This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Cats are Special• Fantastic at conserving heat• Hemoglobin contain eight oxidizable sulfhydryl groups, which
make them susceptible to oxidative damage• Can hear better then most dogs• Can judge the size of openings with their whiskers• May have a dysfunction of ABCG2 gene resulting in a
functional transporter protein defect which limits efflux transporter of fluoroquinolones from retinal space
• Have the cutest toe beans• Have deficient glucuronidation
https://twitter.com/toesofacat
Glucuronidation• A significant pathway needed to metabolize many drugs• Reduced metabolism leads to increased drug
concentration in the body for a longer time– Acetaminophen (APAP)– Aspirin (ASA)– Benzocaine– Donepezil (Aricept)– Diazepam– Carprofen
https://imgflip.com/i/1e8mry
Special Decontamination• Emesis
– Dexmedetomidine • 7.0 mcg/kg IM or IV• Vomiting in 5 minutes • Reverse with atipamezole (Antisedan) 25 -50 mcg/kg IM or slow IV
– Xylazine • 0.44 mg/kg IM or SQ• Vomiting within 5-15 minutes• Reverse with atipamezole (Antisedan) or yohimbine 0.1 mg/kg IV.
– Do Not Use apomorphine orhydrogen peroxide
http
s://
ww
w.s
mith
soni
anm
ag.c
om/s
mar
t-ne
ws/
cros
sing-
your
-fing
ers-
coul
d-re
duce
-pai
n-no
-lie-
1809
5480
0/
For an in-depth review on feline decontamination, see PPH webinar Decontamination of the poisoned patient: What , Why, When and How by Dr. Renee Schmid
What do cats get exposed to?
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
≥ 50 Patients
Cases from 9/1/16-9/1/18
Plants• Any plant can cause gastro-intestinal upset/vomiting• Insoluble calcium oxalate (CaOx) can cause mucosa irritation
Pyrethrin/Pyrethoid• Low concentration shampoos and sprays pose little risk
• Concentrations >3-4% can be toxic– Many spot-ons are >45%
• Before signs start, bathe in luke-warm water with mild, liquid dish soap.
• If twitching, then sedate first• Towel dry and prevent hypothermia
http://www.kittenlady.org/fleas/
Pyrethrin/Pyrethoid• Maintain hydration & perfusion with IV fluids• Keep in a dark, quiet cage where the cat can be monitored• Use methocarbamol to treat tremors
– Draw up 40mg/kg then give ½ over 1-2 min. Give the remaining slowly to effect.
– Give more if needed using level of relaxation as the dosing indicator
• Use phenobarbital to treat seizures• Monitor for at least 48-72 hours
Intralipid emulsion (ILE) for Pyrethroid Poisoning
• Results are mixed. • Can be helpful when used as an adjunct to traditional treatments. Not
recommended as sole agent. – May help to more quickly resolve clinical signs and/or prevent more serious
signs after cat is stabilized with methocarbamol or anti-seizure agents– ILE may compromise effect of other treatments.– PPH reserves ILE for moderate-severe cases.
• Avoid ILE if cat is obese (body condition score 7-9/9), has diabetes mellitus, or cardiac, or renal disease as the use is riskier—stick to traditional treatments instead.
• For in-depth use of ILE for pyrethroid intoxication, see previous webinar: – Let’s chew the fat: Updates on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion by Ahna
– Potential for hypoxic/hypoperfusion events• IV balanced crystalloid • Therapy
– Acepromazine if the BP normal or high• Starting at 0.05mg/kg IV and increase the dose if needed
– Methocarbamol works well for tremors – If seizures occur, use a barbiturate (over diazepam/midazolam) – If heart rate and blood pressure are >180 after good sedation, a
beta-blocker is indicated
http
s://
ww
w.w
hats
onw
eibo
.com
/paw
s-at
-the
-pal
ace-
mus
eum
-forb
idde
n-ci
ty-c
at-b
aidi
aner
-get
s-its
-ow
n-w
eibo
-acc
ount
What do cats get exposed to?
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
≥ 50 Patients
Cases from 9/1/16-9/1/18
Essential Oils• Many contain terpenes
– Rapidly absorbed orally and dermally and then metabolized in the liver by glucuronidation
• Many contain phenol or phenolic compounds– Alcohols that are highly reactive and caustic topically
• Liquid potpourri: – Concentrations > 7.5% are associated with corrosive injury in cats– Cats may develop clinical signs at 2%
• Peppermint oil (menthol)– Vomiting, diarrhea, and depression– Seizures are possible with large ingestions
• Cinnamon oil (alcohols and aldehydes)– Mild gastro-intestinal upset – Large ingestions: tachycardia, diarrhea, tachypnea, depression
http
://s
oapp
otio
ns.c
om/p
rodu
ct/p
eppe
rmin
t-es
sent
ial-o
il-1o
z/
Essential Oils – Oral• Signs:
– Irritation of tongue and mucous membranes – Possible erosions, ulcers, and chemical burns – Visible within 4-6 hours, with full extent seen by 12 hours
• Treatment– Dilute. Flavor water with tuna juice to encourage drinking– Opioid analgesia– Antibiotics– Soft food/feeding tube– Oxygen
• Treatment– Bathe well with mild hand dish-washing detergent – Examine exposed areas for signs of irritation or ulceration – Multi-dose activated charcoal for enterohepatic recirculation
Essential Oils – Topical• Tea tree oil treatment, cont.
– IV crystalloids to maintain hydration and tissue perfusion– Nursing care (heat support, flipping) – Monitor blood pressure closely until stable – With severe CNS depression, intubation and mechanical
ventilation may be needed– Hepatoprotectants if indicated based on increased liver
enzymes – Recheck liver enzymes every 5-7 days until clinical signs and liver
• Paralytic Syndrome– 2 hrs to 1-2 days post exposure – Paralysis with deep pain loss 2-3 days– Hind limb weakness & ataxia– CNS depression– Hind limb paralysis (hyper-reflexive), ↓ conscious proprioception, loss of deep pain– Gastro-intestinal stasis– Anisocoria, nystagmus– Opisthotonos– Seizures– Coma
• Reminder that all webinars are recorded and available on petpoisonhelpline.com for non-interactive CE credit
• 2019 webinar schedule coming soon!
Questions? Thanks for attending!
Thank you for attending!
CE credit FAQs1. When will I get my CE certificate? We’ll email it to you by the end of the day tomorrow.
2. I attended the webinar but wasn’t the person who logged in. Can I still get interactive CE credit? Yes. Send your name and email address to [email protected] by 1pm central time on Nov. 7, 2018 (strict deadline).
3. Can I watch the recorded webinar online for CE credit? Yes. You can receive non-interactive CE credit. Go to the “For Vets” page on our website, www.petpoisonhelpline.comfor more info.