Managing and Visualizing your Replication Topologies with Orchestrator

Managing and VisualizingYour Replication Topologies

with

OrchestratorShlomi Noach Percona Live, Sep 2015

Agenda:● What? Why?● The killer demo● Breakdown: discovery, refactoring, recovery, interface● Pseudo GTID, GTID, binlog servers● Architecture & stack● Deployment at scale @ Booking.com● The CLI demo● Supported/unsupported● Contributing

Managing and Visualizing … yada yada ...Orchestrator

Not a sales pitch

● orchestrator is free and open source

● Designed to be as generic as possible

● Some company specific rules or processes externalized via configuration

https://github.com/outbrain/orchestrator

3

What? Why?

● With so many replication topologies; with many servers per topology, spanning multiple data

centers; with the periodic server failures and movements,

- Do you know how your topologies look like?

- Does management know?

● With the complexity of moving slaves around the topology; the rules allowing/disallowing server

X to replication from Y; with the implications of cross-DC traffic on slave latency,

- Who in your company can refactor your topologies other than yourself?

● In the event of server failure, master or intermediate master breakage,

- Do you have a clear visual into what fails?

- What kind of solutions do you use?

- Who can execute failover / override a failover / understand what’s going on?

4

The killerdemo

or

Let’s break our

production servers

right now

and deal with the

consequences

once this conference

is over

Orchestrator breakdown: Discovery

● Crawls through your topologies

● Automatically recognizes new servers

● Resolves IPs, CNAMEs

● Revisits your servers periodically

● Collects data (version, binlogs, replication, …)

7

8

Anonymous Booking.com topology

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Anonymous Booking.com topology

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Anonymous Booking.com topology

Orchestrator breakdown: Refactoring

● Understands:

● binlog file:pos

● Pseudo-GTID

● GTID (Oracle + MariaDB)

● binlog servers

● Knows the rules for replication X from Y

● Will refactor your topology for you: safely redesign your topology

● Fine grained control or “just do it for me, I’m too tired to think”

● Can refactor via slick web UI

● Or via nerdy command line interface

11

Orchestrator breakdown: Recovery

● Keeps a state of your topology

● Uses holistic approach to detect failures

http://code.openark.org/blog/mysql/what-makes-a-mysql-server-failurerecovery-case

● If replication breaks, orchestrator knows what the expected topology looked like

● And can recommend “the next best option”, based on state, not on configuration

● And, if you like, can execute an automated/manual failover that heals your topology and

leaves no slave (or only those utterly incapable of restoring) behind

12

Orchestrator breakdown: Interface

● Command line

● Well formed output

● Go-to if you like your --debug logs

● Web API

● Simple GET (not REST)

● Web UI

● Uses Web API

● Designed to be friendly

13

Binary logs coordinates: recap

● Replication based on file:pos

● Different file names on masters & slaves

● Different positions on masters & slaves

● Once the connection is broken, difficult to match up again

14

MySQL binary & relay logs

15

MasterSlave

MySQL binary & relay logs: different languages

16

MasterSlave

MySQL binary & relay logs: even more languages

17

Master

Slave

Slave

GTID

● Every transaction has a unique identifier

● When a slave connects to a master, it looks for the last GTID statement it already executed

● Available in Oracle MySQL 5.6, MariaDB 10.0

● Completely different implementations; may cause lockup

● 5.6 migration path is painful (alleviated in 5.7)

● 5.6 requires binary logs & log-slave-updates enabled on all slaves (alleviated in 5.7)

● 5.6 errant transactions, unexecuted sequences

● GTID will be the requirement in future Oracle features

● MariaDB GTID supports domains; easy to use

18

Pseudo GTID

● Pseudo GTID offers what GTID offers, without GTID. This includes:

● Slave repointing

● Failover schemes

● With less requirements

● Bulk operations

● Without upgrading your servers; without installing anything on them; in short: not touching your

beloved existing setup

● No vendor lockdown; no migration paths

19

Pseudo GTID

● Application-side enhancement

● We inject a uniquely identified statement every X seconds. We call it Pseudo GTID.

● Pseudo GTID statements are searchable and identifiable in binary and relay logs

● Make for “markers” in the binary/relay logs

● Injection can be made via MySQL event scheduler or externally

● Otherwise non intrusive. No changes to topology/versions/methodologies

20

Injecting Pseudo GTID

create event if not exists create_pseudo_gtid_event

on schedule every 5 second starts current_timestamp

on completion preserve enable

do begin

set @pseudo_gtid_hint := uuid();

set @_create_statement := concat('drop ',

'view if exists `meta`.`_pseudo_gtid_hint__', @pseudo_gtid_hint, '`');

PREPARE st FROM @_create_statement;

EXECUTE st;

DEALLOCATE PREPARE st;

end $$

21

In the binary logs

mysql> show binlog events in 'mysql-bin.015631' \G

...

Log_name: mysql-bin.015631

Pos: 1632

Event_type: Query

Server_id: 1

End_log_pos: 1799

Info: use `meta`; drop view if exists `meta`.`_pseudo_gtid_hint__50731a22-9ca4-

11e4-aec4-e25ec4bd144f`

...

22

Recap: MySQL binary & relay logs

23

MasterSlave

MySQL binary & relay logs: a virtual contiguous log file

24

MasterSlave

MySQL binary & relay logs: Pseudo GTID injection

25

Master Slaveinsert> PGTID 17updatedeletecreate> PGTID 82deletedelete> PGTID 56insertinsertupdatedropupdate

insert> PGTID 17updatedeletecreate> PGTID 82deletedelete> PGTID 56insertinsertupdatedrop

insert> PGTID 17updatedeletecreate> PGTID 82deletedelete> PGTID 56insertinsert

insert> PGTID 17updatedeletecreate> PGTID 82deletedelete> PGTID 56insertinsert

Pseudo GTID: repoint, based on binary logs

26

Master Slaveinsert> PGTID 17updatedeletecreate> PGTID 82deletedelete> PGTID 56insertinsertupdatedropupdate

insert> PGTID 17updatedeletecreate> PGTID 82deletedelete> PGTID 56insertinsertupdatedrop

Pseudo GTID: repoint, based on relay logs

27

Master Slaveinsert> PGTID 17updatedeletecreate> PGTID 82deletedelete> PGTID 56insertinsertupdatedropupdate

● Please see

https://speakerdeck.com/shlominoach/pseudo-gtid-and-easy-mysql-replication-topology-

management

to learn about advantages, limitations and implementation.

● Pseudo-GTID deployed on all Booking.com chains

More on Pseudo GTID

28

● A MySQL-server-like entity

● Which merely relays the master’s binary logs

● Under same name and position

● Nested binlog servers allow for simplified refactoring and offer a simplified & faster master

recovery mechanism

● See Binlog Servers @ Booking.comhttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/binlog-servers-bookingcom

● Orchestrator supports:

● hybrid standard + binlog-server replication topologies

● Pure binlog server topologies

Binlog Servers

29

● Can execute as long-running service

● Provides HTTP UI, Web API

● Polls servers, checks for crashes, recovers, periodic operations

● Leader election

● Can run as command line

● Issue a single command & exit

● Requires (same, single) MySQL backend for any operation.

● Backend database has the state of topologies

● orchestrator itself mostly stateless (pending operation excluded, optimistic mode)

● Agent-less for most operations; communicates directly with MySQL instances

Orchestrator architecture

30

● HA: orchestrator leader election

● Self healing backend data

● All locks auto expiring

● Support authentication (basic-auth, reverse proxy)

● Operations friendly, e.g.:

● Server maintenance flag

● Downtiming servers

● Marking as “best candidate”

Orchestrator architecture

31

Orchestrator general architecture

32

orchestratorservice

backend db

web API

web xface

● Stack:

● golang - in retrospect a very good choice: a lot of concurrency; easy deployment; rapid

development

● MySQL as backend database (duh)

● go-martini web framework

● Page generation via dirty JavaScript/jQuery (sue me)

● Twitter bootstrap

● Graphs via D3

● Development:

● Github, open source; accepting pull-requests

https://github.com/outbrain/orchestrator/

Orchestrator stack & development

33

MySQL @ Booking.com 2015

● We are a big MySQL shop

● We have ALOT production servers on ALOT topologies (aka chains, aka clusters)

● As small as 1 server per topology, as large as hundreds of servers per topology

● Two major data centers, now populating our third

● Single master, plenty slaves

● All chains are deployed with Pseudo-GTID and controlled by orchestrator

● Larger chains: hybrid, normal + binlog servers topologies (complex!)

● “Pure” binlog-server topologies experimental, non-production

● Some topologies sharded

● A little bit of active/passive master-master

34

Orchestrator architecture @ Booking.com

35

appleader

app

app

app

HTTP load balancerorchestrator-cli on all MySQL nodes

Orchestrator @ Booking.com 2015

● 5-6 hosts running orchestrator service, one is elected as leader at any given time

● ALOT hosts with orchestrator as CLI

● Single elected service polls all our instances

● Each MySQL instance polled every 30s

● Pseudo-GTID deployed on all chains

● Orchestrator configured to auto-recover the death of any intermediate master

● Orchestrator configured to auto recover from some master failures

● Both the above happen

● Some checks & dashboards rely on orchestrator data (API / DB)

● Some operations rely on orchestrator logic

36

CLI demoWhere real stuff gets done

including pie charts

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orchestrator -c discover -i replica1.host:3306

orchestrator -c topology -i master.host:3306

orchestrator -c relocate -i replica3.host:3306 -d replica2.host:3306

orchestrator -c relocate -i replica3.host:3306 -d master.host --debug

orchestrator -c which-slaves -i master.host | while read i ;

do orchestrator -c disable-gtid -i $i ; done

orchestrator -c regroup-slaves -i master.host --debug

orchestrator -c relocate-slaves -i replica1.host -d master.host

orchestrator -c which-slaves -i master.host | while read i ;

do orchestrator -c enable-gtid -i $i ; done

CLI samples

In-production experiments, trust● Periodic crash experiments

● And periodically avoiding these experiments as well

● Getting more people involved (on call sys admins)

● ALOT of input is gained by people inexperienced with MySQL, leading to more visibility on

orchestrator’s side

● And of course periodic real crash scenarios

39

Supported replication topologies & technologies

● Standard binlog file:pos replication

● GTID (Oracle & MariaDB)

● Pseudo GTID

● Binlog servers (MaxScale)

● Statement based, row based, semi-sync replication

● Single master replication

● Master-master (2 node circular) replication

● 5.7 parallel replication (in-order required for Pseudo-GTID)

40

Unsupported

● 5.6 per-schema parallel replication

● Discovery & visualization good, operations unsupported

● Master-master-master (#nodes > 2) replication

● Galera

● Unrecognized by orchestrator, identifies each co-master as its own head of topology

● Multi-master aka multi source (neither Oracle 5.7 nor MariaDB)

● Tungsten

41

Contributions & usage● Known to be deployed by various companies

● Orchestrator accepts pull requests

● Please consider making your own PR

● Please submit bug reports

● Please assist in documentation

42

● Orchestrator manualhttps://github.com/outbrain/orchestrator/wiki/Orchestrator-Manual

● Orchestrator deploymenthttps://github.com/outbrain/orchestrator/wiki/Orchestrator-deployment

● Orchestrator first stepshttps://github.com/outbrain/orchestrator/wiki/Orchestrator-first-steps

● Orchestrator for developers https://github.com/outbrain/orchestrator/wiki/Orchestrator-for-developers

● openark.orghttp://code.openark.org/blog/tag/orchestratorhttp://code.openark.org/blog/tag/pseudo-gtid

● Binlog servers master promotionhttp://blog.booking.com/abstracting_binlog_servers_and_mysql_master_promotion_wo_reconfiguring_slaves.html

Links of interest

● http://hyperboleandahalf.blogspot.nl/2010/04/alot-is-better-than-you-at-everything.html● http://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones● https://imgflip.com/memegenerator/Brace-Yourselves-X-is-Coming● http://www.glassgiant.com/ascii/● https://www.keepcalm-o-matic.co.uk/● @isamlambert for making a couple sparkles to ignite this ● Team @ Booking.com for ideas, input, time testing, time using● Contributors!

Image, sources & other credits

● Binlog Servers at Booking.comhttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/binlog-servers-bookingcom

● Combining Redis and MySQL to store HTTP cookie datahttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/combining-redis-and-mysql-store-http-cookie-data

● Encrypted MySQL Backups and instant recoverability on large scalehttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/encrypted-mysql-backups-and-instant-recoverability-large-scale

● Events storage and analysis with Riak at Booking.comhttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/events-storage-and-analysis-riak-bookingcom

● Riding the Binlog: an in Deep Dissection of the Replication Streamhttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/riding-binlog-deep-dissection-replication-stream

● Unicode and MySQLhttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/unicode-and-mysql

● Your Clone Army: Better scalability through more database servershttps://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/your-clone-army-better-scalability-through-more-database-servers

● The CIS MySQL Security Benchmark (LT)https://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/cis-mysql-security-benchmark

● The Virtues of Boring Technology (Keynote)https://www.percona.com/live/europe-amsterdam-2015/sessions/virtues-boring-technology

Other Booking.com talks

Questions?

@ShlomiNoachhttp://openark.orghttp://blog.booking.com

Thank you!