Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 MARKETING, 6/e MARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS Irwin/McGraw-Hill C H A P T E R T W E L V E MANAGING PRODUCTS AND BRANDS
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
C H A P T E R T W E L V E
MANAGING PRODUCTSAND BRANDS
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER YOU SHOULDBE ABLE TO:
• Explain the product life cycle (PLC) concept and relate a marketing strategy to each stage.
• Recognize the differences in PLCs for various products and their implications for marketing
decisions.
• Understand alternative approaches to managing a product’s PLC.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER YOU SHOULDBE ABLE TO
• Describe elements of brand personality and
brand equity and the criteria for the good
brand name.
• Explain the rationale for alternative branding
strategies employed by companies.
• Understand the benefits of packaging and
warranties in the marketing of a product.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--AA Gatorade: The Active ThirstAA Gatorade: The Active Thirst--QuencherQuencher• The Gatorade brand commands more than 80% of the $1.5
billion U.S. sports drink market.
• Today Gatorade is the official sports drink of Major League Baseball, the National Football League, the National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League.
• Gatorade sales have been built via more flavors, multiple package sizes and forms, including glass and plastic bottles and aluminum cans.
• Distribution has been expanded to include convenience stores and supermarkets followed by vending machines and fountain service.
• Consistent advertising has effectively conveyed the product’s benefits and links with athletic competition.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--BB The Product Life Cycle ConceptBB The Product Life Cycle Concept
• Products, like people, have been viewed
as having a life cycle.
• The concept of the product life cycle
describes the stages a new product goes
through in the marketplace:
introduction, growth, maturity, and
decline.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--1 How stages of the product life cycle relate to a firm’s 1 How stages of the product life cycle relate to a firm’s marketing objectives and marketing mix actionsmarketing objectives and marketing mix actions
Marketing objective
Marketing objective Gain
AwarenessGain Awareness Stress
differentiationStress differentiation Maintain
brand loyaltyMaintain brand loyalty Harvesting,
deletionHarvesting, deletion
CompetitionCompetition NoneNone GrowingGrowing ManyMany ReducedReduced
ProductProduct OneOne More versionsMore versions Full product line
Full product line Best sellersBest sellers
PricePrice Skimming or penetration
Skimming or penetration Gain share, dealGain share, deal Defend share,
profitDefend share, profit Stay profitableStay profitable
PromotionPromotion Inform, educateInform, educate Stress competitive differences
Stress competitive differences
Reminder oriented
Reminder oriented Minimal
promotionMinimal promotion
Place(distribution)
Place(distribution) LimitedLimited More outletsMore outlets Maximum
outletsMaximum outlets Fewer outletsFewer outlets
Stage of the product life cycle
Sale
s re
venu
eor
pro
fit Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
+0–
Total industrysales revenue
Total industry profit
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--2 Product Life Cycle for the stand alone FAX machine for 2 Product Life Cycle for the stand alone FAX machine for business use: 1970business use: 1970--19991999
1970 1975 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999
$7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Sal
es (
$bil
lio
n)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--CC Will the Internet bury the Familiar Fax?CC Will the Internet bury the Familiar Fax?
• Technical substitution often causes the decline stage in the PLC.
• Will the Internet and E-mail replace FAX machines?
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--DD Some Dimensions of the PLCDD Some Dimensions of the PLC----LengthLength
1. Consumer products have shorterPLCs than industrial products.
2. Mass communication informs
consumers faster and shortens PLCs.
3. Products affected by technological
change tend to have shorter PLCs.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--EE Some Dimensions of the PLCEE Some Dimensions of the PLC----ShapeShape
1. High learning product
2. Low learning product
3. Fashion product
4. Fad product
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--3 Alternative Product Life Cycles3 Alternative Product Life Cycles
TimeTime
B. Low learning product
Time
A. High learning product
Time
D. Fad productC. Fashion product
Sales
Sales
Sales Sales
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--BB Product life cycle for wine coolersProduct life cycle for wine coolersMillionsof Dollars
$1500
$1000
$500
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Source: Figure drawn from Wine and Liqour Handbook statistics.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--C Recording industry product form life cyclesC Recording industry product form life cycles
Source: Figure drawn from Recording Industry Association of America statistics.
Mill
ions
of
unit
s so
ld
650600550500450400350300250200150100500
1989
1991
1993
1995
1987
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1975
1973
Albums
Cassettes
Compactdisks
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--FF Some Dimensions of the PLCFF Some Dimensions of the PLC----Product LevelProduct Level
1. Product brand -- the specific version of a
product offered by a particular company
2. Product class -- refers to the entire product
category or industry such as video games
3. Product form -- pertains to variations
within the product class
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--4a Video game life cycles by product class, product form, 4a Video game life cycles by product class, product form, and brandand brand
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 (est.)
8-bit machines16-bit machines
32-/64-bit machines
Product form
Product classTotal
A. Video game life cycle by product class and product form (worldwide)40
30
20
10
0
Wo
rld
wid
e sa
les
(mill
ion
s o
f u
nit
s)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--4b Video game life cycles by product class, product form, 4b Video game life cycles by product class, product form, and brandand brand
$4
3
2
1
01994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 (est.)
NintendoSonySega
B. Advanced video game life cycle by brand (United States)
U.S
. sal
es, i
ncl
ud
ing
har
dw
are
and
so
ftw
are
($ b
illio
n)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--GG Factors Affecting the Diffusion of an InnovationGG Factors Affecting the Diffusion of an Innovation
1. Usage barriers -- the product is not compatible
with existing habits.
2. Value barriers -- the product provides no
incentive to change…not that much better.
3. Risk barriers -- risk can be physical, social or
economic/financial.
4. Psychological barriers -- which can be the result
of cultural differences or image.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--5 Five categories and profiles of product adopters5 Five categories and profiles of product adopters
Laggards:Fear of debt, neighbors and friends are information sources
Laggards:Fear of debt, neighbors and friends are information sources
Early adopters:Leaders in social setting, slightly above average education
Early adopters:Leaders in social setting, slightly above average education
Late majority:Skeptical, below average social status
Late majority:Skeptical, below average social status
Innovators:Venturesome, higher educated, use multiple information sources
Innovators:Venturesome, higher educated, use multiple information sources
Early majority:Deliberate, many informal social contacts
Early majority:Deliberate, many informal social contacts
Time
Innovators2.5%
Early adopters13.5%
Early majority34%
Late majority34%
Laggards16%
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--HH Concept CheckHH Concept Check
1. Advertising plays a major role in the _____stage of the PLC, and _____ plays a majorrole in maturity.
2. How do high learning and low learning products differ?
3. What does the life cycle for a fashion
product look like? ??
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--II The Product (Brand) ManagerII The Product (Brand) Manager• Product Managers: manage the marketing efforts for
a close-knit family of products or brands.
• Responsibilities of the Product/Brand Manager:
• developing and executing a marketing program for the product line described in an annual marketing plan;
• approving ad copy, media selection, and package design; and
• a role in planning, implementing, and controlling marketing strategy.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--JJ Product ModificationJJ Product Modification• Product Modification involves altering a product’s
characteristic, such as its quality, performance, or appearance, to try to increase and extend the product’s sales.
• Changing a product’s characteristics to give the sense of a revised product can be accomplished by:
• new features
• new package
• new scents, etc.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--KK Market ModificationKK Market Modification
Market Modification strategies are utilized
when a company tries to:
1. Increase a product’s use among
existing customers,
2. create new use situations, or
3. find new customers.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--LL Repositioning the ProductLL Repositioning the Product
• Product repositioning is changing the place a
product occupies in a consumer’s mind relative to
competitive products.
• A firm can reposition a product by changing one or
more of the four marketing mix elements (product,
place/distribution, price, promotion).
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--MM Four Factors that trigger product repositioningMM Four Factors that trigger product repositioning
Product Repositioning can be triggered by:
• reacting to a competitor’s position
• reaching a new market
• catching a rising trend
• changing the value offered
– trading up
– trading down…..can be via downsizing
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--NN Concept CheckNN Concept Check
1. How does a product manager help manage
a product’s life cycle?
2. What does “creating new use situations”
mean in managing a product’s life cycle?
3. Explain the difference between trading up
and trading down in repositioning.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--OOa OOa BrandingBranding
• Branding involves an organization using a name, phrase, design, symbols,or combination of these to identify its products and distinguish them from those of competitors.
• A brand name is any word, “device” (design, sound, shape, or color), or combination of these used to distinguish a seller’s goods or services.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--OOb OOb Branding Branding -- continuedcontinued
• A trade name is a commercial, legal name under which a company does business. For example, the Campbell Soup Company is the trade name of that firm.
• A trademark identifies that a firm has legally registered its brand name or trade name so the firm has its exclusive use, thereby preventing others from using it.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--6 Examples of well6 Examples of well--known trademarks, brand names, and known trademarks, brand names, and trade namestrade names
Brand name thatcan be spokenBig Mac hamburgerLevi’s jeansTeflon plasticBetty Crocker cakemix
Macintosh computer
Brand name thatcannot be spoken
Trade name/legal name/of organizationCampbell Soup Co.Compaq Corp.Ford Motor Co.Kellogg Co.Ralston Purina Co.
Trademark, brand name, or trade nameregistered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--E Definition of Brand EquityE Definition of Brand Equity
Brand Equity is . . . .Brand Equity is . . . .
The added value a given brand provides a product beyond the functional benefits provided..
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--F Four criteria for picking a good brand nameF Four criteria for picking a good brand name
Fit the company or product imageFit the company or product image
A good brand name should . . . .
A good brand name should . . . .
Describe product benefitsDescribe product benefits
Be memorable, distinctive, and positive
Be memorable, distinctive, and positive
Have no legal restrictionsHave no legal restrictions
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--7 Alternative branding strategies7 Alternative branding strategies
Multiproductbranding strategy
Sunbeam makes:Sunbeam ironsSunbeam toastersSunbeamcrockware
Toro makes:Torosnowblowers
Toro lawn mowers
Toro garden hoses
Multiproductbranding strategy
Sunbeam makes:Sunbeam ironsSunbeam toastersSunbeamcrockware
Toro makes:Torosnowblowers
Toro lawn mowers
Toro garden hoses
Multibrandingstrategy
Anheuser-Busch makes:
BudweiserBuschMichelobWurtburgerHofbrau
Procter & Gamble makes:
TideCheerIvory SnowOxydol
Multibrandingstrategy
Anheuser-Busch makes:
BudweiserBuschMichelobWurtburgerHofbrau
Procter & Gamble makes:
TideCheerIvory SnowOxydol
Private branding strategy
A&P has:Ann Pagecanned goodsAnn Parkerbakery goodsEight O’Clockcoffee
Sears has:Kenmore appliancesCraftsman tools
Private branding strategy
A&P has:Ann Pagecanned goodsAnn Parkerbakery goodsEight O’Clockcoffee
Sears has:Kenmore appliancesCraftsman tools
Mixed branding strategy
Michelin makes:
Michelin tiresSears tires
Epson makes printers as:
EpsonIBM
Mixed branding strategy
Michelin makes:
Michelin tiresSears tires
Epson makes printers as:
EpsonIBM
Generic branding strategy
Dog foodPeanut butterGreen beansPaper towelsAspirinCola
Generic branding strategy
Dog foodPeanut butterGreen beansPaper towelsAspirinCola
Branding strategyBranding strategy
Manufacturer branding strategyManufacturer branding strategy
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--G Line and Brand ExtensionG Line and Brand Extension
Line extension . . . .Line extension . . . .
The use of a current brand to enter a new market segment in its product class
The use of a current brand to enter a new market segment in its product class
Brand extension . . . .Brand extension . . . .
The use of a current brand name to enter a completely different product class
The use of a current brand name to enter a completely different product class
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--PP Other Branding StrategiesPP Other Branding Strategies• Private Branding is when a manufacturer’s product is
sold under the brand name of a wholesaler or retailer.
• Mixed Branding is a compromise between private and manufacturer branding. It is where a firm markets products under its own name and that of a reseller because the segment attracted to the reseller is different than their own market.
• Generic Branding is when there is no branding, no identification other than the contents of the product.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--QQ PackagingQQ Packaging• Packaging is the component of a product that refers
to any container in which it is offered for sale and on which information is communicated.
• To a great extent, the customer’s first exposure to a product is the package.
• Packaging is expensive and an important part of marketing strategy.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--RR Benefits of PackagingRR Benefits of PackagingBenefits of Packaging:
• communication benefits -- the information on the package that is communicated to the consumer, such as directions on how to use, composition of the product, warnings and other information necessary to satisfy legal requirements of product disclosure.
• functional benefits -- such as convenience, protection, or storage.
• perceptual benefits -- which can connote status, economy, and/or product quality.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--H Warranty formsH Warranty forms
Limited-coverage warrantyLimited-coverage warranty
Full warrantyFull warranty
Express warrantyExpress warranty
Implied warrantyImplied warranty
Extent of coverage
Extent of coverage
Extent of formality
Extent of formality
Irwin/McGraw-Hill© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000MARKETING, 6/eMARKETING, 6/e BERKOWITZ KERIN HARTLEY RUDELIUS
PP12PP12--SS Concept CheckSS Concept Check
1. How does a generic brand differ from aprivate brand?
2. Explain the role of packaging in terms of
perception.
3. What is the difference between
an expressed and an impliedwarranty?