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DISTRIBUTION,BIOLOGY,KEYCHARACTERISTICS
DistributionofBMSBinMichiganBrownmarmoratedstinkbug(BMSB),Halyomorphahalys,isatree-lovingpestnativetoAsia.ItwasfirstdetectedintheU.S.mainlandinPennsylvaniain1996.By
2006, it was causingmajor damage to apple and peach crops in
themid-Atlantic region. The first Michigan detection was in Berrien
County in 2010,followed several years later by reports of suspected
BMSB fruit damage.Nuisance reports fromseveral thousandMichigan
residents asof Spring2016indicate that BMSB populations are
well-established in the southern LowerPeninsula. All together BMSB
has been reported in 55 Michigan
Counties,includingtwocountiesintheUpperPeninsula.
KeyfeaturesforidentificationAdultBMSBhaveseveralkeyfeaturestohelp
distinguish them from nativebrownstinkbugs(Fig.1).Adultsare½inch
long by 5/8 inch wide, with abanded pattern along the margin
oftheir abdomen and banding on theirantennae and legs; they also
havesmooth shoulders rather than
toothedlikesomeofournativespecies.Eggsaregreenish-white in color
and laid in acluster of up to 28 eggs on a leaf of apreferred host.
There are five nymphalstages.The firstnymphal stage
isblackandred.Theotherfournymphalstagesarebrownliketheadult(Fig.2).
BiologyandlifecycleBMSB adults emerge from overwintering sites
(e.g. woodlots, manmadestructures) in response to a day length of
13.5 hours, which is late April
inMichigan(Table1).Egglayingbeginsafter135degreedays(DD=base57.2°F)have
accumulated, around the end of May. Females lay clusters of up to
28greenish-white eggs on the undersides of leaves of preferred host
plants,
andbetween10-20eggclustersintheirlifetime.Feedinganddevelopmentcontinuethrough
fivenymphal stagesbeforemolting into theadult stage in late
JulyorearlyAugust.HighdensitiesofBMSBandthepotentialfordamagebecomemorelikelyat
this time.Thesummergenerationcontinues to feedbeforemoving
tooverwinteringsitesbeginninginearlySeptemberthroughNovember.Theadultproducesanattractant,
calledanaggregationpheromone,whichattractsotheradultstothesamelocation.Thisiswhyclustersofadultscanbefoundgatheringonbuildings.OnegenerationisthoughttooccurinMichigan(Fig.2).
Managing Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan Orchards
KEYPOINTS:
•
AdultBMSBhibernateinmanmadestructures,woodlots,andotherplacesoutdoors;itisanuisancepestinmanyMIhomes.
•
FirstsuspectedcommercialfruitdamageinthestatebyBMSBwasinsouthwestMIbeginningin2014.
• BMSBproducesonegenerationperseasoninMichigan.
•
EachBMSBfemalelayseggsinclustersonleavesofoneofmanydifferenthostplants.
•
Adultsandnymphscausefruitdamagewhentheyfeed,butthedamageonlybecomesapparentweekslaterorafterfruitarebroughtoutofstorage.
•
Peachesareattractiveatanystagewhenfruitispresent;applesbecomeattractivemid-season.
•
Useon-farmmonitoringtoassessBMSBpopulationsandwhentobeginmanagement.
•
Fruitcanbeprotectedfromdamagewitheffectiveregisteredinsecticides.
•
Targetinsecticideapplicationsatthetopsoftreesandorchardedges.
JuliannaWilson1,LarryGut1,MichaelHaas2,MatthewGrieshop1,KristinPoley1,WilliamShane31.DepartmentofEntomology,2.TrevorNicholsResearchCenter,
3.SouthwestMichiganResearchandExtensionCenterMICHIGANSTATEUNIVERSITYLastupdatedDecember2016
Fig.1.Keyidentifyingfeaturesofbrownmarmoratedstinkbugadultsincludeabandedpatternalongtheabdomenandantennaewithsmooth,roundedshoulders.
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2 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS
Table1.Estimateddateswhenbrownmarmoratedstinkbug(BMSB)lifestagesareexpectedtoappearduringtheseason.Themodelisbasedonusinga13.5-hourdayasthebiofixforBMSBemergingfromoverwintering,135degreedays(DDbase57.2°F)untilegglayingbegins,andthenanother964DD(base57.2°F)forthoseeggstodevelopintoadults.
Event-> 1stoverwinteredadultexpected
Egglayingbegins
VariousnymphstagespresentfromendofMay
throughmid-August
New(summer)generationadultsexpected
Environmentalcue-> 13.5hrday 135DD*(base57.2°F)1103DD*
(base57.2°F)BentonHarbor 27-Apr 27-May 28-Jul
Romeo 26-Apr 27-May 3-AugFennville 26-Apr 27-May 7-Aug
Sparta 25-Apr 27-May 13-AugHart 25-Apr 28-May 13-Aug
TraverseCity 23-Apr 29-May
13-Aug*DegreedayswerecalculatedbyselectingindividualEnviro-weather(https://mawn.geo.msu.edu/)stationsandcreatingcustomreportsusingtheBaskerville-Eminmethodstartingwiththedatewhendaylengthreached13.5hoursinagivenareain2016.
Astemperaturesdrop,summer
adultstakeshelterforwinterinwoodlotsandmanmadestructures
Peachesarevulnerableto
feedingdamageasearlyasJune
bywinteremergingadultsandearlyinstar
nymphs
Laterinstarnymphsandsummeradultsmove
frompeachesandothercropstoapplesbeginning
inearly-August
OverwinteredadultsbreakdiapauseinlateApriltolayeggsonavarietyofwild
andcrophosts
Feedinginapplesbynymphsandadultsprincipallyoccursin
AugustandSeptember
Fig.2.Lifecycleofthebrownmarmoratedstinkbuganditsoverwinteringbehaviorasitrelatestoorchards.AdultsoverwinterinmanmadestructuresthenemergeinlateApriltofindsuitablehostplants(greenpartoflifecycle).ClustersofeggsarelaidonsuitablewildandcrophostplantsbeginningattheendofMay.Whenpopulationlevelsarehighnearpreferredcrops,nymphsandadultswillmoveintoorchardsandcausedamagewhentheyfeedonfruit,butthedamagewillnotbeapparentuntilweekslater.OrangeindicateswhenpeachesandnectarinesarevulnerabletodamageinJuneandJuly.RedindicateswhenapplesarevulnerabletodamageinAugustandSeptember.ElementsofthisillustrationcourtesyoftheNielsenFruitLab,RutgersUniversity.
BMSBLifecycleasitRelatestoMichiganOrchards
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MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS 3
HostplantpreferencesThelistofplantsonwhichBSMBwillfeedislong,includingmanywild,agricultural,andornamentalplants.Preferredhostsarenon-nativeornamentaltreesandshrubsthatbearseedpodsorfruit,buttheywillalsofeedonanddamageherbaceousfruitingplants.BMSBmoveinandoutofdifferentcropsoverthecourseofaseason,therefore,itisusefultoknowwhetherotherhighriskcropsandornamentalsarenearyourorchardswhenconsideringwheretofocusmonitoringefforts.Table2showshowtreefruitandnutscomparewithotherspecialtycropsgrowninMichiganintermsofrelativeriskofdamagebyBMSB.Woodlandsarethoughttobeimportantoverwinteringsitesandasanon-cropfoodsource.
BMSBinorchardsWhenBMSBareabundant,mosttreefruitgrowninMichiganshouldbeconsideredatmoderatetohighriskfromBMSBfeedingdamage.Inthehigh-riskgroupareapple,nectarine,peach,andpear.Inthemoderateriskgroupareapricotandcherry.AspopulationscontinuetoincreaseinMichigan,damagetostonefruitandapplesisexpectedtoincreasewithnymphsappearinginJuneandmixedpopulationsofnymphsandadultspeakinginAugustandSeptember.BMSBnymphsandadultscanbothcausedamageinfruitandvegetablecrops,butthedamagewillnotbedetecteduntilweeksorevenmonthslater–especiallyinthecaseoffruitthatisstoredbeforebeingsold.Keeprecordsofwheredamagedfruitoccurredonyourfarm–thosewillbetheorchardstomonitorclosely.
FruitdamageinpeachesandnectarinesPeaches,nectarines,andapricotsarevulnerabletodamagesoonafterfruitsetuntilharvest.Inthesecrops,BMSBmonitoringshouldstartaftershuck-split.Soonafterbloom,damagedfruitarelikelytodrop.Mid-seasonfeedingdamagewillproducecat-facinginjury,weeksafterthefeedinghasoccurred,whichistypicalofplantbugs(Fig.3,left).Lateseasondamagewilllookmorelikewater-soakeddepressionsinthefruit(Fig.3,right),butagain,damagewillgounnoticeduntilweeksafterthefeedinghasoccurred.
Table2.RelativeriskofdamagebybrownmarmoratedstinksbugstoMichiganspecialtycrops,fieldcrops,andornamentals.RiskLevel
TreeFruit&Nuts Berries&Grapes Vegetables Fieldcrops
OrnamentalsHigh apple,hazelnut,
nectarine,peach1,pear(AsianandEuropean)
grape2
beans(green,pole,snap),edamame,eggplant,okra,pepper,sweetcorn,Swisschard,tomato
drybeans,fieldcorn,soybeans,sunflowers
bee-beetree,blackcherry,catalpa,crabapple,Englishholly(female),Japanesepagodatree,multiflorarose4,Pekinglilactree,redbud,treeofheaven4,wildraspberry4
Moderate apricot,cherry2
(sweetandtart),plum,walnut
blackberry,blueberry2,3,raspberry
asparagus,broccoli,cauliflower,collard,cucumber,horseradish,limabean,tomatillo
winterwheat5
blackwalnut,floweringdogwood,littleleaflinden,maples,serviceberry
Low cranberry,strawberry
carrot,garlic,kohlrabi,leeks,lettuce,onion,potato,spinach,sweetpotato,turnip
blackgum,ginkgo,Japanesemaple,kousadogwood
1–Additionalriskpotentialduetobarkfeeding.2–Potentialriskoftaint/contamination.3–Consideredmoderatetohighrisk.4–Consideredtobeaparticularlyattractiveandimportanthostplant.5–ConsideredtobeapopulationsourcemorethanacropdamagedbyBMSB.
Fig.3.Mid-seasonfeedingbystinkbugscausescat-facinginjuryinpeachesandnectarines(left);injuryfromstinkbugfeedingatalaterstagewillappearaswater-soakedlesions(right).
Photo:DougPfeiffer,VirginiaCooperativeExtensionPhoto:UtahStateUniversity
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4 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS
FruitdamageinapplesAppleandpearfruitletsmaybeinjuredasearlyaslateMaywherepopulationsareveryhigh,butthemajorityofdamageinthesecropsisexpectedinAugustandSeptember,withdamagebecomingapparentweeksafterfeedinghasoccurred.Similartostonefruit,ifdamageoccurssoonafterbloom,damaged
fruitislikelytoabort.Damageoccurringlaterintheseasonmaybeconfusedwithbitterpitonthesurface,butwhenthefruitissliced,theinteriorwillbecorky(Fig.4,left).Ifdamageoccurs1-2weeksbeforeharvest,applesmayshownovisiblesignsofinjury(Fig.4,right),butwilldevelopbrownandnecroticareasinthefleshduringpost-harveststorage.
TRAPPINGFORNYMPHS&ADULTSWhileBMSBarefairlyeasytoidentifyanddistinguishfromnativestinkbugs,theycanbehighlycrypticinorchards.Theypreferthetopsoftreesandtheircoloringexactlymatchestreetrunks.Trapsareeasytodeployandcheck,buttheareaofinfluenceforasinglebaitedtrapappearstoberelativelysmall,andnotterriblyefficient.Therefore,itisimportanttoplacethemnearthecrop,andifusingaRescue®brandtrap,makesurethatthefinsofthetraptouchthetrunkorpostsothatnymphsareabletocrawlupintoit(Fig.5).Itaddstothereliabilityoftheinformationtocombinetrappingwithothersamplingmethodssuchasjarringofupperbranchesoffruittreesoverbeatingtraysinorchardedgesclosetowoodlots.Trapsareusedinmid-Atlanticorchardstoprovideathresholdfortakingmanagementaction,buttheirrecommendedthresholdneedstobetestedunderMichiganconditions.Fornow,trapsmaybeusefulindeterminingwhetherBMSBareinthevicinity.Severaldifferentkindsoftrapsareavailablecommercially(Fig.5),butalltendtohaveapyramidshapewithfinsthatneedtoeithertouchthegroundortreetrunksothatnymphscanwalkupintothem.Luresareattractivetobothnymphsandadults.Severalcommercialluresareavailable,butallofthemappeartohavearelativelylimitedrangeofattraction.Inotherwords,BMSBneedtobeinthevicinityinordertopickuponthescent.Eachluretypeshouldbechangedaccordingtothelabeling,butgenerallyona3-4weekinterval.Trapsaremostusefulwhenplacedinorchardmarginsthatareadjacenttowoodlandorriverandstreamhabitats.Itisrecommendedthatalineof3-4trapsbeplacedalongtheorchardmargininorchardsthatareathighestriskofinfestation.Trapsshouldbechecked,atminimum,onceperweek.
Photo:WilliamShane
Fig.4.Injurytoapplemaybeconfusedwithbitterpitexceptthatitwillappearanywhereontheapplevs.onthecalyxendwherebitterpittypicallyappears(aboveleft).Whenfruitiscut,fleshwillbecorky(upperright);laterseasoninjurycangounnoticeduntilfruitistakenoutofstorage.
Photo:DougPfeiffer,VirginiaCooperativeExtension
Photo:AmyIrish-Brown,MSUExtension
Fig.5.ExamplesoftrapsusedtomonitorforBMSB.BoththepyramidtrapontheleftandtheRescuebrandtrapontherightneedtobebaitedwithalurethatisattractivetonymphsandadults.ThefinsoftheRescue®trapmusttouchthetrunkortrellisposttowhichitisattachedforthenymphstobeabletocrawlupintoit.
Photo:JuliannaWilson Photo:MichaelHaas
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MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS 5
BMSBCONTROLAsBMSBpopulationscontinuetoincreaseinMichigan,growersarestronglyencouragedtoscoutforBMSB.Aneffectivemanagementprogramentails:1)Knowingwherepreferredhostplantsarelocatedinrelationtovulnerableorchards,2)Scoutingand/ortrappingforBMSBinorchardmargins,3)Keepinggoodrecordsofwhichorchardsshowsignsofdamageatharvestorpost-harvest,and4)UsingthebestapplicationtimingandmethodforinsecticideseffectiveagainstBMSBthatareregisteredforuseinyourcrop.Pesticideregistrationsandrecommendationswillchangeaswelearnhowtobettermanagethispest,andgrowerscanremaininformedthroughtheMSUBMSBwebsite,localExtensionEducators,andtheMSUExtensionNewsforAgriculture(www.msue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/fruit).Chemicalcontrol.BMSBmanagementisanewconsiderationforMichigan’streefruitproducers.ThegoodnewsisthatmanyoftheinsecticidescurrentlyregisteredforuseagainstothercommontreefruitpestswillalsoprovidegoodprotectionagainstBMSB.Commerciallyavailablematerialsfromthepyrethroid,neonicitinoidandcarbamatechemicalclassesshouldbeeffectiveagainstbothBMSBnymphsandadults.Tables3and4listmaterialsregisteredforuseinMichiganpeachandappleorchardsthatwouldbeeffectiveagainstBMSB.Alwaysfollowthespecificlabelrestrictionsforthetargetcrop,beingawareofthepre-harvestinterval(PHI),re-entryinterval(REI),otherpeststhatmaybepresent,andpotentialimpactsonexistingIPMprograms(seetheMichiganFruitManagementGuideE-154formoredetails).Thetargetmarketmayalsoplayaroleinthedecisionprocessforselectingaparticularmaterialifthetargetmarket’smaximumresiduelimit(MRL)issetlowerthantheU.S.tolerance.Whenusedaccordingtothelabel,detectableresiduesformostofthematerialslistedinTables3and4shouldnotexceedexporttolerancesforMichiganapplemarkets.Formoreinformation,pleaseconsulttheAppleMRLchartsavailableonline(http://tinyurl.com/AppleMRLChart)orthefreeonlinedecisionsupporttoolforselectingpesticidesclosetoharvestincherryandapple(http://mrl.msu.edu/).ThereisonlyoneOMRIapprovedproduct–Azadirachtin–thatshowssomeactivityagainstBMSBinpeach,butisnotrecommendedforuseinappleduetothepotentialforphytotoxicitydamageafterthepinkstage.Aza-Directhasa0-dayPHIinstonefruitandmaybeusedwithoutMRLconcernsbecauseitisabiological.ManagingBMSBinAPPLES.Orchardsadjacenttowoodlotsandnexttopeachorchardsareconsideredtobeathighestriskofinvasion.ScoutforBMSBinappleusinglimb-jarringofupperlimbsoverabeatingtraytodeterminewhetherBMSBarepresentinagivenorchard.Keeptrackofwheredamagedappleswerefoundfromthepreviousseason–thesearetheorchardsthatyouwillwanttopayespeciallycloseattentionforpotentialmanagementthefollowingyear.Timedtooccurwithsecondgenerationcodlingmoth,orchardsthatareatriskofBMSBdamageshouldreceiveafullcoverofaninsecticidethatworksonbothcodlingmothandBMSB,makingsurethatthetopsofthetreesarewellcovered.Monitorwithpheromone-baitedtrapstohelpdeterminepopulationpressure.Thiswillalsohelptodeterminewhetherfollowupapplicationsevery7dayswithaperimetersprayuntilharvestareneeded.UsetrapsasdescribedabovetomonitorareasofconcernonyourfarmandcontinueaBMSBmanagementprogramwhenthethresholdhasbeenmet,whichis10BMSBnymphsoradultscapturedpertrapinasingleweek.
Fig.6.GoodcoverageisessentialtoprotectingtreefruitfromBMSBfeedingdamage.Expecttousehighsprayvolumes,fullcoverapplications,andreturningwithanapplicationofadifferenteffectiveinsecticideafterarainfallevent.
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6 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS
ManagingBMSBinPEACHESandNECTARINES.BeginmonitoringforBMSBinpeachesinmidtolateMay,especiallyalongwoodededges.Inhigh-riskorchardsorwheredamagingpopulationsarefound,weeklybordersprayson5-10acreplots(cropborderplusfirstfullrow)havebeenshowntobeaneffectivestrategyinNewJersey.Dispersaltopeachescanbeinitiallymonitoredusingbaitedtrapsplacedattheedges(seedetailsontrapsonpage6).InitiatingsprayswhenBMSBarefirstdetectedhasnotbeenevaluatedbutmightbeanappropriatetiming.Peachesontheinteriorshouldbemonitoredforinjuryorbugpresence.IfBMSBisdetectedontheinteriorafullblocksprayshouldbedone.PotentialforbiologicalcontrolofBMSB.BiologicalcontrolcouldhelpsuppressBMSBpopulationsinMichigan,butitisnotexpectedtobeastand-alonetacticforcontrollingBMSB.CommonpredatorsfoundinMichiganorchardsthatwillfeedonBMSBeggsincludespiders,ladybeetleadultsandlarvae,minutepiratebugs,lacewinglarvae,crickets,andgrasshoppers.TherearealsopredatorsthatwillfeedonBMSBnymphsandadults,includingspiders,assassinbugs,andpredatorywasps.Parasitoids–small,non-stingingwaspsthatlaytheireggsinsidetheeggsoftheirhost–haveagreaterpotentialtohelpsuppressBMSBpopulationsoverthelong-term.AlthoughseveralnativeparasitoidshavebeencollectedinlownumbersfromBMSBeggclustersinMichiganorchards,itisaparasitoidnativetothesamepartofAsiaasBMSBthatholdsthemostpromise.ThisparasitoidhasbeeninquarantineforevaluationbeforebeingreleasedinNorthAmerica,butinthemeantimehasfounditswaytoNorthAmericaandisnowfoundinseveralUSstateswhereBMSBiswellestablished.Nearlyallnaturalenemiesbenefitfromaccesstonectar-producingflowersinorchardmargins.Areasmaintainedaspollinatorhabitat(Fig.7)providefoodandrefugefromin-orchardpestmanagementfornaturalenemiesofbrownmarmoratedstinkbugsandotherpestsaswell.
Fig.7.Anexampleofawildflowerplantingmaintainedforpollinatorsandotherbeneficialinsects.
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MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS 7
EffectiveinsecticidesforcontrollingBMSBinorchards.Table3.InsecticidesthatareeffectiveagainststinkbugsinMichiganPEACHES.TradeName
ActiveIngredient Class PHI
(days)RelativeefficacyagainstBMSB
Maxrateperacre
Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid 14 E 4.5-5.5ozAdmirePro
imidacloprid neonicotinoid 0 G 2.8ozAssail30SG acetamiprid
neonicotinoid 7 G 8ozAza-Direct* Azadirachtin botanical 0 G
1-2pints;
3.5pintsunderheavypestpressure
Belay2.13SC clothianidin neonicotinoid 21 G 6oz
Danitol2.4EC fenpropathrin pyrethroid 3 E 21.3ozEndigoZC
lambda-cyhalothrin&thiamethoxam pyrethroid&neonicotinoid 14
E 5-5.5flozLannate90SP methomyl carbamate 4 E 2lbsLeverage360SE
imidacloprid&beta-cyfluthrin neonicotinoid&pyrethroid 7 E
2.8ozPounce25WG permethrin pyrethroid 14 E 6.4-16ozScorpion35SL**
dinotefuran neonicotinoid 3 E 5.25-7ozVoliamXpress112SC
lambda-cyhalothrin&
chlorantraniliprolepyrethroid&diamide 14 G 6-12oz
WarriorII2CS lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid 14 E
1.28-2.56floz
Table4.InsecticidesthatareeffectiveagainststinkbugsinMichiganAPPLES.TradeName
ActiveIngredient Class PHI(days) Relative
efficacyagainstBMSB
Rateperacre
Actara thiamethoxam neonicotinoid 14 E 4.5-5.5oz
AdmirePro imidacloprid neonicotinoid 7 G 2.8ozAssail30SG
acetamiprid neonicotinoid 7 G 2.5ozBelay2.13SC clothianidin
neonicotinoid 7 G 6-12oz
Danitol2.4EC fenpropathrin pyrethroid 14 E 16-21.3oz
EndigoZC lambda-cyhalothrin&thiamethoxam
pyrethroid&neonicotinoid 35 E 5-6ozLannate90SP methomyl
carbamate 14 E 1lb
Leverage360SE imidacloprid&beta-cyfluthrin
neonicotinoid&pyrethroid 7 E 2.8ozVoliamXpress
lambda-cyhalothrin&chlorantraniliprole pyrethroid&diamide
21 G 6-12flozWarriorII2CS lambda-cyhalothrin pyrethroid 21 E
1.28-2.56flozNotes:Aza-Directisalsolabeledforuseonappleandpear,butnotafterthepinkstageasitcanresultinphytotoxicity;tankmixingwithoil-basedproductswillalsocauseplantinjury.Formoreinformation,pleaserefertothespecimenlabelforeachmaterial(http://www.cdms.net/Label-Database).Seealsothe2016MichiganFruitManagementGuideE-0154.Althoughproductslistedinthesetablesarelabeledforuseinthesecrops,notallhaveBMSBlistedonthelabel.*OMRIregisteredproduct.**ThereisasupplementallabelforuseofScorpiononpeachandnectarine.
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8 MANAGINGBROWNMARMORATEDSTINKBUGINMICHIGANORCHARDS
Formoreinformation
MSUIntegratedPestManagementBMSBResourcepage:
http://www.ipm.msu.edu/invasive_species/brown_marmorated_stink_bug
MSUExtensionNewsforAgricultureFruit&Nutpage:http://msue.anr.msu.edu/topic/info/fruit
MichiganFruitManagementGuide:BulletinE0154http://shop.msu.edu/product_p/bulletin-e0154.htm
PesticideLabelDatabase:
http://www.cdms.net/Label-Database
MichiganApple&CherryMRLTool:http://mrl.msu.edu
CompletelistofBMSBnon-crophostplants:
http://www.stopbmsb.org/where-is-bmsb/host-plants
Acknowledgements
WethankAnneNielsenforprovidinggraphicsforFigureandupdateddetailsaboutBMSBbiology.
MichiganAppleCommitteesupportspartofDr.Wilson’spositionasTreeFruitIntegrator.
MSUisanaffirmative-action,equal-opportunityemployer,committedtoachievingexcellencethroughadiverseworkforceandinclusiveculturethatencouragesallpeopletoreachtheirfullpotential.MichiganStateUniversityExtensionprogramsandmaterialsareopentoallwithout
regardtorace,color,nationalorigin,gender,genderidentity,religion,age,height,weight,disability,politicalbeliefs,sexualorientation,maritalstatus,familystatusorveteranstatus.IssuedinfurtheranceofMSUExtensionwork,actsofMay8andJune30,1914,incooperationwiththeU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.RayHammerschmidt,InterimDirector,MSUExtension,EastLansing,MI48824.Thisinformationisforeducationalpurposesonly.ReferencetocommercialproductsortradenamesdoesnotimplyendorsementbyMSUExtensionorbiasagainstthosenotmentioned.