46,377 8,99,27,7152019 0.554 2,56,644 9,36,75,2182020 0.561 2,67,339 9,75,78,8902021 0.569 2,78,480 10,16,45,236Cummulative Waste
Generated
25,18,515 91,92,57,977
Table 1: Estimates of Per Capita Waste generated until
2021, and estimates of waste generated by urban India
ISSUES & CHALLENGESISSUES & CHALLENGES
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Case study – GurgaonWhy Gurgaon?We are referring to Gurgaon as a case study here
because the city typifies the rise of the first ever super
star city of India. Today, India has several would be
Gurgaons in the making. If we do not look beyond the
chrome and glass facade of their buildings, and address
issues related to integrated solid waste management,
then these cities could very well be in the throes of a
waste management disaster. Every day, about 600 tons
of municipal solid waste (MSW) is being collected by
Gurgaon Municipal Corporation by various contractors
from 35 Corporation Wards in Gurgaon City. This works
out to about 219000 tons annually. In addition, large
quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by
various industries spread across the city.
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Gurgaon The authority responsible for solid waste management,
the Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon (MCG) is still
in its nascent stages. The MCG took effect on 2 June
2008.
The process
Residential
Waste generated in households is generally accumulat-
ed in small containers or dustbins and then disposed of
into community bins. Due to the absence of adequate
storage capacity, waste is also continually dumped on
the road. The MCG has employed private contractors to
collect the municipal solid waste from all wards of the
city. Usually these contractors collect the waste from
the community bins. There is no system for door to door
collection in the city.
Commercial
Commercial sectors, such as shops, offices, and hotels,
also use the community waste bin system, and their
waste is also collected along with household waste.
Industrial
In the industrial sector, usually the waste is handled
manually. There are very few mechanical aids for waste
management. Wastes are shovelled into storage con-
Figure 4: Gurgaon Map
Figure 3: A corporate building in Gurgaon – futuristic design and style dominates the landscape
ISSUES & CHALLENGES
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tainers and loaded manually in the trucks. The issues on
waste collection in the industrial sector are:
• The waste is not segregated
• High operating cost & low collection revenue
• Limited serviceable area
• Irregular collection schedules
In this report, the average of the solid waste generated
is computed on the figures available from the GMC
website (Gurgaon Municipal Corporation) for the first six
weeks across January and February 2012. The average
for the year is derived on this basis of the average of
these six weeks.
Figure 5: Flowchart of MSW
Issues of concern• It is typical for offices not to have any standing
arrangements with one contractors, but to allow
collection by contractor quoting lowest rates.
• Hazardous wastes are invariably collected along with
the other wastes.
• Contractors who carry hazardous waste do not need
to be licensed, and consequently, there is little control
over either the types of firms engaged in carrying
hazardous waste or the vehicles used.
• Drivers of trucks laden with waste are not given a list
of precautions to be taken
• There is no manifest or labelling system of wastes
during transport.
• At times a MSW is mixed with biomedical and
hazardous wastes.
• Different types of vehicles, such as push carts and
trucks are used for waste transportation. It has been
observed that many of the vehicles have outlived their
normal lives, resulting in high fuel consumption and
low efficiency.
• The wastes are not covered during transportation.
• Although segregation is done, the same is not
maintained from the time the garbage is collected to
the time it is finally dumped in the landfill. Eventually
at some stage, the segregated garbage is mixed.
Conclusion Given this scenario using Gurgaon as a case study,
the overall trends across India indicate that combined
waste is transported to the landfill. While it is a fact
that waste that is recyclable or can be sold is picked
by rag pickers or waste pickers, the potential of that
component of waste (organic waste) which can be
composted and turned into manure or bio-gas is
hardly utilized.
Hence, there is need for a technology driven solution
to manage large volumes of combined waste in the
light of ineffective or inadequate segregation, reuse or
recycle practices.
The per capita waste generated in Gurgaon
is about 400 gms per day. Accordingly, each
person generates about 145 Kgs per annum.
ISSUES & CHALLENGESISSUES & CHALLENGES
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Figure 7: Current Practices of handling MSW
ISSUES & CHALLENGES
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Consequence of combined waste dumped in landfills or in city level dump yards Environmental Hazards The least expensive and most widely used waste
management option for both municipal and industrial
waste has been the sanitary landfill, where wastes
are compacted and covered with earth. Even in the
best engineered sites, some leachate escapes into
the groundwater system because no permanent
engineering solution has been found to isolate the
leachate completely from the groundwater.
Health HazardsPoor collection and disposal of solid waste can
trigger off epidemics of some vector borne or food
borne infections. Leachates from dumping grounds
may contaminate ground water and lead to health
hazards. Rag pickers and conservancy staff have
higher morbidity due to infections of skin, respiratory,
gastrointestinal tract and multisystem allergic disorders,
in addition to a high prevalence of bites of rodents,
dogs and other vermin.
As India’s urban population continues to increase
space for landfills will become more costly and it will
be necessary to find other means for dealing with the
growing amount of MSW. It is estimated that at current
rates of dumping/landfilling, by mid-century India
will require approximately 1,400 km2 of land or the
equivalent of three Mumbai cities. Also, as experience
has shown, there is much resistance to locating new
landfills in suburban or even rural areas.
Figure 8: Incidence of diseases tested for in waste pickers
RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
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GIREM recommendations - Waste to Energy Plants at Assembly Constituency levelPotential of harnessing waste to energy – at a glance
According to the Planning Commission of India, the total estimated
medium-term potential (2032) for power generation from renewable energy
sources such as wind, small hydro, solar, waste to energy and biomass in
the country is about 1,83,000 MW.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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What GIREM proposes?
Figure 12: Methodologies of solid waste management towards a cleaner and greener environment
Figure 13: Life-cycle of solid waste management at a glance
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
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Why waste to energy solutions? WTE is a large scale technology. Most WTE plants are
built with a capacity to handle 1,000 TPD of waste. The
economics of a WTE plant depends upon the type of
energy output from it. Energy generation from MSW can
be in the form of electricity and/or Steam. The following
are the advantages of waste to energy technology for
managing combined waste:
• The Municipal solid waste (MSW) generated has a
natural high-energy generation potential.
• Potential for Interactive Grid Connectivity as well
as stand-alone power generation and distribution
potential
• Incineration of MSW is a well established WTE
Technology and widely adopted in the developed
countries.
• By installing air pollution control systems for flue gas
clean-up, environmental concerns can be addressed.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Case Study SwedenLarge amounts of substances hazardous to the
environment and human health are found in waste.
In Western Sweden, Renova, a leading waste and
recycling company, burns up to 72 tonnes of waste per
hour and breaks down or separates out pollutants in
the waste very effectively in a place called Sävenäs.
Owned by eleven municipalities, Renova delivers energy
equivalent to 175,000 tonnes of oil or 160 million m3 of
natural gas.
How is it done?The Sävenäs plant produces heating and electricity
by using waste as fuel. The flue gases formed during
combustion heat the water in the boiler, which is
transformed into steam and conducted to a turbine
that spins and in turn drives a generator that produces
electricity. The steam is then cooled back into water in
a condenser. The heat is then taken up by the district
heating system as hot water which is circulated to
households and businesses for heating.
The Sävenäs waste-to-energy plant, located just 200
metres from the nearest residential area, makes it safe
to be located in a residential area. The company which
installed Renova’s waste-fuelled district heating power
plant is one of the world’s most advanced facilities
for the incineration of waste. The plant is licensed
to incinerate 550,000 tonnes of waste per year and
operates around the clock, all year round.
The waste incinerated provides electricity equivalent
to the annual consumption of 60,000 apartments
and additionally heating and hot water for 120,000
apartments. The plant thus contributes the energy
equivalent to that from over 120,000 tonnes of oil or 120
million cubic metres of natural gas.
Renova hosts many study visits from groups from all
over the world every year. There is a lot of interest in
their waste-fuelled district heating and power plant
in Sävenäs and in how they’ve managed to combine
high efficiency with low emissions. For example, the
Bill Clinton Foundation’s waste expert Alex Hurd chose
Renova and Gothenburg when he wanted to study best
practice in how to manage waste in a large city with
minimal environmental impact.
Energy recovered from waste can be used in the
following ways:
• Generation of Power (electricity)
• Generation of Heat
• Generation of Heat and Power (this is referred to as
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
The energy generation option selected for an
incineration facility will depend on the potential for end
users to utilize the heat and/or power available. In
most instances power can be easily distributed and
sold via the national grid and this is by far the most
common form of energy recovery.
For heat, the consumer needs to be local to the facility
producing the heat and a dedicated distribution system
(network) is required. Unless all of the available heat
can be used the generating facility will not always be
operating at its optimum efficiency.
The use of CHP combines the generation of heat
and power (electricity). This helps to increase the
overall energy efficiency for a facility compared to
generating power only. In addition, as power and heat
demand varies a CHP plant can be designed to meet
this variation and hence maintain optimum levels of
efficiency.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Understanding the value from waste to energy
The plant delivers the annual electricity consumption for
almost 60,000 apartments and heating and hot water
for approximately 120,000 apartments.
• Energy production per year: 1730 GWh
• Of which district heating: 1440 GWh
• Of which electricity is 290 GWh
• Capacity with combustion of 550,000 tonnes of waste
per year
Addressing environmental concerns
Clean emissions to the airWhen the cleaned flue gas finally leaves the chimney, it
complies with EU environmental legislation with a broad
margin.
• Dust and other particles are captured in an
electrostatic precipitator.
• A wet cleaning stage handles acidic gases, heavy
metals and sulphur.
• The flue gases pass through wet electrostatic
precipitator modules for additional particle capture.
• Heat recovery is the final stage of the wet cleaning
system.
• Dioxins and nitric oxides are treated by a catalyser in
roughly the same way as the exhaust gases from a
motor vehicle.
Clean emissions to waterways
The water that remains is clean but slightly salty and
is checked thoroughly before it is pumped out into the
Göta River.
• The pollutants from the flue gases are bound in water.
• An advanced water treatment plant separates out
pollutants very effectively
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
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Souce from: RENOVA website
Waste to energy process map at the Sävenäs waste-to-energy plant
RECOMMENDATIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
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1. Combustible waste is emptied into a waste
bunker of 22,000 m3. Two enormous grabs feed
the furnaces with waste as fuel.
•Based on his knowledge and experience, the crane
operator mixes waste of different energy contents
in order to achieve an even stream of material and
to optimise the combustion as far as possible. One
lift of the grab weighs around 5 tonnes of waste.
This waste generates 16000 kWh – the energy
required to heat a detached house for one year.
2. The temperature in the furnace remains at around
1,000 °C. The waste burns without the addition of
any other fuel. Air is blown in to achieve efficient
and controlled combustion.
•After combustion, around 20% by weight and
5–10% by volume of the fuel remains as slag. The
slag is sorted and around 10% is recycled as iron
and other metals and the remainder is used as
construction material.
3. The water in the boiler is distributed through the
steam drum via a system of pipes. The hot flue
gases heat the water until it turns into steam
which drives the turbine, which in turn drives a
generator where electric power is produced.
•The plant in Sävenäs produces electricity
equivalent to the annual consumption of 110,000
apartments.
4. In the condenser, the steam is cooled by the
water from the district heating system and heats
it. The heat pumps squeeze out an additional 20%
of energy from the flue gases – energy that is
recovered and fed back into the district heating
network.
•The plant in Sävenäs produces district heating and
hot water equivalent to the annual consumption of
150,000 apartments.
5. Before the flue gases are released into the
atmosphere via the chimney, they are cleaned in
several stages.
• First, particles are captured in an electrostatic
precipitator.
• A wet cleaning stage that handles acidic gases,
heavy metals, sulphur and additional particles
follows.
• A catalyzer then removes dioxins and nitric oxides
from the flue gases.
There are strict emissions limits on nitric oxides from
waste combustion. The plant is licensed to emit 80 mg/
m3 but in fact emits less than15 mg from line 7 thanks
to our advanced catalytic cleaning system.
•Thefacilityforfluegascleaningisoneofthe
world’s most advanced.
6. Pollutants that are now concentrated in the
water are separated out in several steps and then
processed. The water is now clean.
•Because the water is slightly salty, it is conducted
out to the Göta River along a 5 km long pipe along
the bottom of Säveån Stream.
7. During the water cleaning process, sulphur is
converted into gypsum in a separate process.
•What remains is a safe and manageable residual
productthatcanbedepositedinlandfills.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Indian Context: Why waste to energy can be an effective solution to India’s growing volumes of combined waste From an integrated solid waste management
standpoint, waste-to-energy can be an effective
solution to India’s waste crisis for the following reasons:
• Waste-to-energy is a renewable technology. It
prevents the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG)
from landfills, displaces fossil fuels used for power
generation by creating energy from the combustion
of MSW, and is an environmentally superior form of
waste disposal as compared to landfills.
• Economic growth increases the amount of goods
that are consumed, thus increasing the amount of
waste generated. A strategy of whether this waste
will be recycled or incinerated or landfilled needs to
be developed, keeping in mind economic, social, and
environmental costs and benefits.
• When urban areas begin to develop the space
available for dumping or landfilling waste becomes
scarce as the need for housing, schools, parks, and
overall urban development becomes a priority. WTE
provides an effective way to reduce the volume of
waste by approximately 90% and thereby lower the
space needed for landfills.
• The consumption of plastics is expected to increase
sharply in the future. To the extent possible,
plastics should be recycled; however, not all forms
of plastic are suitable for recycling. In this case,
waste-to-energy is preferable to landfilling since
plastics have a high heating value.
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
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Benefits of setting up of Assembly Constituency Level Waste Management Plants
Sl Category Activity Benefit
1
TRANSPORTATION
Decentralise the Municipal Solid
Waste Management to Assembly
Level, this leads to better
management and reduced cost on
transportation.
Can Reduce up to 50% on transportation
cost. At Present Bangalore alone
spends about INR 400 crore annually on
transportation of MSW alone.
2
RECYCLE
The recyclables will be segregated
at Assembly level before sending the
waste for composting or incineration.
The recyclables can be sold to
particular industries, thus earning
revenue.
We can extract about 17% of recyclables
from urban waste which is approximately
worth INR 255000/- per day per ward.
3
COMPOST / MANURE
The compost produced at these
facilities can be utilised to keep the
Constituency Green by using it in
local parks and gardens. Excess
compost can be sent to suburbs for
farming, parks and gardens.
We can produce about 75000 Kgs of
manure every day from each Assembly
constituency worth INR. 750000/- @
Rs.10 per Kg.
4
WASTE TO ENERGY
The dry waste can be utilised as raw material for the incinerator to produce
electricity and heat.4.1 The electricity generated through incinerators can by supplied to the main grid or
can be utilised for street lights within the Constituency.4.2 The heat energy generated can be supplied to the neighbourhood heating
requirements both for domestic and commercial.
Establishing Assembly Constituency level Waste to Energy Plants.With reference to the chapters covered in Issues and
Challenges, we at GIREM did a brief research to find a
solution to solve our MSW issues which are prevailing in
Urban India. Hence after a thorough case study on how
Sweden is managing its waste and in turn using waste
as an important recourses to produce green energy
we at GIREM recommends to establish such Waste to
Energy Plants in each and every Assembly Constituency
of Urban India.
Taking the example of Bangalore, which is one of the
fastest growing cities in India, the metro is producing
4620 tons of waste every day having a population
of 9 million plus. The per capita waste generation in
Bangalore is roughly around 500 grams.
Bangalore has 28 Assembly Constituencies each having
a population of 3, 00,000/- approximately which roughly
produces 150000 KGs / 165 Tons of waste every day.
Each Assembly is a collection of 7-8 wards.
Typical Assembly Constituency Scenar-io in Bangalore Approx population per ward : 300,000
Approx per capita waste per day : 500 gms
Approx waste generated per Assembly per day :
1,50,000 kgs / 165 tons
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Estimating the value of WASTE to ENERGY from each Assembly Constituency
The plant can deliver the annual electricity consumption for almost 6500+ apartments/households and heating
and hot water for approximately 13000+ apartments/households.
• Energy production per year: 190 GWh
• Of which district heating: 158 GWh
• Of which electricity is 32 GWh
• Capacity with combustion of 60225 tonnes of waste per year
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
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Sl State City
Class 2011
(2011 Population) Population
Per capita Waste
generation (kg/day)
MSW Generated (TDP)
1 Andhra Pradesh Greater Visakhapatnam Class A 17,73,946 0.673 1,194
2 Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada Class A 13,70,085 0.502 688
3 Assam Guwahati Class B 10,79,190 0.228 246
4 Bihar Patna Class A 22,37,932 0.422 945
5 Gujarat Vadodara Class A 19,65,197 0.308 606
6 Gujarat Anand Class F 2,87,965 0.399 115
7 Gujarat Surat22 Class A 37,05,707 0.468 1,734
8 Haryana Rohtak Class F 3,88,252 0.398 154
9 Haryana Ambala Class H 1,83,570 0.418 77
10 Haryana Karnal Class F 2,91,589 0.425 124
11 Haryana Gurgaon Class F 3,01,585 0.521 157
12 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Class H 1,91,077 0.308 59
13 Jharkhand Ranchi Class B 11,38,086 0.285 325
14 Karnataka Mysore Class B 10,53,383 0.524 552
15 Karnataka Mangalore Class C 7,10,912 0.57 405
16 Karnataka Belgaum Class C 6,67,541 0.451 301
17 Kerala Kozhikode [Calicut] Class B 11,60,166 0 429
18 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Class A 19,22,192 0.456 877
19 Madhya Pradesh Indore Class A 19,99,298 0.434 867
20 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Class B 11,40,792 0.4 456
21 Maharashtra Nagpur Class A 28,06,681 0.285 801
22 Orissa Cuttack Class C 7,73,906 0.338 262
23 Pondicherry Pondicherry Class C 6,66,854 0.673 449
24 Rajasthan Udaipur Class E 5,13,279 0.491 252
25 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Class A 19,25,781 0.65 1,253
26 Tamil Nadu Madurai Class A 15,85,679 0.342 543
27 Tamil Nadu Salem Class B 9,90,395 0.509 504
28 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur Class A 35,79,101 0.491 1,756
29 Uttar Pradesh Agra Class A 17,54,705 0.582 1,021
30 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Class A 15,86,821 0.445 706
31 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Class A 13,73,658 0.593 815
32 Uttar Pradesh Ghaziabad Class B 12,76,161 0.537 686
Table 3: Approx population, per capita waste and MSW (TPD) for the GIREM cities.
How do the GIREM cities fare?GIREM has identified 36 prominent Tier Two cities whose inherent strengths show promise for becoming modern
cities. In this report, we have selected the GIREM cities for their present and future significance as key cities of
India. Comparative statistics regarding the population, the per capita waste generated in the cities, and MSW
(tonnes per day) generated in these cities for the year 2001 and 2011 has been indicated. Gurgaon’s details are
given below:
Population Per Capita Waste MSW (TPD)2001 2,28,820 0.456 1042011 3,01,585 0.521 157
RECOMMENDATIONS
29www.girem.in
Issue wise recommendations for Municipal Solid Waste Management practices in Indian CitiesGIREM has compiled an integrated framework of
recommendations which would be useful for not only
Gurgaon but also other cities whose growth trajectory
could be modeled on similar lines.
Creating awarenessAwareness about solid waste management and its
importance to the health and hygiene, as well as
for protection of the environment is of paramount
importance. Even if people may be aware, they are not
implementing the simple but very important task of
segregating the waste at source (be it in homes or in
corporate).
• There should be regular mass campaigns that
emphasize segregation is relatively user friendly and
extremely essential in the overall paradigm of solid
waste management in Gurgaon.
• Regular public campaigns can illustrate the entire
life cycle so that people do not perceive their role in
isolation but realize its importance in the entire life
cycle of solid waste management in Gurgaon.
• Promote information, education, and communication.
• Provide education and training programs, as well
as enhance the administrative capabilities of local
government officials and workers.
Policy / Legislative Issues• The Local Government should formulate a long
term strategy with a detailed implementation and
monitoring plan.
• Periodic environmental audits of the MSW activities
of each municipality should be conducted by
independent third party auditors.
• The central government should provide fiscal
incentives and encourage the recycling industry by
adopting the appropriate technology through Green
Productivity.
• The Government should encourage obtaining carbon
credits in a simplified manner.
• Develop regulations and laws and also set up a
mechanism for recovering materials, recycling, and
source reduction to encourage the recycling industry.
• Review laws relating to SWM in accordance with
the current situation and impose higher tariffs on
commodities with packaging or that generate high
volume of refuse.
Financial IssuesFinance is an important resource for sustainable
waste management. Generally most of the municipal
corporations do not have many resources due to
various constraints and priorities.
• Transparency in financial regulations by incorporating
the double-entry system.
• Fiscal incentive to PPP projects that provide a capital
incentive for SWM alternatives.
• To encourage private-sector participation, grants
of soft loans, subsidies, and exemption from taxes
including the duty for machinery and equipment.
• Wherever required, the central/state government
should initiate actions to amend the municipal
acts concerning incentives/disincentives. The
“polluter-pays” principle is to be adopted, and the
municipalities are to levy a SMW cess.
Management Issues• Green Productivity linkages and mandatory recovery
will reduce the generated waste at both the
manufacturing and consumer ends.
• Start public/private partnerships to counteract
inefficient municipal workings.
• Open municipal buy-back facilities that would sell
the usable items to the general public as well as to
relevant industries.
Supportive Issues• Promote public education programs through the
electronic media.
• Encourage the participation of NGO, CBO, and
self-help groups.
RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
30 www.girem.in
Impact of integrated solid waste management practices
RECOMMENDATIONS
31www.girem.in
WTE programmes in the National Master Plan of the MNRE The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has identified energy recovery from wastes as one of its thrust
areas and prepared a National Master Plan (NMP) for the development of a Waste-to-Energy (WTE) programme in
India, which has an estimated potential of over 2500 MW (megawatts). At present only about 2% of this potential is
tapped with considerable scope for growth of WTE projects.
Table 2: : Power Potential From Urban MSW – Potential for Energy Generation from MSW and Fossil Fuel (Coal) Displacement
TitleRECOMMENDATIONS
32 www.girem.in
SUMMARY
Waste-to-Energy Plants, the way out of land-fills India is sitting on a garbage-bomb, ticking away, even
as urban planners are coming to grips with how to
resolve the gargantuan problem. Urban Solid Waste
Management continues to remain one of the most
neglected areas of urban development in India. It is an
environmental and health disaster in the making.
GIREM in its study has found that there are several
critical issues that need to be addressed when dealing
with urban solid waste management.
Scarce landfills and environmental concernsTwo critical issues are – locating landfills in an urban
environment and two ensuring that the MSW does not
trigger environmental and health hazards.
Landfills are becoming scarce in an urban environment.
As India’s urban population continues to expand,
space for landfills are not only becoming scarce but
are becoming costlier. It is estimated that at current
rates of dumping/landfilling, by 2050 India will
require approximately 1,400 square km of land or the
equivalent of three Mumbai cities. Not to forget, the
resistance that is building up in locating landfills in
suburban or even rural areas.
The other major issue is that of environmental and
health hazard, borne out of poor collection and disposal
of solid waste. Leachates from dumping grounds may
contaminate ground water and lead to health hazards.
Waste-to-Energy remains untapped
Given this scenario, GIREM in this study has indicated
the quantum of waste generated in 36 future cities
and how all of this waste is going ‘waste’. While the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has
identified energy recovery from waste as one of its
thrust areas, it has not been able to tap the enormous
potential it holds. It was estimated that waste-to-energy
programme could generate over 2,500 MW of power,
but only 2 per cent of this potential has been tapped.
GIREM has picked Gurgaon as a case study on how
municipal solid waste is collected and disposed and
what needs to be done in this city which holds a lot
of promise as a major investment destination. The
Gurgaon case study is relevant to other cities too which
face similar situation when it comes to managing MSW.
Assembly Constituency as an unitIn this background, GIREM has made recommendations
that are feasible for implementation on a pan-India
basis.
The key recommendations are:
• Community-based approach with Assembly
constituency as a unit for managing MSW.
• Minimising the use of landfills
• Setting up Waste-to-Energy plants (including
incinerators, composting units etc)
• Power generated could be fed to the grid
• Involving the participation of people/companies within
the Assembly segment
• The legislator to be held accountable for the
cleanliness of the Assembly segment
Swedish modelGIREM has studied the Swedish model of managing
solid waste through setting up of WTE plants.
GIREM states that the Swedish model is time-tested,
environment-friendly and safe and can be implemented
in India, tweaking it according to needs.
In Western Sweden, Renova, a leading waste and
recycling company, burns up to 72 tonnes of waste per
hour and breaks down or separates out pollutants in
the waste very effectively in a place called Sävenäs.
Owned by eleven municipalities, Renova delivers energy
equivalent to 175,000 tonnes of oil or 160 million m3 of
natural gas.
The investment in the WTE has long term dividends,
primarily health of the citizens and a clean environment,
which outweighs all other costs. GIREM strongly
recommends the WTE solution for India’s solid waste
problem.
Title
33www.girem.in
RECOMMENDATIONSABOUT GIREM
About GIREM
GIREM is an Industry with Charter work in the area of
urbanization and future cities, with focus on providing
businesses an eco-socio-economic infrastructure to
operate and flourish.
GIREM is a body (association) registered under the
Karnataka Society Act of 1960, represents industries,
real estate space developers and service providers.
As a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and
industry-managed association, GIREM will play a
proactive role in improving infrastructural issues that
many businesses are grappling with on a day to day
basis.
GIREM as a collective body will be the voice of the
industry and will work with local government and
supervisory agencies in the areas of infrastructure
planning, sustainable growth and development.
GIREM will partner with the industry, and government
and government agencies through advisory,
consultative and participatory processes.
GIREM is a pro-development body with a clear mission
on being problem-solving platform for building and
creating a 21st century urban infrastructure.
GIREM shall work as a catalytic agent to the industry
and the society at large, working closely with
government on policy issues, infrastructure planning
and development; facilitate businesses to become
competitive through common infrastructure facilities
and through a range of specialized services and global
linkages.
GIREM focuses on the major thrust areas of
Transportation, Energy, Water and waste management,
City and Office Space Infrastructure. GIREM in
this regard shall conduct research, create planning
frameworks for industry communities in a manner
that growth and development related challenges are
anticipated and mitigated.
GIREM was conceptualized in 2008 by Mr. Shyam
Sundar S Pani who had the vision to create a platform
to engineer change and influence people, governments,
corporations and organizations; to work collectively to
correct the discrepancies discrepancy that exist in the
way we operate; exchange ideas and collaboratively put
it into practice.
Title
34 www.girem.in
RESEARCH TEAM
RESEARCH TEAM
Shyam Sundar, President - GIREM
Shyam Sundar began his career 20 years back in PR and Marketing, at a time when corporate
social responsibility (CSR) was gaining currency in India. Even while being an entrepreneur, Shyam
kept the larger good of the community in the foreground. That larger good has seen the birth of
GIREM and he is its driving force.
As a PR and Marketing professional, he has successfully built Go To Market strategies for over hundred clients in
the IT and ITeS, education, real estate and consturction and retail sectors.
Inayath Ulla Khan, Head of Govt Relations & Research - GIREM
Inayath Ulla Khan comes with Management & NGO background. He has a Bachelors Degree in
Science from Mysore University and MBA from Sikkim Manipal University. He started his career
in HR in 2003 and moved to Event & Project Management in year 2004, having worked with
international artists and brands for various B2C, B2B & B2G events; he later shifted his focus to social sector by
joining Janaagraha in 2009 and was a Project Manager for ‘Area Suraksha Mitra’’ and ‘Bengaluru Electoral
Systems Transformation’ projects.
He has been associated with GIREM since early 2008. He ‘joined the GIREM team full-fledge in Jan 2012 and is
currently heading the Govt Relations & Research wings. His intense research caliber and liaison skills with key
decision makers, within the industry and the Government is valuable from the perspective of effective presentation
not just to a specific audience but to the public. He believes technology as a great tool and enabler, he looks great
potential in using technology for researches to solve urban issues.
Uma Swamy, Research & Communications Associate
Uma Swamy is a communications professional with 20 years of work experience in electronic
and print media. As a film director, researchers and writer, she has worked with different clients
on a wide range of issues that include economy, industry, environment, and development. As a
co-writer of this document, she has done incisive research on technologies that can be adopted
in the Indian context based on successful models abroad.
35www.girem.in
Special Contributors
Dr. Alexander Redlein, Head of Centre for Information and Facility Management, Vienna
University of Technology
Dr. Alexander Redlein is a university professor for Facility Management at the Vienna University
of Technology. After his interdisciplinary studies at the Vienna University of Technology and at the
Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration he is now engaged in research, edu-
cation and consultancy in the area of FM for almost 20 years.
He is head of the Centre for Information and Facility Management (IFM) at the Vienna University of Technology
which consist of 15 researchers in the field of Facility and Real Estate Management. Beside his research activities
he is responsible for technology transfer between the university and CEE companies. He is head of Faculty and
lead at CFMI
Mr. Sridhar Raghavendra, Vice President & Head –
RE, Facilities, Admin, EHS & Projects - GLOBAL, Mphasis.
Mr. Sridhar Raghavendra has over 15 years of experience in Strategic Facility Management, Real
Estate, Facility Management, Program Management, Administration, Infrastructure, Projects and
Corporate Services in the IT/ITES industry. Having worked in countries such as Finland, Singa-
pore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia, he has been extremely efficient and result oriented in
handling outsourcing, transactions and transition as part of the Strategic Facility Management.
He is currently the Vice President & Lead – Facilities & Admin – GLOBAL at Mphasis HP.
Ramesh Menon, Director North - GIREM.
Ramesh Menon is a graduate from the Delhi University in 1989, started his career in the real
estate industry in 2005. Prior to this industry, he has had successful leadership stints in the
Automobiles, Supply chain, Telecom, consulting & publishing industry, in the business verticals of
Business development, marketing communication and strategic consulting, with corporate houses
like Goodyear, MRF, BG, Longman & Ventura.
At his stint of more than 18 years in the corporate world, Ramesh has been exposed to global business
management practices and is a follower of the “six sigma way of life”. He also has undergone extensive training on
distribution development strategy and retail business management.
Currently he is also a director at Certes Reality Limited. At Certes his direct repsonsibilty is towards the projects
vertical, and he leads the team on sourcing, valuatiion, negotiations, acquisitions, strategy and implementation on
projects.
RESEARCH TEAM
36 www.girem.in
GLOSSARY & BIBLIOGRAPHY
Glossary CBO Community based organization
GWh Gigawatt hour
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MSW Municipal solid waste
MW Megawatt
NMP National Master Plan
NGO Non-Government Organization
RDF Refuse Derived Fuel
SWM Solid Waste Management
TPY Tons per year
TPD Tons per day
WTE Waste to Energy
Bibliography
• The Official Website of ‘The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)’ http://www.mnre.gov.in/
• The Official Website of ‘Municipal Corporation, Gurgaon’ http://www.mcg.gov.in/
• Website of ‘Renova’, which is owned by eleven municipalities in western Sweden, http://www.renova.se
• ‘Feasibility Analysis Of Waste-To-Energy As A Key Component Of Integrated Solid Waste Management In
Mumbai, India’ by Perinaz Bhada Research supported by a Fellowship of the Waste-to-Energy Research and
Technology Council (WTERT)
• ‘Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India’ by Ranjith Kharvel Annepu, Department of Earth and
Environmental Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University in
the City of New York
No. 34, Ground Floor, Andree Road, Shantinagar, Bangalore - 560027
www.girem.in
© Copyright 2012 - GIREM
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